The Dengyingxia Stage (Late Precambrian) in South China is a marine carbonate sedimentary stage with extensively developed dolostones. The primary dolostones precipitated directly from sea water are developed in the middle unit of Dengying Formation and their primary texture are reserved well. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values have been determined from 40 samples of primary dolomites (dolostones): 13C=3.64‰ and δ¹⁸O=-1.17‰ (n=6) for micrite dolomites; δ¹³C=3.52‰ and δ¹⁸O=-1.86‰ (n=15) for algae dolostones; δ¹³C=2.90‰ and δ¹⁸O=-2.65‰ (n=8) for fibrous dolomite cements; δ¹³C=2.96‰ and δ¹⁸O=-2.41‰ (n=8) for bladed dolomite cements; δ¹³C=2.79‰ and δ¹⁸O=-3.13‰ (n=3) for micrite lamella and fibrous dolomite cements.  The average  δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of all 40 samples are 3.25‰±0.44‰ and -2.12‰±0.98‰ respectively (PDB standard). The heaviest δ¹³C and  δ¹⁸O values in overlap ping area of the values of the primary dolomite sediments and the cements in diagram, δ¹³C=4.43‰ [JP](PDB) and δ¹⁸O=-0.62‰ (PDB), has been determined as the primary carbon and oxygen isotope composition of the Dengyingxia marine carbonate. The δ¹⁸O value of sea water of Dengyingxia Age is 2.90‰(SMOW) calculated based on the salinity of the inclusion in primary dolomite cement. The temperature of sea water at that time is 40.8 ℃ calculated on the basis of the primary δ¹⁸O value. It indicates that hot climate and high temperature existed in Dengyingxia Age in South China.

The shoal(or bank) and shoal facies are important types of carbonate deposits. The bioclastic shoal and ooid shoal are common in geological history. In general, the shoal (or bank) includes bar, ridge, mound and other sedimentary bodies. The envirnoment and state of shoal should be considered while the shoal is analyzed. Many examples of ancient and modern ooid shoals show its complex natures. For example, the ooid shoal not only developed on platform, margin, but also developed in coast zone, and the ooid deposit not only occurred in bar, but also occurred in tidal delta, ridge, sheet, tidal flat, lagoon, etc..;

Although the radiolarian cherts of Devonian to Middle Triassic of deep water origin have been reported from the Changning Menglian belt (CMB) in west Yunnan Province, the tectono  palaeogeographic nature of the CMB is still in controversy. The confirmation of the oolitic limestones of the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian Age in the CMB of west Yunnan Province implied the carbonate succession was accumulated in a shallow and agitating environment, possibly as the carbonate caps of oceanic islands. The formation of the carbonate ooids also indicated the ambient water of warm nature under the semi arid palaeoclimatic background. The analysis of geological context showed that the carbonate succession was formed in the southern subtropical semi arid paleo climate zone, in contrast to the time equivalents to the both sides of the CMB. The Changning Menglian ocean thus was the main branch of the Palaeo Tethyan ocean separated the blocks of Gondwana affinities from those of Cathaysian affinities, and situated in the southern subtropical semi arid palaeoclimatic zone and spanned about 10° in palaeolatitude in the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian Age.

On the basis of studies of source area, palaeoclimate, palaeo water property and palaeo water depth, the sedimentary facies and sedimentary systems were discussed. Seven types of sedimentary facies were distinguished from the Jurassic of Yanqi Basin. According to the location and genetic relationship among these facies, four kinds of sedimentary systems were concluded, including braided river, braided delta and lake system, alluvial fan, fan delta and lake system, clastic flow trench and turbidite fan system and shore lake
 plain and swamp system. Further more, the distribution features and evolution of sedimentary systems were described

Based on the outcrops, cores and well logs, strata in the Late Palaeozoic of Ih Ju Meng area in Ordos Basin are divided into zones by using sequence stratigraphy analysis of the Late Carboniferous and base level cycle analysis of the Permian. There are six types of sedimentary systems, including tidal flat, fan delta, shallow water delta developed during Taiyuan Age, alluvial fan developed during Permian, meandering river developed during Shanxi and late Shihezi Age, and braided river developed during early Shihezi Age. The main sandstone body for oil storage is constructed by distributary channel filling, subaqueous distributary channel filling of fan delta and shallow water delta, braided channel filling of alluvial fan, longitudinal bar of braided river, point bar, crevasse, and levee of meandering river. The authors also suggest that the lithofacies palaeogeography of the Late Palaeozoic of the study area, controlled by tectonicetting and the resultant slope, is dominated by fan delta and alluvial fans in the west, and by shallow water delta, meandering rivers, and braided rivers in the east

Most oil fields in the eastern part of China have entered development stages with high water. In order to solve the problem that the mothball reserve of Chinese petroleum is not enough, it is  necessary to undertake the petroleum exploration in deep burial strata. Recent study shows that reservoir sandstones in or near abnormal high temperature and pressure are favourable for petroleum accumulation. Therefore, the spatial distribution of reservoir sandbodies of deep burial strata is main research content to find subtle trap of deep burial strata. On the basis of depositional characteristics of deep burial strata of the Shahejie Formation in eastern and western depressions of Liaohe oil field, three depositional systems are identified as following: fan delta, shore to shallow lake and semi deep lake to sub lacustrine fan. The distribution of sandbodies in the Shahejie Formation in time and space is studied in details, and the cycle of sedimentary sequence and the rhythm of depositional sandbodies in the study area are analyzed. The three sub age's depositional models of the Shahejie Formation are set up based on the evolution history of basin structure and the depositional filling process. 

