Welcome to Journal of Palaeogeography

	· 《Petroleum Science》
	· Periodical Press of CUP
	· China University of Petroleum (Beijing)
	· 《Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science)》
	· 《ACTA PETROLOGICA SINICA》
	· 《Geology in China》
	· 《China Geology》
	· 《ACTA GEOCHIMICA》
	· 《geochimica》
	· 《GEOTECTONICA ET METALLOGENIA》
	· China Geoscience Journal Portal
	· 《Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry》

	JOPC 2012 Vol.14 Number 2
	2012, Vol.14 Num.2
	Online: 2012-04-01

	LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY SPECIAL ISSUE ABOUT “Origin of Dolostone and Oil and Gas Reservoir” PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	143	Zhou Xinping, He Youbin, Luo Jinxiong, Xu Huaimin

		Origin of the Permian nodular，striped and lump siliceous rock in eastern Sichuan Province
		The Permian nodular，striped and lump siliceous rock widely distribute in the upper of Maokou Formation and the whole Wujiaping Formation，intercalate between or in the limestone succession，in the eastern Sichuan Province.The authors research the mechanism of origin and the resource of silicon for the siliceous rock by the lithological and geochemical characteristics from the outcrop，rock thin section，major element，trace element and REE，based on the Guangyuan，Wangcang，Xuanhan and Wuxi Sections.The results indicate that shape of siliceous rock is diversified，distribute heterogeneously，and the lump siliceous rock contain limestone cakes.The silicon of the siliceous rock is primary chalcedony and microcrystal quartz，the chalcedony of calcareous-siliceous intrude into the calcite，and several bioclast silicificated.Major element analysis indicates SiO₂ is the main chemical composition(52.79％～99.21％，avg 85.18％)，some major element ratios of Fe/Ti，(Fe+Mn)/Ti，Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)reflect the formation of siliceous rock is associated with the hydrotherm activities.Trace element suggests different content from the crust，some trace element ratios including Co/Ni，Th/U are relatively lower.The REE is lower，Ce is negative anomalies，LREE/HREE is lower and the δEu is relatively high.All these features above suggest that the origin of this siliceous rock we investigate is metasomatosis，the hydrotherm is primary source of silicon，the basalt leaching and upwelling is secondary.Multiple sources following with the carbonate sediments deposit through contemporaneous faults，surface leaching and upwelling，and then metasomatose the carbonate sediments during the diagenesis，finally form the nodular，striped and lump siliceous rock between or in the surrounding rocks.
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 143-154 [Abstract] ( 2262 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1096KB] ( 639 )

	155	Fu Meiyan, Zhang Shaonan, Zhao Xiu, Lü Yanping, Chai Fangyuan

		Researches of mixed sedimentation of the Carboniferous in Bachu-Makit area in Tarim Basin
		The characteristics of clastic-carbonate mixed rocks and mixed bed series of the Carboniferous in Bachu-Makit area in the Tarim Basin were reported，through analyses of petrology，observation of cores，thin sections and well-log data.According to the intensity of mixed sedimentation，the clastic-carbonate mixed rocks are divided into mixed clastic，mixed carbonate rocks and high-mixed rocks.The Lower Mudstone and Middle Mudstone of the Bachu Formation were mixed clastic，while the bioclastic limestone of the Bachu Formation，Xiaohaizi Formation and Middle Mudstone of the Bachu Formation were mixed carbonate rocks，while high-mixed rocks distributed in the Upper Mudstone of the Karashayi Formation and Lower Mudstone of the Bachu Formation，as well as in the Middle Mudstone of the Bachu Formation partly in Bashituo area.The occurrence of high-mixed rocks in clastic of regression corresponded to the transition environment with intense clastic-carbonate mixing.There were four sequences identified in the Carboniferous in this area.The mixed bed series almost formed in the early stage of TST and later period of HST，with punctuated mixing and facies mixing domination.It is concluded that the intensity of mixed sedimentation can be used as a main indicator of evaluating the nature of mixed sedimentation environment，which can be divided into four orders.There was a mixed sedimentary surface in the Lower Mudstone of the Bachu Formation，where the intensity of mixed sedimentation reached the third order，and can be used in stratigraphic correlation.In conclusion，based on the characteristic of clastic-carbonate mixed sedimentation，the main controlling factors of mixed sedimentation were discussed，mainly including tectonic movement and eustatic change.
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 155-164 [Abstract] ( 2390 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2495KB] ( 736 )

