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	JOPC 2009 Vol.11 Number 6
	2009, Vol.11 Num.6
	Online: 2009-12-01

	News LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

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		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 0-0 [Abstract] ( 1185 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 247 )

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	593	Qiao Xiufu, Li Haibing

		Effect of earthquake and ancient earthquake on sediments
		Ancient earthquake are determined by various sediment deformation structures contained in the strata. The systematic induction and summarization of the sediment deformation produced by earthquakes will provide the theoretical basis for ancient seismite researches， and is helpful for recognizing those signs in the field. The classification of sediment deformation brought by earthquakes introduced here is a draft to be discussed， supplemented and revised. The genesis mechanism is the bedrock of classification. Though these special sediment deformation structures are mainly related with earthquakes， many other factors may also be included. Therefore， detailed researches of regional geological setting shall be performed for determining the deformation structures.
		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 593-610 [Abstract] ( 2132 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 457 )

	611	Guo Shuyuan, Zhang Guangquan, Chen Shuwei

		Study on sedimentary facies of mixed clastic-carbonate sediments strata system in epicontinental sea ——A case of Daniudi Gasfield in northeastern Ordos
		The mixed clastic-carbonate sediment is the important sediment phenomenon which can react characteristic deposits of the epicontinental sea. The Benxi and Taiyuan Formations in the Daniudi Gasfield located in the northeast of Ordos are typical series of the mixed clastic-carbonate sediments deposited in the epicontinental sea. According to these features on lithologic assemblage with the study on regional geology， the pattern has been first created on sedimentary facies of the mixed clastic-carbonate sediments in the epicontinental sea in this paper. Sedimentary environment of Benxi and Taiyuan Formations is numerously considered as barrier clastic coastal environment. Based on geologic setting and sedimentary evolutionary process of the coal bearing basin in North China during the Late Paleozoic，the Benxi and Taiyuan Formations in Daniudi Gasfeild belong to epicontinental sea clastic coastal-carbonate platform mixed depositional system and coastal plain depositional system in this paper. The lower member of the Benxi Formation of Upper Carboniferous belongs to restricted clastic coastal facies and upper member belongs to carbonate platform and clastic coastal facies. The Lower member of the Taiyuan Formation of Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian belongs to delta facies and clastic coastal facies→clastic coastal facies，the middle member belongs to basin-controlled peat marsh facies→carbonate platform facies and clastic coastal facies， the upper member belongs to delta facies and clastic coastal facies→carbonate platform facies and clastic coastal facies→delta facies and clastic coastal facies→carbonate platform facies and clastic coastal facies.
		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 611-627 [Abstract] ( 2271 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 433 )

	629	Chen Quanhong, Li Wenhou, Liu Haowei, Li Keyong, Pang Jungang, Guo Yanqin, Yuan Zhen

		Provenance analysis of sandstone of the Upper Carboniferous to Middle Permian in Ordos Basin
		Based on comprehensive study of regional geology， stratigraphic contact relations， sandstone fragment components， heavy mineral and trace elements， the Upper Carboniferous to Middle Permian provenance area for the north Ordos Basin mainly come from recycling orogeny area， and can be divided into three provenance areas that are Wuhai-Yinchuan， Hangjinqi-Dongsheng， Zhungeer-Fugu. But affected by variation provenance and bounded by Hangjinqi-Dongsheng， the distribution of quartz sandstone of Ordos Basin that was derived from Alashan ancient land has obvious west-east trending divisional feature and is mainly distributed in west Ordos Basin， but lithic sandstone that came from Yin Mountains mainly distributed in east Ordos Basin. South and southwest trending source sandstone that came from steady tectonic area and recycling orogeny area are strongly related to the evolution of Qin-Qi orogenic belt， and has the duplex characteristic of activity and stabilization. So the south provenance can be divided into three provenance areas that are Haiyuan and Tongxin-Zhongwei， Pingliang-Guyuan and Huaixian， Yaoxian-Yijun and Fuxian. The catchment area of south and north provenance with NWW trending shoestring extension is located in Huanxian-Fuxian-Xianning area， and the catchment area gradually transfers to south Ordos Basin during Shanxi to He-8 period. Until He-8 period， the west provenance began to supply coarse clastic sediments. In Liuyehe Basin， Zhouzhi， as the outer margin of Ordos Basin， which is the intermontane basin of Qinling orogenic belt and has continuous transitional relationship between them， the Upper Carboniferous to Middle Permian sandstone came from recycling orogeny area and continental blocks.
		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 629-640 [Abstract] ( 2284 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 293 )

PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY

	641	Wang Yue, Zhao Mingsheng, Yang Yanfei, Wang Xunlian

		Emergence of marco-organismal ecosystem of the Late Doushantuoian in South China and its significance
		The evolution of ecosystem is a major force on the origin and evolution of life. In the early evolution of life， the process of ecosystematic evolution was from the Mat-dominated Ecosystem， through the Plankton-eukaryotic Ecosystem and Marcoalgal Ecosystem， to the Macro-organismal Ecosystem， then to a relatively mature ecosystem in the Cambrian. The evolution of the early ecosystem mainly exhibited the developments:(1)what the habitats expanded from the surface layer of deposits to the water column and then to the inner of deposits in habitat;(2)what the relation of different species was from passive accepters to active competitors in life demands for environment factors;(3)what the energy transformation changed from the extra-intussuscepting or extra-assimilating to the endo-assimilating after extra-feeding;(4)the ecological pyramid changed complication and multilevel; and(5)what the organisms gradually enhanced the ability improving environment. In the macro-organismal ecosystem which emerged in the Late Doushantuoian of the Ediacaran in South China， organisms drastically enhanced the competition and reform for environment factors demanded by them， and began to actualize the energy transformation in the inner body of organism. The multilevel and complication of the ecological pyramid show that the macro-organismal ecosystem in the Late Doushantuoian is a key transition in the evolutional speed of life and a prelude of the Cambrian explosion.
		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 641-651 [Abstract] ( 2032 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 197 )

	652	Lu Yuanzheng, Deng Shenghui

		Palaeoclimate around the Triassic—Jurassic Boundary in southern margin of Junggar Basin
		The Haojiagou section， located in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin， is of great significance in studying the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary events. The lower part of the section(bed 4 to bed 44)belongs to the Haojiagou Formation that is assigned to the Upper Triassic， and the interval of bed 45 to bed 102 is the Badaowan Formation that is considered to be the Lower Jurassic. The palynological data show that the gymnosperm pollen grains dominate all the Haojiagou Formation， and fern spores have higher proportion than the gymnosperm pollen grains in the lower member of the Badaowan Formation. Taking into account that most ferns adapt to warm and humid climatic environment， we believe that it was warmer and more humid in the Early Jurassic than in the Late Triassic. Organic carbon isotope data from the Haojiagou section demonstrate that δ¹³C curve has an obvious negative excursion(less than -24.5‰)in the interval of bed 44 to bed 68， while the underlying and overlying strata have similar δ¹³C values(greater than -24.5‰). Analyses of charcoal samples show a similar negative excursion in bed 44 to bed 59. According to the results of ecological research， sedimentary organic matter has lighter carbon isotope values when the climate is warm and humid. Therefore， it is concluded that at the beginning of the Early Jurassic the climate was warmer and more humid than before and afterward.
		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 652-660 [Abstract] ( 2217 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 220 )

