The world-renowned Shanwang Miocene lacustrine konservat-lagerst?tte, occurred in the Shanwang Formation of Linqu County in Shandong Province, represents an extraordinarily well-preserved and taxonomically highly diverse fossil biota. Over the past 50 years, more than 700 fossil species belonging to more than 400 genera have been reported from the 30 m diatom shale deposit, including fungi, diatoms, higher plants, ostracodes, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and trace fossils. This paper focuses on the relationship between the fossil biota and its physical environment with special emphasis on fossil taphonomy and paleoecological factors, such as paleoclimate, paleotemperature, paleolititude, paleogeography, and paleolimnology. Paleohydrology of the Miocene Shanwang lake, such as seasonal changes, limination, food web, and depositional history are also discussed.

Sea level changes are one of important controlling factors for cyclic sedimentation. In cratonic coastal plane settings, depositional environments in the vicinity of the shoreline are very easy to be influenced by sea level changes, resulting in obvious cyclic sedimentation, while depositional environments far away from the shoreline, either landward or seaward, don't vary much with sea level changes. As a result, cyclicity in the shoreline area shows higher frequency than those in the area far away from the shoreline. Generally, the shoreline area is the favorable site for coal accumulation, so the area with the maximum number of depositional cycles is the coal accumulation center. Therefore, in a cycle frequency curve, the maximum frequency is corresponding to the coal accumulation center. However, location of this maximum frequency varies from lowstand, transgressive to highstand sequence sets in a third-order sea level change. This variation allows us to identify migrating regularity of the coal accumulation center. According to high-resolution sequence stratigraphic analyses, the late Permian of western Guizhou is subdivided into 3 third-order composite sequences and 15 fourth-order sequences, and each third-composite sequence is composed of lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts. In this paper, cycle frequency curves corresponding to different sequence sets and different composite sequences are reconstructed and migrating regularity of the coal accumulation center are analyzed.

Qiangtang Basin is situated in the North Tibet plateau. Its north and south boundaries are Lazhulong-jinshajiang suture belt and Bangonghu-nujiang suture belt respectively. The area of the basin is about 160,000km2. Paleozoic to Mesozoic (especially Jurassic) marine strata is well developed in the basin. Dolostones are widely distributed in the middle series and the bottom of upper series of Jurassic. They are the most potential oil & gas reservoir rocks. The dolostones can be classified into two types (i.e. type 1 and type 2) according to their origin and the characteristics of rocks & minerals. Type 1 dolostone was formed in the evaporation condition by way of capillary concentration dolomitization. It is associated closely with gypsum (anhydrite). Dolomite crystals in the dolostone are very thin or little. Its chemical composition is relatively rich in Ca2+.  The degree of order of its crystals is fairly low. Type 2 dolostone was formed in the mixed waters of marine water and meteoric fresh water. It is not associated with gypsum (anhydrite). Dolomite crystals in it are thicker and more euhedral than that in type 1 dolostone. The chemical composition of type 2 dolostone is relatively rich Mg2+. The degree of order of its crystals is fairly high. Type 1 dolostone was not obviously remade after it was formed. It keeps low to mid porosity and very low permeability as it was in original. Type 1 dolostone can form oil and gas reservoir with ranks II-III in the basin. After it was formed, type 2 dolostone underwent clear recrystallization and dissolution, and filling and replacement by calcite in late-diagenetic to epidiagenetic stages. Type 2 dolostone, especially that was not remade by epidiagenesis, can form oil and gas reservoir with ranks I-II in the basin because of its fairly good conditions of porosity and permeability.

The Tertiary seal is the most enclosed regional cap-rock, deposited    from semi-closed bay and lagoon lake, with characterizing by  the very large thickness(1000m), widely distributive province, very dense , and very high pore pressure and high breakthrough pressure(＞60MPa), which constructed the strain segmenting zone ,pore pressure barrier and the division of two forming-pool models-the Kelasu model and the Dawanqi model in the Kuche Depression. The characteristics of Kelasu model placed under the regional seal with the overpressure , in anticline trap ,and which one of the Dawabqi  model placed upper the regional seal, with the normal-pressure, in many kinds of trap.  It has been the one of the most important conditions of the oil and gas enrichment in this depression and the forming factors of the Kela 2 gigantic gas field. Some gas fields similar to Kela 2 will be discovered under the Tertiary seal.

The uranium mineral deposit of Qianjiadian depression is the associated mineral deposit found during the oil and gas exploration of Liaohe  peripheral basin. The uranium deposit falls into the category of sandy deposit at interlayer oxidization zones. Study of the reservoir forming condition of uranium in this area shows that: first, uranium is source abundant ;  The widely developed braided channel deposit system in the Yaojia Formation of the Upper Cretaceous resulted in the interlayer structure of permeable sand, glutinite, and water impermeable mudstone with the uranium distributed in the moderate porosity and  permeability sand body; and the source and reservoir of Lower Cretaceous have provided the  rich reduction agents for the uranium mineral deposit forming; The artesian and water catch basin with relative uplift at the edges formed in the gentle occurrence deposit structure tend to make the underground water containing uranium supply the favorable area  along the sand body and unconformity surface ,  forming the uranium mineral deposit near the oxygen --reduction contact, providing the conditions for the further reservoir forming ; predict the reserve of the region of x ×104 t.