	165	Wang Chunlian, Liu Chenglin, Hu Haibing, Mao Jinsong, Shen Lijian, Zhao Haitong

		Sedimentary characteristics and its environmental significance of salt-bearing strata of the Member 4 of Paleocene Shashi Formation in southern margin of Jiangling Depression, Jianghan Basin
		Based on drilling core and experimental analyses，the authors studied the sedimentary characteristics of salt-bearing strata of the Member 4 of Paleocene Shashi Formation in southern margin of Jiangling Depression of Jianghan Basin.The sedimentation of salt lake is characterized by multi-period，continuous and periodically alternating of fresh and salt water.Therefore，it has become the important research focus to study palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment.The salt-bearing strata of the Member 4 of Shashi Formation in southern margin of Jiangling Depression is composed of non-sandstone，mainly peperite of evaporate mineral，carbonate mineral，terrigenous clay and fine detrital mineral.The layer thickness can be a few millimeter to a few dozen centimeters.The accumulated bed thickness is up to a few dozen centimeters to a few meters.Through comparison analysis of Fe，Mn，Al，Ca，Mg，Co，Ni，V，Cu content and Sr/Ba，Mg/Ca，V/(V+Ni)，Ni/Co，Cu/Zn ratio，the sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary environment of salt-bearing strata are studied systematically.It shows that the lake environment in the Yanjian Member of Shashi Formation is perennial relative deep delamination salt lake，which can be classified as brackish-water lake，semi-salt-water lake，salt-water lake and brine lake.The lake depth becomes shallow from downward to upward.Primary glauberite，typically warm facies saline minerals，is widely developed in this formation.The Fe₂O₃/FeO ratio represents drought climate.This feature reveals that the Paleocene Shashi Formation in southern margin of Jiangling Depression of Jianghan Basin is characterized by a drought and warm palaeoclimate.
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 165-175 [Abstract] ( 3054 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3744KB] ( 932 )

SPECIAL ISSUE ABOUT “Origin of Dolostone and Oil and Gas Reservoir”

	176	Pan Liyin, Liu Zhanguo, Li Chang, Shou Jianfeng, Zhang Jianyong, Zhang Jie, Shen Anjiang, Zhou Jingao, Zheng Xingping

		Dolomitization and its relationship with reservoir development of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin
		Gas reservoirs of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin are mostly dolostones，which are distributed in the platform margin around Kaijiang-Liangping Basin. Petrographic and geochemical evidences indicate multiple dolomitization events，and the most significant one of which was triggered penecontemporaneously by reflux of evaporative seawater. Dolostones formed in early periods had undergone various degree of recrystallization during burial，which resulted in the complex rock textures. Pore of the Feixianguan Formation dolostones is predominantly intergranular and/or oomoldic(or intragranular)，which is inherited from the precursor limestones rather than creating during dolomitization.These kinds of pore are well preserved in dolostones，owing to early dolomitization and the resistance of dolomites to compaction.
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 176-186 [Abstract] ( 2755 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2895KB] ( 628 )

	187	Zhang Tianfu, Shou Jianfeng, Zheng Xingping, She Min, Pan Liyin

		Spatial distribution and characterization of pore and throat of oolitic dolostone of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in northeastern Sichuan Province
		The research of pore and throat texture is a key issue for oil exploration and development.With micro-CT and numerical rock technology，the authors characterized the texture of pore and throat of residual oolitic dolostone of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in northeastern Sichuan Province，and established the 3D models in micro scale.Based on these models，its radius，shape factor and spatial connectivity were calculated.A further discussion on the modelshas been processed under the help of SEM and mercury injection.The result indicates that pore system of the residual oolitic dolostone include interparticle pore，interparticle dissolved pore（moldic pore），intercrystalline（dissolved）pore，intercrystalline aperture，microfracture etc.The intercrystalline pore and microfracture are the connectivity pathway as throat.Its minimal size could be reduce to 20～30 nm.Recrystallization of the experimental sample is heavy，so the throat would be blocked due to the growth of the crystal and tectonic compaction after later diagenesis.
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 187-196 [Abstract] ( 1963 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4063KB] ( 614 )

	197	Huang Wenhui, Wang Anjia, Wan Huan, Fan Tailiang, Yu Bingsong

		Discussion on characteristics of the Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate rocks reservoirs and origin of dolostones in Tarim Basin
		High quality reservoirs occur in　the Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate rocks with abundant oil and gas resources in the Tarim Basin.Based on field geological inspection，core observation and analysis，identification of normal thin sections and cast sections，the detailed survey on its storage features and the classification of space type were conducted;and the formation and evolution of different storage spaces were preliminarily analyzed.In conclusion，the storage space of carbonate rocks could be divided into three categories，pores，vugs and fractures;Furthermore，it could be subdivided into intergranular pores，intragranular pores，intercrystal pores，moldic pores，organic framework pores，vugs，caverns，structural fractures，compaction dissolved fractures and dissolved fractures.Caverns and fractures are the most effective space for storage.Carbonate rocks underwent multi-stage reconstruction by diagenesis.In addition，late-stage tectonic activities also provided a large amount of fissures.Most of effective storage space is secondary-genetic, and dissolution enhances reservoir performance to a large degree.The reservoir types are fracture-pore，fracture-cave and fracture ones，and the fracture-cave type is the critical reservoir.Dolostones of different origins occur in the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician.The Cambrian dolostone was predominantly formed in supratidal and intertidal zones，associated with tidal flat and lagoons.It belongs to penecontemporaneous product.The Lower Ordovician dolostone mainly belongs to reflux-see-page/dorag dolomitization product.Part of the Lower Ordovician reef and beach limestone was dolomitized and then belongs to the replacement product that also occurs in deep Ordovician strata and belongs to burial dolomitization product in late stage.
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 197-208 [Abstract] ( 2806 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3279KB] ( 731 )

	209	Wu Shiqiang, Qian Yixiong, Li Huili, Yang Suju, Sha Xuguang, Xia Yongtao, