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《Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry》
JOPC 2011 Vol.13 Number 4
2011, Vol.13 Num.4
Online: 2011-08-01
GENERAL
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHY
PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION
GENERAL
363
Mei Mingxiang
Disputation of “nannobacteria”: An impetus promoting studies of origin of limestones
Those nanometer-scale spherical-，rod-，or ovoid-shaped objects in the 25～300 nm range，which are visible in rocks and minerals by high-magnification(>50000×) scanning electron microscope(SEM)，atomic force microscope(AFM)，or transmission electron microscope(TEM)analyses，attract the geologists attention.For the origin of these nanometer-scale objects，different views result in a strong disputation.Because of the general resemblance between these objects and eubacterial cocci or bacilli，and because of their tendency to occur in chains or clusters，it was initially proposed that the objects were “dwarf forms” of bacteria，“nannobacteria”，or their fossilized equivalents，“nannofossils”.The focus of geologic objections to the actuality of nannobacteria is that features of this scale may have many possible origins，
e.g
.，micromineral inclusions or crystallographic edge effects;further，a sphere <140 nm diameter is biologically thought to be too small to contain all the components necessary for an independent life.Therefore，this disputation that occurred at the turn of centuries and had continued thus far became an important impetus promoting the studies of the origin of limestones although an affirmative conclusion remains uncertain.
2011 Vol. 13 (4): 363-374 [
Abstract
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2547
) [
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LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
375
Cao Yingchang, Wang Jian, Gao Yongjin, Liu Huimin, Tang Dong
Sedimentary characteristics and model of red beds-gypsum salt beds of the Paleogene in Dongying Sag，Jiyang Depression
Huge scale red beds-gypsum salt beds sediments were developed during the period of the Member 1 of Kongdian Formation(E
k
1)and the lower submember of the Member 4 of Shahejie Formation(E
s
4x)of Paleogene in Dongying Sag，Jiyang Depression.It was recognized that red beds-gypsum salt beds sediments were characterized by the coexistence of aquatic sedimentation and subaqueous sedimentation and coexistence of gravity current sedimentation and traction current sedimentation. The vertical superposition styles of red beds-gypsum salt beds sediments are quite different at different positions of the Dongying Sag. Based on the analyses of sedimentary characteristics，grain size of clastic and vertical superposition style.According to the analyses of characteristics of geochemistry and color of mudstone and previous researches，the sedimentary environments of the period of red beds-gypsum salt beds development was dominated by dry climate and dry climate and wet climate were alternate frequently.The salinity of the lacustrine basin was relatively lower and the sediments were mainly sandstones and mudstones during the period of wet climate，while the salinity was relatively higher and the sediments were mainly gypsum salt during the period of dry climate.The lacustrine basin was a oscillatory basin with a lower water level at the early and middle periods of E
k
1-E
s
4x and was changed to a higher water level oscillatory lacustrine basin at the late periods of E
k
1-E
s
4x，which have different characteristics of sedimentation.
2011 Vol. 13 (4): 375-386 [
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2791
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387
Xiong Guoqing, Jiang Xinsheng, Wu Hao
Preliminary study of the Late Cretaceous lithofacies palaeogeography in southern Tibet
The Late Cretaceous lithofacies palaeogeography in southern Tibet is preliminarily studied and reconstructed through the synthetical analyses of the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary characters and its facies.The results indicate that the seawater gradually became deep，and the lithofacies belts of the littoral zone，the neritic shelf(outershelf and innershelf)，the continental slope and the abyssal basin stretched from south to north in this region，meanwhile，the reef and shoal facies of carbonate and isolate platform facies were developed above the neritic shelf facies in some local areas.Generally the basin was still of a passive continental margin，but an embryonic form of peripheral foreland basin already existed.
2011 Vol. 13 (4): 387-396 [
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2040
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PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY
397
Zhang Lijun, Gong Yiming, Ma Huizhen
The Devonian trace fossils and ichnofacies from South China
Fifteeen ichnogenera and twenty-four ichnospecies were recognized on the basis of detailed ichnosedimentology studies of six Devonian sections from South China.They included
Arenicolites carbonaria，Arenicolites
isp.，
Chondries
cf.
intricatus，Chondrites fenxiangensis，Chondrites filifalx， Chondrites
isp.，
Chondrites maqianensis，Circulichnis
isp.，
Dushanichnus dahekouensis， Diplocraterion parallelum， Rusophycus lungmenshanensis
，？
Helminthopsis
isp.，
Palaeophycus tubularis，Palaeophycus curvatus，Phycodes palmatus， Planolites beverleyensis， Planolites
isp.，
Planolites kwangsiensis， Rosselia socialis， Rhizocorallium jenense， Rhizocorallium
isp.，
Skolithos linearis， Thalassinoides
isp.
，Zoophycus
isp.. These trace fossils can be grouped into four ichnofacies of
Skolithos，Rhizocorallium，Cruziana，Zoophycos
ichnofacies in terms of body fossils and other facies indicators.
Skolithos，Rhizocorallium，Cruziana
and
Zoophycos
ichnofacies indicated tidal flat and barrier island-lagoon environments，intertidal-subtidal zones，upper-middle neritic shelf and lower neritic-bathyal environments，respectively.From the Early to Late Devonian，the replacement of ichnofacies was from
Skolithos
ichnofacies→
Rhizocorallium
ichnofacies →
Cruziana
ichnofacies →
Zoophycos
ichnofacies →
Rhizocorallium
ichnofacies.
2011 Vol. 13 (4): 397-418 [
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2269
) [
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623
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419
Dong Mingxing, Zhang Xiangxin, Niu Shuyin, Pang Qiqing, Bian Honghao, Zhang Qian
Palaeoloxodon-Coelodonta
fauna of the later Late Pleistocene and its palaeoclimate in Shijiazhuang area, Hebei Province
Occurring at 7～24m below the surface of current deposits of the ancient Hutuo River，the excavated fossils in the suburb of Shijiazhuang include
Palaeoloxodon naumanni，Bubalus youngi，Bos primigenius，Coelodonta antiquitatis， Cervus
sp.，
Elaphurus
sp.
etc
.，among which the most abundant forms are
Palaeoloxodon naumanni
and
Bubalus youngi
，which coexist with fossil conifers in the same sequence in Hutuo River deposits.A δ
14
C age date of 8150±120 \{a BP\} is obtained from a fossil conifer，whose diameter varying between 20 cm and 50cm，containing sensitive tree-ring.The macro-mammalian fauna records the climate change from temperate cold to warm，humid to arid in Shijiazhuang area from the later Late Pleistocene to the Holocene.
2011 Vol. 13 (4): 419-425 [
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1927
) [
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11581KB] (
652
)
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
426
Qin Jun, Chen Yuming, Liu Wenhui
Prediction of reef and bank reservoir of the Permian Changxing Formation in Jiannan area， Sichuan Basin
The distribution of reef and bank reservoir of the Changxing Formation in Jiannan area is controlled by the distribution of the Kaijiang-Liangping Basin. The response characteristics on seismic profile of the reef and bank were studied. Mainly on the basis of drilling well data and forward simulation model, the research results indicate that the thickness of limestone of the Member 4 of Maokou Formation is related with the shape of TP2 seismic reflection interval. During the late period of Maokou Formation, the Dongwu tectonic movement occurred in the study area which led to the intensive stratigraphic exposion. The remnant thickness of limestone of the top Member 4 of Maokou Formation was thin and led to the “two intensive” reflection on seismic profile. In contrast, less exposion occurred at lower paleotopographic unit. Thus the remnant thickness of limestone of the Member 4 of Maokou Formation was thick and the corresponding seismic reflection is characterized by “three intensive” reflection. The relationship between paleotopography and seismic attributes was established using this characteristic. The analyses show that the tectonic framework is characterized by “lower in west and higher in east” in the late depositional period of the Maokou Formation.Due to the influence of tectonic movement in the early period of Changxing Formation, the Kaijiang-Liangping Basin gradually expanded and formed a new paleotopography in the late depositional period of submember 2 of Changxing Formation. By the analyses of stratigraphic slice data, outcrop and drilling well data, the authors propose that the basin crossed the study area. A new viewpoint about the distribution of the basin has been proposed and the profitable developing area of reef and bank has been identified combining with tectonic movement and current data and the comprehensive geophysical and geological data.
2011 Vol. 13 (4): 426-433 [
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2189
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434
Yang Bo, Xu Changgui, Niu Chengmin
Conditions for hydrocarbon reservoirs formation of lithologic trap inwall- corner-type steep slope belt: A case on the Paleogene Dongying Formation of BZ3 block in middle part of Shinan steep slope belt,Bohai Bay Basin
The western steep slope belt of BZ3 block is located in the middle part of Shinan steep slope belt，Bozhong Sag of Bohai Bay Basin.It was formed at the joint zone of Shijiutuo Uplift and its pitching end is a complex wall-corner-type steep slope with several step-fault zones formed by two intersected faults of Shinan 1 and Shinan 2.According to the theories of high resolution sequence stratigraphy，there are three base level cycles of 4-5 th order in the lower submember of Member 2 of Dongying Formation(lower E
d
2
)，and the upper and lower parts of the base level cycle controlled the formation of the braided fluvial delta.By analyses of formation mechanism and structural evolution of wall-corner-type steep slope，the ancient tectonic background was favorable for the water convergence in the lower E
d
2
，there were multi-stage braided fluvial delta deposits along the down-throw side of the boundary fault from the provenance of Shijiutuo Uplift.Then the sandbody boundary is portrayed by the seismic phase，seismic attributes and seismic inversion methods.The study result shows that the 1st and 2nd base level cycles are favorable for sandbody enrichment，which pinchout to southwest and form lithological traps.They have big trap area and good reservoir-seal conditions.Because these traps were formed attaching to the boundary fault，facing to the western subsag of Bozhong Sag and relying on the Shijiutuo Uplift，the accumulation condition is favorable，and will be the exploration targets of lithological traps in the Bozhong Sag.