The total water resource volume in our country is 8% of the world,but it must keep 21.5%
Human activities of the world population.The distibution of the population,the piough land and
The water resource in our coutry are unbalanced except for the lack of the average per water resource.The agriculturala area in the north of the Yangtze Rever is 63.5% of the main agricultural area among the total plough land ,but the water resource volume is only 19%.Moreover,the distribution of the water resource and the fossil energy is revese and the major coal mineral and the oilfied are lacated in the area which are short of water.From the point of time,our country precipitation is unbalance,more than 60% rainfall volume concentrates from June to September,it is not only difficult to utilize,but also easy to from the flood prone disaster.
  At present ,the water consumption volume in our country is abuut 5.7*10*11 cubic meter of the year,but ground water in the north has been over produced seriously,the run off flow usage rate of the main rivers in the north are all beyond the internation general standard,the discharge amount of the sewage increases but the harnessing of sewage  isn't enough.On the construction of the water consumption,agricultural water consumption is large,but its production value is low,and it leads a very serious for our country waterresource.So the whole society should pay much attention to the waqter resource from points of the politics and law ,we must use the economical method to manage the water resource and emphasize on the education and action for saving water in the whoie society.

Based on analyses of the sedimentation-responsed charateristics to the accommodation variation law at different structural positions of the steep slope zone in fault-depressed lacustrine basin, accommodation mechanics to select reference well has been discussed; and the principle for selecting reference well has been put forward. According to the facies migration character and systems tract superimposed style in reference well, the standards for identifying two types of terrigenous sequence (type Ⅰand Ⅱ) and the models of their systems tract in a terrigenous sequence have been established under the background of reference well. In this paper, the upper member of Eh3 in Shuanghe～Zhao'ao area, Biyang fault-depression, is treated as a case to study terrigenous sequence stratigraphy by using well B207 as reference well. This result shows that it can effectively resolved the problem about depositional shoreline break for terrigenous sequence in the steep slope zone of fault-depressed lacustrine basin by using reference well.

The three carbonate rocks of bank facies,tidal flat facies and karst zone facies of the Triassic period are widely  spread in Lower -Middle Yangtze Region. According to their lithologic charactes, diagenetic typs, diagenetic fabrics, porosity properties and diagenetic environments etc. the diagenetic features of the kinds of three carbonate rocks are compared. Diageneses of grainstones of bank facies rocks are cementation, dolomitization and solution by the function of vadose and underwater current diagenetic environments of marine water and fresh water. The carbonate rocks of tidal flat facies are commonly composed of metasomatic dolomilites and evaporites rich in gypsums. The dolomitization is chiefly in association with penecontemporaneous by the replacement through capillary concentration and vaporation of marine water of high salinity in vadose zone. Dedolomitization, degypsification and solution develop in vadose and underflow diagenetic environment of meteoric fresh water.The dominative rocks of karst zone are carbonate-evaporites and karst cumulate breccias. The types of diageneses are characterized by penecontemporaneous dolomination under the action of strong evaporative marine water during the early stage of diagenesis. The karst dolomitization which occurs in the late diagenetic stage under the epidiagenetic freshwater diagenetic environment.
Because of secondary porosity development due to main diageneses mentioned above, so these diageneses play a dominant role for the kinds of three carbonate rocks becoming prospect reservior beds.

Baxigai Formation and Bashijiqike Formation are main reservoirs of Cretaceous in the north edge of Kuche Depression. In Cretaceous Period there are different types of delta sedimentary systems developed in different stages of the basin evolution. The main sedimentary systems include lacus-lacustrine delta sedimentary systems in Baxigai Period, fan-delta sedimentary systems in early Bashijiqike Period and lacus-braid-delta sedimentary systems in mid-late Bashijiqike Period. Vertically, the lower sandstone section of Baxigai Formation is of aggradational sequence in general, and the upper mudstone section shows as progradational sequence. The III section at the lower part of Bashijiqike Formation shows the evolution from progradational to aggradational sequence, and the II-I sections of the mid-up part shows as a coarsening up sequence as a whole. Laterally, the sedimentary facies in the north edge of Kuche Depression spread from east to west as a whole, and the sedimentary facies varies obviously from south to north bides. Based on research of the sedimentary facies, integrated with the analysis of tectonic movement and diagenesis, we believe that the sandstone of braided delta front is quality reservoir, and the reservoir around well KL2 is the best, and become worse both westward to well KL1 and eastward to well KL3.

 More than sixty beds with nearly one thousand meters in thickness of salts and other evaporites are developed in Shahajie formation (Tertiary) Dongpu Depression. Since the evaporites deposits have close relations to the formation and storage of oil and gas, so its origin have drawn much attention for many researchers in last few years. Suggestions of high mountain-deep basin and thermo brines from deep layer dewelling up along fault are more popular in these considerations. In contrast to the suggestions mentioned above,  model of sea water fed to an estuearine setting episodically caused the evaporite deposits is proposed in this paper.
The saline deposits in Shahejie formation can be classified into 12 units and its precipitated from brine may be started from middle and late periods of Shahejie formation after the sea water invaded to the palaeovalley between Lanliao fault and Chongyue fault when sea level rising.The total 12 units of saline deposits are thought to be precipitated starting from the middle and late sedimentary periods of Shahejie formation. At that time the seawater invaded to the palaeovalley formed by Lanliao fault and Chongyue fault (NE direction) and retentioned by barrier which caused probably by Synstrike-Slip fault of Gaopingji-Xichengji (EW direction). After Sea level dropping the retentioned seawater was concentrated in the deep or shallow settings of the drowned palaeovalley (estuarine) and evaporites precipitate took place.Based on the study of ichnology and sedimentology twelve times of sea level changing probably happened in the sedimentary period of Shahejie formation. It is worth to note here that the 12 units of saline deposits coincidence with times of sea level changing may shouldn't be surprising.