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	JOPC 2011 Vol.13 Number 3
	2011, Vol.13 Num.3
	Online: 2011-06-01

	LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	253	Kuang Hongwei, Liu Yongqing, Peng Nan, Liu Yanxue, Li Jiahua

		On origin of Molar Tooth carbonate rocks
		Molar Tooth (abbreviated MT) carbonate rocks，i.e.，the Proterozoic carbonate rocks with particular texture，are characterized by the enigmatic micro-spar fabric，limitation of temporal and spatial distribution or diverse origin interpretations since the discovery of more than a hundred years，and attract the attention of numerous geologists worldwide.Based on the previous researches and our own new studies on MT microscopic fabric in the recent decade，some new results were proposed in this paper.MT is a stacked equant calcite sparry constructed by aggradated accretion of calcite microspar surrounding an initial nucleus of calcite.The Proterozoic ocean was a deoxidation or suboxidation environment with a high carbonate saturation.As a result，the crystallization and consolidation of lime mud on the bottom of the shallow sea became more slowly.Due to continuous decomposition of organic matter in lime mud，gas was generated.And then，within a closed system，the concentration of the gas was increased to a higher value，resulting in the formation of cracks and voids in the plastic lime mud.Cracks were perhaps generated by some unknown mechanisms and enlarged in size or deformed，destructed as well.By the catalyzed reaction of organic matter，calcites(mainly CaCO₃)were precipitated quickly from liquids within voids or cracks，and then the initial nucleus of calcite appeared.Afterwards，a stacked equant calcite sparry was constructed by the aggradated accretion of calcite microspar surrounding an initial nucleus of calcite.Consequently，calcite sparry was solidified and deposited within the cracks.The proposed model for the MT formation indicates that the void-forming and crack-filling represents microscale gas-sediment interactions and the geophysical and geochemical condition of the Proterozoic paleo-ocean plays an important role，which is not only the geological setting constraint but also provides sediment materials and dynamic conditions，and temporally and spatially restricted the development and distribution of MT.
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 253-261 [Abstract] ( 2699 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 3743KB] ( 879 )

	262	Li Xianping, Yu Xinghe, Li Shengli, Zhang Ruifeng, Tian Jianzhang, Zou Min, Li Ruijun, Liu Wei

		Characteristics of sedimentary facies of the Member 1 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Shenxian Sag，Jizhong Depression
		During the depositonal period of the Member 1 of Shahejie Formation，Shenxian Sag was in the end stage of rifting and beginning of sag development，where there is a obvious difference of the formation thickness, from 200 m to 1200 m.The distribution of depositional system and sedimentary facies primarily controls the exploration prospect.For this reason，based on a lot of cores observation and specific description，according to logging data and grain size analysis data，hydrodynamic environments and depositional types have been discussed，three types of sedimentary facies have been defined as following braided fluvial delta， fan delta， and lacustrine facies.By the integrated application of petrology，logging and seismic data，distribution of sedimentary facies have been reconstructed: braided fluvial deltas mainly occured in Shenze-Liucun low uplift，Shennan anticline and northeastern Ningjin uplift, and their framework was characterized by “large deltaic front and smaller plain” ，while “larger plain and smaller front” in the late period； fan deltas developed in the downthrown side of Hengshui fault，while beaches and bars mainly appeared in Baisongzhuang trough and Yuke anticline.
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 262-270 [Abstract] ( 2253 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 6658KB] ( 886 )

	271	Yu Ye, Zhang Changmin, Zhang Shangfeng, Shi Hesheng, Du Jiayuan, Zhu Rui

		Sedimentary facies recognition using lithological statistics ——Example from delta deposits of Pearl River Mouth Basin
		The traditional research approaches for sedimentary facies are affected by artificial subjective factors.For the same sedimentary structure，curve shape and seismic reflection characteristics，different people have different views.But lithologic characteristics are doubtless，and these data are easy to obtain by instrumental measurement.Therefore，the use of lithologic data to distinguish sedimentary facies，can avoid differences which are caused by artificial subjective factors in identifying sedimentary facies indicators.The well logging lithological interpretation results from the Neogene deltaic deposits of Pearl River Mouth Basin have been used to measure the thickness and layer number of these different lithology.Statistic shows that there are close relations among the single layer thickness，formation thickness rate and other characters of these strata，the variation of these characters are close related to subfacies of the deltaic deposits.The subfacies can be distinguished quantitatively by the use of these relations，such as crossplot，triangular diagram and boxplot.The critical parameters and diagrams for different subfacies have been used to recognize the facies of other wells which are not to be used to calculate the criterion.The result shows the correctness is above 75％，and the method is basically feasible that using lithological statistics to recognize deltaic subfacies.These results may provide an available approach to the quantitative study of sedimentary facies.
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 271-277 [Abstract] ( 1847 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 982KB] ( 489 )

