The south China in this paper refers to the broad region bounded on the west by Jinshajiang River-Yuanjing River Fracture, on the northwest by Longmenshan Fracture, on the north by Chengkou-Fangxian-Xiangfan-Guangji Fracture, on the northeast by Tancheng-Lujiang Fracture, on the east by Huanghai Sea and Donghai Sea, and on the south by Nanhai Sea. The area is about 2 000 000 km2. Based on the quantitative and qualitative data from the study of stratigraphy and petrology of outcrop and well sections, according to the single factor analysis and comprehensive mapping method, the single factor maps of the lower and middle part of the Lower Cambrian, the upper part of the Lower Cambrian, the Middle Cambrian and the Upper Cambrian, and the lithofacies palaeogeography maps of the Early and Middle Age of the Early Cambrian, the Late Age of the Early Cambrian, the Middle Cambrian and the Late Cambrian in South China were compiled. The most important character of these lithofacies palaeogeography maps is quantification. Quantification means that the determination of each palaogeography unit is based on the accurate quantitative data and single factor map. It is the first time in the study of the Cambrian in South China. There are 7 principal palaeogeographic units in the Cambrian in South China, i.e. Dianxi Platform, Kangdian Land, Yangtze Platform, Slope, Jiangnan Basin, Southeast Platform and Cathyasian Land. The Dianxi Platform, Kangdian Land, Yangtze Platfrom, Slope and Jiangnan Basin belong to the Kangdian palaeogeography system. The Southeast Platform and Cathaysian Land belong to the Cathaysian palaeogeography system. These two palaeogeography systems combine together and form the fundamental framework of lithofacies palaeogeography of the Cambrian in South China, i.e. 2 lands, 3 platforms, 1 basin and 1 slope. The characteristics of lithofacies palaeogeography of the Early and Middle Age of the Early Cambrian are different from that of the Late Age of Early Cambrian, Middle Cambrian and Late Cambrian. These are two evolutionary stages of lithofacies palaeogeography of the Cambrian in South China. These quantitative lithofacies palaeogeography maps are an important development in palaeogeography, and are the guide to the prediction and exploration of oil, gas and other mineral resources.

The Middle and Upper Ordovician is one of the main target zones of oil and gas in the Tazhong area (central Tarim Basin). On the basis of synthetic stratigraphic subdivision and subcorrelation, this paper has analysed the distribution of different sedimentary facies. The platform marginal facies is mainly composed of reef, shoal and slope deposits, and these facies were developed in different evolution stages of the carbonate platform and have constituted important oil and gas reservoirs in the research area. These facies have a relatively larger thickness and are mainly distributed in the No.1 faulting zone, the TZ10 structural zone and the southern edge faulting zone of the Tazhong area. It is concluded that in the Tazhong area, the synsedimentary structures in the Middle and Upper Ordovician had an important influence on the formation of these platform marginal facies. Through interpretation of a large amount of 2-D and 3-D seismic data, we have found that three widely developed seismic facies, including mound-like facies, sphenoid foreset facies and desultory reflection facies, are also mainly distributed along the major structural zones. Compared with those well-identified sedimentary facies, these seismic facies are regarded to be the platform marginal facies. In this way, the accurate positions of the marginal facies can be figured out through processing of a large amount of seismic data.

Banqiao sag lies in the middle-northern of Huanghua depression,and Shasan member is the main oil-generating strata and reservoirs in the area.Based on studies of sedimentology characteristics, petrology characteristics and heaven minerals association distribution of sandbodies of Shasan member in Banqiao sag,the result indicated that alluvial fan- fan delta-deep water turbidity fan-deep lake depositional system and beachy subaqueous fan-deep lake depositional system were developed.Different source provenance areas controlled the development of depositional system by controlling the movement of main border faults.During the rifting-subsiding stage of the basin, the north Yanshan fold belt source provenance bypassed Beitang sag and Haihe fault,formed fan delta in Changlu area,and pushed into Banqiao sag to form deep water turbdity fan.From different inlets of the west-north Cangxian uplift,the sediments poured into sag as beachy subaqueous fan or fan delta along Cangdong fault down-dropped block,they would push into sag to form deep water turbidity also.Applied the theory of depositional system distributions and oil-and-gas accumulation,the middle facies belt of depositional system,such as deep water subaqueous fan and fan delta,have good oil-generating strata and reservoirs,they are the most prospective areas for exploration.

On the base of core observation, starting with individual-well facies, combining with the models of seismic and logging facies, along with numerous analysis data of lithology and grain size, etc. the direction of clastics source, depositional system, structure-petrographical zone and its oil-bearing factor are researched. The conclude shows it has two large source areas, which are eastern and western source areas respectively. Five large drainage systems controlled the distribution of eleven sand bodies. Finally, five types of depositional system, such as fan-delta, are classified. Six kinds of structure-petrographical zone, such as the type of abrupt slope fan-delta structure-petrographical zone with platform, are summed up. Meanwhile, the oil-bearing factor of three types of structure-petrographical zone, different from the typical single rifted sag, is discussed preliminary.

Based on intensive investigation on the borehole core lithology, seismic survey lines and laboratory experimental data, and with the instruction of the interdisciplinary theories of Sedimentology, Sequence stratigraphy and Petroleum geology, this paper has studied the regional geology, sequence stratigraphy, evolution of sedimentary environments, distribution of sedimentary facies zones, and oil-gas distribution of the Paleogene in the Jizhong depression.The study shows that the Jizhong depression has undergone five evolution stages, which refers successively to the rift segmentation-filling, the rift spreading and deep-subsiding, the rift withering, the rift-depression expanding, and the rift-depression withering and vanishing stages.A total of 12 sags in the Jizhong depression have been classified into five types of lacustrine basins, that is inheriting type, early prevailing type, transitional type, migratory type and subsiding type. Oil-gas-bearing Evaluation on the oil and gas potential of these different types of lacustrine basins indicates that the Langgu and Baxian sags, which have better prospects of oil-gas exploration, will be the main direction of oil-gas exploration. On the contrary, the Jinxian, Shulu, and eastern Raoyang sags should base upon their small faulted blocks to continuously find smaller pools to ensure the long-term steady output of oil-gas in the Jizhong oilfiled.

The southern West Depression of the Liaohe Basin has been developed with favorable geological conditions for oil and gas accumulation and thus is an important exploration area of the Liaohe Oil Company. In Shasan (third membre of the Shahejie Formation) period, huge deep water mudstone and multiple low-angle sloped lake floor fan sediments were deposited as a result of active faulting and subsiding. These deposits have provided abundant hydrocarben source rock and reservoir for the formation of oil and gas pools. During this period, the Qijia-Dujiatai and Jinzhou-Huanxiling lake floor fan depositional systems were developed in the southern West Depression. Controlled by the distance to the terrigenous province, basement structure and main faults, these lake floor fans can be sub-divided into three subfacies, inner fan, middle fan and outer fan. Both of these lake floor fans have smaller scale in the early Shasan period, largest scale in the middle Shasan period and decreased scale in the late Shasan period. The properties of the Shasan reservoirs are very poor in the study area, which are characterized by low porosity-permeability, extremely low porosity-permeability. The best reservoir of lake floor fan is the sandbodies of the middle-fan braided channel microfacies, and reservoir properties decrease from the middle-fan braided channel deposits through the middle fan front to the outer fan deposits. Reservoir characteristics are mainly controlled by lithology of parent rocks, deposition and diagenesis. The Shasan lake floor fan sandbodies distributed widely in the study area are surrounded by mature hydrocarbon source rocks and are located at the beneficial direction of oil and gas migration, hence having a promising exploration potential.

 The Liaohe basin is situated at the northern section of the Baohai Bay rift system. It is a fault depression developed in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The northern sect of the east sag in the Basin, also called rift section, was developed with typical characteristics of rift basins. It is a complex fault depression basin parallel to the strike of the Liaohe basin, which can be demonstrated by the research of the interpretation section of traverse in the northern sect of the east sag, The complex fault depression is a combination of two or more half grabens, with each of these grabens having its own independent sediment-supplying systems. Once these half-grabens were filled, there would have a uniform sediment-supplying system and drainage system and would continue to develop as a larger entity of the faulting depression. The fault side of the half-graben is usually developed with complete depositional sequences while the slope side of the half graben is usually developed with incomplete sequences with absence of lowstand systems tract or regressive systems tract. Depositional sequences in different depressions of the complex faulting lacustrine basin were mainly controlled by both the episodic tectonic movements with different orders and the periodical palaeoclimatic variations. Both of these parameters controlled fluctuation of lake level and also variations in accommodation spaces. Because the adjacent faulting depressions have different sedimentary sources, in a certain period, each of these depressions has its own independent sedimentary systems, which resulted in differences in the development of the combination of source-reservoir-capping rocks. The condensed section with maximal thickness were developed at a place between TST and HST, constituting regional source rocks whereas the favorable reservoirs were developed at the bottom of LST and TST and the top of HST and RST. The condensed section can also serve as cap beds of the reservoirs in the TST and LST. In consideration of above analyses, in the complex fault lacustrine basin at the northern sect of east sag, oil and gas were mainly enriched in RST, TST and LST, where favorable tectonic lithofacies associations were developed. It is suggested that there are some regularities for types and scales of the reservoirs in the sequence stratigraphic framework. The slope side of the half-graben is usually developed with onlap and unconformity shade oil reservoir types, while the fault side of the half-graben is usually developed with lenticular and anticline oil reservoir types; The most important controlling factors are the development of source-reservoir-cap combinations and its relationship with favorable tectonic traps.

 Conodonts, ranges from Cambrian to Triassic, were distributed widely in the palaeocean. The species variety, morphotype, big or small, and output rate of Triassic conodonts are controlled by the factors of the sea water such as salinity, depth, temperature, and hydrodynamic condition. Different ecological characteristics of conodonts, i.e. conodont faces indicates different sedimentary environment. Therefore, according to the conodont facies and abundance of the characteristic conodont species, the sedimentary facies regions (platform facies region, platform-margin facies region, basinal facies region) can be recognized, and Triassic palaeogeographic face can be reconstructed, but also the conodont biogeographic regions can be recognized. Early Triassic conodonts in China are belonged to the Asia biogeographic province, Tethys biogeographic realm, and can be subdivided into two biogeographic subprovinces and several communities.

There has been a strong controversy about the origins of the limestone landforms on Tibet plateau for a long time. In this paper, intensive field surveys, together with dating of the cave secondary calcite crystals, has revealed that the current limestone karst landforms on the plateau was originated from later erosion of the Tertiary underground karst. During the Pleistocene inter-glacial epoch, the tropical-subtropical type of karstification continued at least on the southern part of the plateau. This kind of karst landforms is called the old karst in this paper. However, during the Pleistocene glacieal epoch, the melting water of the Pleistocene glaciers can form some small-scale karst caves along the margin of the glacial valley in the limestone mountains. The parallel-oriented karrens, with a depth no more than 10 cm, on present limestone surface are the results of the Holocene erosion. These karrens are named modern karst. The karst landforms on the Tibetan plateau have undergone a distinctive change from lower altitude and latitude to higher altitude and latitude since the Late Cenozoic.

The distribution of soluble salt in sediments of in_land lake is close with the hydrochemical feature of lake water, so we can reconstruction the process of hydrochemical evolution of the lake by analyzing the lake's soluble salt deposition. Through coring in the lacuster of Angulinao Lake, testing the eight kinds of ions( K+、Na+、Ca₂+、Mg2+、CO₃₂-、HCO₃-、Cl- and SO₄₂- ) and other related geochemical features, and analyzing the correlation among the ions, the author has drawn the curves of soluble salt distribution and soluble salt indictor. According to the variation of curves of soluble salt, and combining with the varve chronology, the hydrochemical evolution of Angulinao Lake is speculated from the soluble salt distribution of  the core: During 8507~7600 yr B.P., the lake is abundant in Na+ and Cl-, its saltness is high; in 7600~4724 yr B.P., the water is abundant in Na+, Cl- and SO₄₂-, its saltness is very high; in 4724~574 yr B.P., the water is abundant in Na+, CO₃₂- and HCO₃-, its saltness is a little low; since 574 yr B.P., the lake is abundant in Na+ and Cl-, the saltness is low and going up. Comparing with the curves of grain size, the turning points of curves of soluble salt are earlier than curves of grain size, therefore the soluble salt depositon is more sensible to fluctuation of environment , it's a good indictor and should be extended to apply.