	661	Wang Jianhua, Wang Xiaojing, Cao Linglong, Zheng Zhuo, Yang Xiaoqiang, Yang Jie

		The Holocene sporopollen characteristics and their paleoenvironmental significance of Core GZ-2 in Pearl River Delta
		Based on the age data， the sediment characteristics and the sporopollen stratigraphic information of the core GZ-2， Pearl River Delta， the Holocene in the region is suggested to begin from 6.0 ka BP. The characteristics of the Holocene sporopollen groups show the obvious difference from those of the Pleistocene， indicating an obvious change of climate. The sporopollen and the sediment information demonstrate that the paleoclimate of the Holocene is basically warm and wet， with a moderate fluctuation. The hottest and wettest period appeared around 5.0-2.4 ka BP， then the climate became relatively cool and arid around 2.4-1.9 ka BP， warm and wet after 1.9 ka BP， with some weaker fluctuations within these relatively long and remarkable variations. In addition to reflecting the climate change， the sporopollen information indicates also certain deposition environmental changes as well as human activity. An obvious transgression process appeared in the Middle Holocene in this region， and the influence of human activity to the botanic and sedimentary environment intensified gradually after the beginning of the Late Holocene. During this period， the water in Pearl River Delta area became shallower gradually， and the sedimentary environment changed from estuary-shallow sea to seashore shoal， finally to delta plain. The climatic variations in the region are essentially consistent with the sea level changes.
		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 661-669 [Abstract] ( 2355 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 262 )

GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT

	670	Zhou Xinping, He Youbin, Du Hongquan, Li Hua

		Geochemical characteristics and origin of the Permian siliceous rocks in Xuanhan region of Sichuan Province
		Nodular，striped and lump-shaped siliceous rocks of the Permian are primarily distributed in the Maokou and Wujiaping Formations in Xuanhan region， Sichuan Province. The origins of the siliceous rocks have been researched systematically based on their lithological and geochemical characteristics. Field observations about the siliceous rocks suggest that the shape of siliceous rocks is diversified， and they contact with surrounding rocks in line shape. They are controlled by certain position in the section，and the lump-shaped siliceous rocks contain limestone nodules. Thin section analyses suggest the relic texture of calcite and dolomite rhombus pseudomorphic crystal could be found in the siliceous rocks. Field observations and thin section analyses suggest the origin of siliceous rocks is metasomatosis. The major element analysis indicates SiO₂ is the main chemical composition(69.61％—99.21％)， others are extremely lower(0.01％—16.07％)， some major element ratios of Fe/Ti，(Fe+Mn)/Ti， Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)reflect the formation of siliceous rocks is associated with the hydrotherm activities， and the samples are projected in the unit where Fe being rich in the Al-Fe-Mn diagram; Some trace element ratios including Co/Ni， V， Ti/V， Th/U， Rb/Sr are relatively lower， and the samples are projected in the unit where Fe being rich in the(Cu+Co+Ni)-Fe-Mn diagram too; The REE(<10×10^-6)is lower， Ce is remarkable negative anomalies， Eu is negative anomalies slightly， LREE/HREE is lower and the Eu/Eu^* is relatively high. All these features above suggest that there may be hydrotherm participating in during the sedimentary process，and siliceous rocks are formed by metasomasis during the diagenetic process.
		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 670-680 [Abstract] ( 2232 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 303 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	681	Zhu Shifa, Zhu Xiaomin, Xian Benzhong, Li Dejiang

		Characteristics and main controlling factors of the Jurassic reservoir in Ke-Bai area， northwestern margin of Junggar Basin
		Based on large number of thin-sections and casting thin-section observations， mercury analysis and core observations，the Jurassic reservoir characteristics of Ke-Bai area in northwestern margin of Junggar Basin have been systematically studied. The lithology characteristics of the Jurassic reservoir are that near the provenance， composition maturity is low， less pore-filling contents， the cementation is characterized by carbonate-cementation，rich in plastic clastic， the sandstones are well sorted and sub-angular，textural maturity is moderate. As the burial depth of Jurassic reservoir is shallower， diagenesis is simple.Storage space is characterized by primary pores. Influenced by faults， secondary pore is well developed. Compared to sandstone， conglomerate has more intragranular dissolution pores.The characteristics of pore texture are controlled by the lithology characteristics of reservoir.Pore texture of reservoir can be divided into three types: well sorted and bold skewness， better sorted and slightly fine skewness，moderate sorted and fine skewness.The main controlling factors of the Jurassic reservoir include grain size， compaction and dissolution. Among them， compaction determines reservoir quality.
		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 681-688 [Abstract] ( 2001 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 286 )