2011 Vol. 13 (4): 434-442 [
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2128
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5517KB] (
732
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443
Deng Xiuqin, Fu Jinhua, Yao Jingli, Pang Jinlian, Sun Bo
Sedimentary facies of the Middle-Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin and breakthrough in petroleum exploration
The Ordos Basin lies across Shaanxi，Gansu，Ningxia，Inner Mongolia and Shanxi Provinces of middle-western China.Its area reaches 2.5×10
5
km
2
.The Middle-Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation，more than 1000 m thick，is widely developed in the basin.Alluvial fan，fluvial，delta and lacustrine facies developed well during the Middle and Upper Triassic，and formed the key oil- and gas-bearing layers of the basin.According to the data collected from more than 100 drilling wells in the hinterland basin and many outcrops in the surrounding areas，as well as the long-term exploration and research experiences，we compiled 7 sedimentary facies maps of different oil-bearing intervals of the Middle-Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin.The features of sedimentary facies in different depositional periods of the Yanchang Formation，especially the distribution and evolution of the dark mudstone and shale of the deltas and lacustrine facies，as well as the sand body of the various strand-bars and the gravity flow facies，were illustrated in detail.By the theoretical guidance of the sedimentary facies and lithofacies palaeogeography，the oil exploration of the Yanchang Formation has made great breakthrough constantly in the Ordos Basin.Several large oilfields，with the proved reserve more than 1×10
8
t，such as Shanbei，Xifeng，Jiyuan and Huaqing oilfields，have been discovered in recent years.
2011 Vol. 13 (4): 443-455 [
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3043
) [
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2953KB] (
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SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHY
456
Yi Haisheng
Application of well log cycle analysis in studies of sequence stratigraphy of carbonate rocks
Chengdu University of Technology，Chengdu 610059，Sichuan The Fischer Plot is a graphic method about analyzing numbers and thicknesses of meter scale cycle units or parasequences of carbonate platform successions.The method is used to analyze the stacking patterns and hierarchical architectures of high frequency cycles and then to define depositional sequence surfaces.This method has widespread application in field stratigraphic sections，but it meets obstacles and limitations in subsurface petroleum exploration districts.A new calculation method is proposed in this paper and the cycle numbers and thicknesses can be detected by means of well log data processing in any stratigraphic intervals.The interplays among amplitudes and periodicities of eustatic sea levels，subsidence rates，and sedimentation rates were discussed in detail according to numerical simulation results.It is suggested that ordered stacking patterns of high frequency cycles indicate low frequency sea level fluctuation pathways.This provides us theoretical basis to distinguish the third order depositional sequences and surface location with well depth.The Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in the northwestern Sichuan Basin is taken as a case study，processing methods and procedures were demonstrated using natural gamma ray logging data.Discriminant markers for depositional sequence surfaces and multiple cyclic hierarchies were presented by graphing cumulative departure curves from mean cycle thickness as a function of cycle number or well depth.
2011 Vol. 13 (4): 456-466 [
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2305
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PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION
467
Liu Decheng, Gao Xing, Wang Xulong, Zhang Shuqin, Pei Shuwen, Chen Fuyou
Palaeoenvironmental changes from sporopollen record during the later Late Pleistocene at Shuidonggou locality 2 in Yinchuan，Ningxia
27 sporopollen samples were obtained and analyzed from Shuidonggou locality 2 in Yinchuan，Ningxia.The statistic results show that herb pollens took absolutely advantage，including Chenopodiaceae，
Artemisia，Zygophyllum
，Ranunculaceae and a small amount of
Euonymus，Ephedra，Nitraria
and so on.Woody plant pollens stood in a secondary position，including
Pinus，Picea，Abies，Betula
and
Ulmus
etc
.Fern spores were few，contained
Lycopodium，Selaginella，Adiantum
and so on.According to sporopollen assemblages，it can be divided into four strips.In the first strip(72-38 ka BP)，the sporopollen content was high，water grown and hygric vegetable was prosperous，it belonged to temperate grassland zone with some marshes and relatively warm and humid climate.In the second strip(38-29 ka BP)， the sporopollen content was low，herb pollen occupied absolutely advantage in this site.In the other hand，some deciduous broad-leaved trees such as
Quercus
and
Ulmus
grew with the coming ferns and
Urtica
.It belonged to temperate grassland zone mainly with Compositae and a small mount of broadleaf.Aquatic and hygric plants grew flourishing in part of the region which was a marsh environment.In the third strip(29-20 ka BP)， the sporopollen content was very low.It should be a temperate desert steppe environment with some
Betula，Ulmus
.Aquatic and hygric plant grew flourishing in part of the region，marsh condition，a small amount of
Picea
and
Abies
trees grew surrounding hills.In the forth strip(20-18 ka BP)，the sporopollen content was extremely low. It showed a temperate desert steppe environment with some
Betula
and
Ulmus
.A lot of
Picea
and
Abies
trees grew on hills.
2011 Vol. 13 (4): 467-472 [
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1839
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726
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