	279	Shen Yinmin, Jia Jinhua, Qi Yingmin, Sun Xiongwei, Zhou Bo, Ma Debo, Gao Li

		Sedimentary facies of Donghe Sandstone in the Upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous and discovery of Hadexun Oilfield in Tarim Basin
		The Hadexun Oilfield is one of the biggest integrated oilfield in the Tarim Basin.Its reserves exceeds one hundred million tons.The sedimentary facies and its changing regularity of the Donghe Sandstone plays an important role in the discovery of the Hadexun oilfield.The Donghe Sandstone was deposited in the transgressive background during the Late Devonian to the Early Carboniferous.It is mainly the beach sandbody of littoral facies.The Donghe Sandstone is a distinct diachronous in the whole basin.The Donghe Sandstone is chiefly terrigenous littoral to shallow marine facies.They overlaped thinning from lower to higher paleogeomorphic unit.Sedimentary facies is dominated by shoreface to foreshore intercalated with backshore of the littoral beach facies on the adjacent paleo-coastline.There are offshore mudstones and carbonate platform towards the basin area.The sandbody was controlled by the paleo-geomorphology，eustatic movement，and provenance.The sandbody thickness decreased on the gentle slope side，and increased on the steep slope side，thinning out on the solitary island and big terrace area.In the early transgressive stage，the Donghe Sandstone distributed in the west of Lunnan Uplift.The sandbody spreaded in north-south direction，with wide distributing and large thickness.The sandbody distributed in west-east direction along the paleo-coastline in the early to middle transgressive stage.In the middle to late transgressive stage，the paleo highland was flooded into many island by the sea water.The carbonate platform emerged towards the sea.The sedimentary facies and its variation of the Donghe Sandstone has provided good geologic conditions for forming litho-stratigraphic petroleum reservoirs.
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 279-286 [Abstract] ( 4705 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 1039KB] ( 545 )

PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY

	287	Zhou Yuanjun, Wang Zhanghua, Li Xiao, Xie Jianlei, He Zhongfa, Zhao Baocheng

		Late Cenozoic diagnostic pollen-spore distribution in southern Yangtze Delta Plain: Depositional geomorphological implications
		The present study examined the stratigraphy，lithology，and pollen-spore，especially the diagnostic pollen-spores of the wetland plant,aquatic plant and Cyathea from 5 Late Cenozoic boreholes drilled in the southern Yangtze delta plain，aiming to reveal the sedimentary geomorphological evolution since the Neogene and give insight to the studies of the Yangtze catchment evolution.The results demonstrate that the very poorly-sorted，wetland pollen-lacked sediments were formed as alluvial fan in the Neogene，when topography change was prominent and rapid accumulation of adjacent materials occurred.In the Early Pleistocene，significant reduction in palaeo-topography difference occurred and depositional center shifted westward.However，the sediments are still characterized by the mixture of gravel，sand and mud，and the shortage of wetland plant pollen.Hilly basin of regional small catchment is inferred.The sediments of the Middle Pleistocene are characterized by finer grain size，increasing content of spore fossil，and the appearance of wetland plant pollen and fossil spore of Cyathea，indicating an environment of open alluvial plain.Wetland pollen，fossil spore of Cyathea， and content of total spore increase clearly in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene sediments，suggesting a further decline of altitude of the study area，i.e.，a coastal-estuarine depositional environment.The environmental evolution of the study area further suggests that local sediment source prevailed during the Neogene and Early Pleistocene age when hilly geomorphology dominated.Lowland that could receive large amount of Yangtze sediments did not formed until the Middle Pleistocene，which is very important for the studies of provenance and evolution of the Yangtze River by using the Late Cenozoic sediments from the study area.
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 287-297 [Abstract] ( 1897 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 1202KB] ( 706 )