	689	Gao Caixia, Shao Longyi, Li Changlin, Xu Xiaoyan, Xu Haitao

		Sequence stratigraphy and coal accumulation of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin
		The Xujiahe Formation of the Upper Triassic in the eastern Sichuan Basin is subdivided into seven members. The first member is correlated to the Xiaotangzi Formation of the western Sichuan Basin， but they have different facies. The first， third， fifth and seventh members are coal-bearing intervals， while the second， fourth and sixth members are sandstone-rich intervals. Four sequence boundaries represented by regional tectonic unconformities and the erosional base of the fluvial channel incised valley filling are recognized in the Xujiahe Formation based on outcrop and borehole data analysis. A total of four third-order sequences are subdivided in the Xujiahe Formation， and they are subcorrelated to the intervals of Member 1， Member 2 to Member 3， Member 4 to Member 5， and Member 6 to Member 7， respectively. Each sequence is further subdivided into lowstand systems tract(LST)， lacustrine transgressive systems tract(TST)and highstand systems tract(HST)according to variation in lithology and lithofacies. The LST is characterized by widely distributed channel sandstones， the TST and HST are featured with the lacustrine-deltaic interbedded fine sandstones， siltstones， mudstones and coals. The further analysis of coal accumulation in the sequence stratigraphic framework reveals that， sequence 3 is the most favorable sequence for coal accumulation，followed by sequence 4，sequence 2 is the worst. Within sequence 3， the coal-accumulation in HST is better than in the TST. Thickness of coal seams is controlled by the balance between the peat accumulation rate and the accumulation creation rate，and the thick coals tend to be formed in the early HST when the peat accumulation rate is well balanced with the accumulation creation rate.
		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 689-696 [Abstract] ( 2003 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 204 )

	697	Luo CaiZhen, Tian Shicheng, Li Ruimin

		Sedimentary facies and favorable area of hydrocarbon accumulation of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in northern Lixian Slope of Raoyang Sag in central Hebei Province
		Through depositional environment， sedimentary characteristics， single well sedimentary facies and seismic facies analysis， it is concluded that fan-delta， braided fluvial， braided fluvial-delta depositional systems were developed during the deposition of the lower submember of the Member 1，the Member 2 and the upper submember of the Member 3 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Lixian Slope. The main reservoirs include the semi-circular delta front facies of the lower submember of the Member 1 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation， the main parts of the fluvial distributary channel of the Member 2 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation， the distal parts of the distributary channel facies of the upper submember of the Member 3 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. They have good reservoir properties and are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulations. With the favorable conditions for formation of oil and gas accumulations， they are the favorable targets for further exploration.
		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 697-701 [Abstract] ( 2279 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 291 )

PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

	702	Li Yiyin, Hou Shufang, Mo Duowen

		Records for pollen and charcoal from Qujialing archaeological site of Hubei and ancient civilization development
		Palynological and charcoal analyses of both the sedimentary profile and cultural layers of Qujialing site， Hubei Province suggest that evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved forests were distributed in the surrounding areas of the site between 5400 and 4200 \{a BP\}. Abundant Gramineae and Pinus pollens and charcoal points to strong human activities; the warm and wet climate during this period provided favourable condition for the development of Qujialing and Shijiahe Cultures. During 4200—2200 a BP， grassland which is composed of Artemisia， Chenopodiaceae， Thalictrum and ferns etc. was developed. The decline of the Cyperaceae and Ceratopteris indicates a shift to more arid environment， resulting in a widespread grassland. The trend towards more arid environment was mainly caused by a stronger human activity and subsequent drier climate. Along with the increasing aridity， the Qujialing and Shijiahe Cultures became declined and eventually collapsed. By 2200 a BP，an increase of Cyperaceae pollens and Ceratopteris spores suggests that relatively moist habitats existed during this period around the Qujialing site. Meanwhile， the rich Gramineae and high concentration of microcharcoal particles indicate the arrival of another prosperous period in human history.
		2009 Vol. 11 (6): 702-710 [Abstract] ( 1878 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 310 )

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