The Yankou Formation in the Upper Ordovician of Tonglu County in Zhejiang Province consists mainly of rhythmically thin alternating layers of gray fine|grained sandstones, siltstones and dark|gray mudstones, silty mudstones, in which the typical flaser, wavy, lenticular bedding and rhythmic stratification are well
 developed, with 2～3 intercalated beds of gray medium| to thick|bedded conglomerates in the base of the formation. In the past, these conglomerates and the overlapping rhythmically thin alternating layers of sandstones and mudstones had been considered as basal conglomerates and typical ancient tide|flat deposits respectively. The results of geological work in the field and study of regional geological data show that the sedimentary environment of the Yankou Formation should be deep|water slope rather than shallow|water seastrand. The conglomerates of the formation should be matrix|rich debris|flow deposits, and the rhythmically thin alternating layers of sandstones and mudstones should be internal|tide deposits developed on a deep|water slope. These internal|tide deposits have typical and symmetrical graded|couplet succession which may be related to the periodical changes of Neap|Spring tidal dynamics. This internal|tide deposits is the first example of ancient internal|tide deposits found in China. ;

Bouma sequences and other sedimentary structures formed by sedimentary gravity flow, such as slumpfolded layers and flute casts, are really well developed in upper parts of the Carboniferous in the Yeyungou area of South Tianshan in China. Based on analyses of sections and lithofacies of the upper parts of Carboniferous, accompanied bC-M diagram from the statistics of sand grains in the turbidites, the authors point out that the upper parts of the Carboniferous in the Yeyungou area of South Tianshan in China were formed in submarine fan. Lithofacies such as disorganized gravels (A-1), massive sandstones without dish structures (B-2), proximal turbidites (C), distal turbidites (D), slumpfolded layers (F), and shales interval siliceous rocks (G) have been recognized in the strata, which are associated with construction of inner fan, mid fan and outer fan according to Walker models of submarine fan. It is verified that there is a sedimentary environment for deep marine fan in the Carboniferous in the Yeyungou area of South Tianshan in China. Paleo current orientation shows that the sediments came from the south side, paleo continent of Tarim. The data of chemical composition of sediments indicate that the tectonic background of the turbidites is passive continental margin environment.

Eight trace fossil associations in relation to eight depositional facies have been recognized in the Shahejie Formation (Tertiary) of the Dongpu Depression. These are ①Cylindricum Scoyenia(Sand flat and mud flat), ②[WTBX]Ancorichnus Cylindricum [WTBZ](distributary), ③ Tigillites  root type A (Lagoon and marsh), ④ Ophiomorpha Ancorichnus  (estuarine), ⑤ Thalassinoides Palaeophycos  (upper reach estuarine), ⑥ Arenicolites Polykladichnus  (tidal channel), ⑦ Teichichnus Anconichnus  (shoreface) and ⑧ Squamodictyon Protoplaeodictyon (deep embayment). The environmental implications of the above mentioned trace fossil associations and the importance of the eight recurrent ichnofacies corresponding well log patterns are described. The trace fossil evidence strongly shows that the Shahejie Formation consists mainly of nonmarine deposits as well as marine deposits. Above all, it appears to be quite helpful in high resolution stratigraphic correlations and in predicting incised valley reservoir facies estuarine sand stones and shelf on lap reservoir facies (tidal flat and beach sandstones) in this area, and clean up the debatable blur on whether there are marine or no marine deposits in the Shahejie Formation.  ;

The Ordovician in Ordos was identified with a comprehensive method of integrating the outcrop sections, well sections and seismic profiles. Totally 213 pie
ces and 8317 km of seismic profiles were disposed and stratigraphically interpre
tated, which greatly upgraded the interpretation of the seismic profiles. Based
on above achievements, the Ordovician in Ordos was divided into 10 stratigraphi
cal units, i.e. Yeli Formation, Liangjiashan Formation, Majiagou Formation Ⅰ, Majiagou Formation Ⅱ, Majiagou Formation Ⅲ, Majiagou Formation Ⅳ,  Majiagou Formation Ⅴ, Majiagou Formation Ⅵ, Pingliang Formation and Beiguoshan Formation.Their isopach maps were compiled. These maps show that the palaeotectonics
of Yeli Age and Liangjiashan Age was in the style of one uplift and three depressions, i.e. o
ne middle uplift was surrounded by western depression, southern depression and ea
stern depression, which took the shape of “U". The palaeotectonics of Majiagou
Age Ⅰ to Majiagou Age Ⅵ shaped up one uplift and three depressions, although the shape, size and location of uplifts and depressions were changeable. The palaeo tectonics of Pingliang Age was in the shape of one uplift and two depressions, i.e. the enormous Ordos uplift was edged with the western depression and southern depression, which took the shape of “L". The  palaeotectonics of Beiguoshan Age was in the shape of one u
plift and one depression, i.e. the residual southwestern depression was located at the southwestern corner of the more enormous Ordos uplift. At the end of Ordov
ician, the Ordos and the whole North China Platform came into an unified uplift
and the framework of uplifts cooperated with depressions vanished.