	299	Zong Ruiwen, Liu Qi, Gong Yiming

		Fossil association and sedimentary environments of the Lower Silurian Fentou Formation in Wuhan，Hubei Province
		The paper reports a new section of the Lower Silurian Fentou Formation which has been measured in Tiejishan Hill.This well-exposed section situates in the southeast of Wuhan，Hubei Province，just five kilometers from the downtown of Wuhan.Abundant fossils have been collected from this site，they were identified as 13 genera with 17 species in total，including trilobites，brachiopods，bivalves，gastropods，rostroconcha and piscis.Some of the species such as Coronocephalus wuningensis，C.gaoluoensis，Kailia intersulcata，Latiproetus sp.，Striispirifer shiqianensis，Striispirifer disparatus，Howellella sp.，Nucleospira calypta are common in the Fentou Formation of Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces，the Shamao Formation of west of Hubei Province and the Xiushan Formation in southwest China; Technophorus peregriuns has been reported from the upper part of the Xiushan Formation in Guizhou Province before，and also from both of the Wangjiawan Formation and Ningqiang Formation of Shaanxi Province.Orthonota perlata occurs frequently in the Fentou Formation in the Lower Yangtze River region.Based on biostratigraphic correlation，fossil assemblage from the Fentou Formation in Wuhan area belongs to the Early Silurian(Telychian，Llandovery). The lower part of the Fentou Formation might be deposited in a foreshore setting with a high energy，and the middle-upper part of this formation might be formed in an inshore and offshore setting with a lower energy.At last, the authors propose to cancel the stratigraphic unit of the Guodingshan Fomation in Wuhan area.
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 299-308 [Abstract] ( 2679 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 12599KB] ( 867 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	309	Xian Benzhong, Wu Caixi, She Yuanqi

		Fluid abnormal overpressure and its influence on deep clastic reservoir of the Paleogene in Chezhen Sag of Dongying, Shandong Province
		Sandstone and conglomerate reservoir affected by fluid abnormal overpressure in deep layer is one of the focuses in petroleum exploration and reservoir study.Drilling and oil production test data show that abnormal pressure exists widely in the Paleogene Shahejie Formation，and has closely related with oil-bearing and oil productivity of the sandstone and conglomerate reservoir.In this study，formation pressure in different strata and different zones were calculated with equivalent depth method using logging data calibrated by oil production test data.Calculating results show that formation pressure in the lower Submember of Member 3 of Shahejie Formation(Es^x₃)is the largest，and its residual formation pressure equals 15-30 MPa. According to the statistics on sandstone and conglomerates porosity and their residual formation pressure，the porosity increases 2％ when formation pressure increases 5 MPa.Therefore，the sandstone and conglomerates porosity in Es^x₃ may be increased by 4％-10％.Integration of microcosmic reservoir characteristics and porosity interpretation of logging data，three factors improving deep sandstone and conglomerate reservoir are listed as follows:(1)fluid abnormal pressure protects primary and secondary pores formed in early periods，(2)overpressure environment produces acidic groundwater into reservoir and forms dissolution pores，(3)fluid abnormal overpressure promotes the formation of microfractures，and improves the seepage capacity.
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 309-316 [Abstract] ( 2247 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 5287KB] ( 707 )

	317	Xu Xiaoyan, Shao Longyi, Zhang Fade, Huang Man, Ju Qi, Wen Huaijun, Wang Wenlong, Lu Jing

		Sequence stratigraphy and coal accumulation of the Jurassic in Wailihada mining area of Muli Coalfield in Qinghai Province
		Sequence stratigraphy and coal accumulation of the Jurassic lacustrine clastic coal measures in the Wailihada mining area of northeastern Qinghai were studied using borehole data.A total of 5 third-order sequences and corresponding systems tracts were subdivided.Within each sequence，the lowstand systems tract(LST)is composed of grayish white coarse-grained sandstones of fluvial or distributary channel facies，the transgressive systems tract(TST)consists of sandy mudstones of flood basin and interdistributary bay facies，and the highstand systems tract(HST)is dominated by the mudstone and carbonaceous mudstones of the lacustrine and interdistributary bay facies.Thick coal was formed in the middle stage of the TST of sequence S1，and no major coals were formed in the LST and HST.This is mainly due to a balanced development of accommodation space rates and peat accumulation rates during middle stage of the TST，when the interdistributary environments favored the accumulation of thick coals.
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 317-324 [Abstract] ( 1944 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 774KB] ( 545 )

	325	Li Shaohua, Lu Wentao

		Depositional process-based reservoir stochastic modeling ——A case of fluvial reservoir modeling
		This paper presents the principle and method of the depositional process-based reservoir stochastic modeling.Compared with conventional stochastic modeling methods，the depositional process-based method，which efficiently integrates empirical observation and expert knowledge with respect to depositional process，enables the geologically realistic reproduction of reservoir architectural elements(such as channel fill，lateral accretion，levee，and crevasse splay)geometries and interrelationship，as well as how they are deposited over time（such as avulsion and meandering fluvial migration）.As to well conditioning，a new conditional method is adopted to improve the efficiency，while retain complicated geometries and interrelationships.Through theory and experimental results analyses，the depositional process-based reservoir stochastic modeling integrates more geological information，can represent reservoir heterogeneity more precisely.Finally，some present problems and future work are discussed such as the generation of channel centerlines，the representation of lateral accretion shale beddings in point bar，and well conditioning.
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 325-333 [Abstract] ( 2165 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 676KB] ( 612 )

GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT

	334	Guo Jianqing, Cheng Xinrong, Chen Ronghua

		Response of palaeooceanography evolution of eastern and western Pacific Ocean and marginal sea to the Arctic Icecap formation
		The most important palaeoclimate event in the Pliocene is the formation and expansion of the Arctic Icecap during 3.2-2.5 Ma.We obtained δ¹⁸O(oxygen isotopes)，δ¹³C(carbon isotope)record data of planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata from the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene interval(4.5-1.6Ma)in ODP807A in the Western Pacific Warm Pool.Based on the formation process of the Arctic Icecap，the above data can be divided into three stages: prior to Icecap formation(4.5-3.2Ma)，during Icecap formation(3.2-2.5Ma)and after Icecap formation(2.5-1.6Ma).The results show that since the Icecap formation，δ¹⁸O values in both G.ruber and P.obliquiloculata showed increasing trend，respectively indicating the continuous temperature decrease in the surface and subsurface in the Warm Pool.During the Icecap formation，the δ¹⁸O value of G.ruber changed little，but that of P.obliquiloculata was heavier，which indicate that the subsurface was affected more strongly by Icecap formation.The δ¹⁸O difference between P.obliquiloculata and G.ruber(or Δδ¹⁸O_（P-G）） reflects little change in the depth of thermocline，implying a very weak influence from the Icecap formation.According to the Mg/Ca value from ODP806(Wara et al.，2005)and U^K′₃₇ value from ODP 847(Herbert and Laura，2010)，both the surface temperature of western Pacific Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean decreased since the Arctic Icecap formation，and a greater range of the eastern Pacific.Compared with Δδ¹⁸O_(P-G) from the western Pacific ODP807A with Δδ¹⁸O_(T-S) from the eastern Pacific ODP847 at the same period，the eastern Pacific thermocline changed shallowing，suggesting the gradient of the depth of thermocline between the western and eastern Pacific enlarged.Compared δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C value between G.rubber and P.obliquiloculata at Site 1143 and Site 1148, it also indicated that the surface temperature and the productivity level were more evidently affected in the northern(Site 1148)than in the southern South China Sea(Site 1143).
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 334-346 [Abstract] ( 1995 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 996KB] ( 649 )

	347	Li Niu, Hu Chaoyong, Ma Zhongwu, Yan Jiaxin

		Main control factors of high quality hydrocarbon source rocks of the Upper Permian Dalong Formation at Shangsi section of Guangyuan，Sichuan Province
		Geochemical and petrological analyses of the Permian section in Guangyuan of northeastern Sichuan suggest that multiple factors influenced the accumulation of organic matter.In this study，we conduct a comprehensive investigation on the geochemistry of the middle part of Dalong Formation to explore the link of accumulation of organic matter to the marine primary productivity，sedimentary environment(oxidation-reduction conditions)and sedimentary rate respectively.We found that high values of Mo，U，V，Cr，as well as Mo/U，V/Cr，V/(V+Ni)are accompanied with high TOC value，which suggests anoxic conditions prevailed during the deposition of the middle part of Dalong Formation.The medium degree of paleoproductivity and lower sedimentary rate which weakened the dilution of terrigenous matter to the organic matter，made high TOC present in sediments.Compared with the average shale of upper，the sediments from the middle part of the Dalong Formation are significantly enriched in Cd，P，Mo，U，Cu，Ni，V，Zn are depleted in Co，Mn，showing the similar geochemical characteristics as modern upwelling zones. The results indicate that high quality hydrocarbon source rocks are developed in an environment prevailing with the upwelling flow.
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 347-354 [Abstract] ( 2120 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 773KB] ( 626 )

	355	Li Ling, Zheng Hongbo, Zhao Liang, Zhou Bin, Jia Juntao, He Mengying

		Temporal and spatial changes of clay minerals since the Miocene in lower reaches of Yangtze River and Chinese Loess Plateau and their palaeoclimate implications
		In order to investigate the temporal and spatial changes of clay mineral since the Miocene in the Yangtze and Yellow River reaches and their palaeoclimate implications, the X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD)was applied to study the clay minerals in the fluvial-lacustrine sediments in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the red clay-loess sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results show that the clay mineral compositions of the lower reaches of Yangtze River and Chinese Loess Plateau mainly consisted of illite, chlorite, kaolinite and smectite. During each geological stage, the sediments of different deposition profiles in the two study areas have different combinations of clay minerals. In each continuous depositional profile there exists a phenomenon that illite tends to gradually increase which reflects the gradual cooling of climate. The ratios of illite to kaolinite(Ill/Kao)and illite to smectite plus kaolinite(Ill/(Sm+Kao))may serve as a proxy to evaluate the palaeoclimate.
		2011 Vol. 13 (3): 355-362 [Abstract] ( 2660 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 662KB] ( 722 )

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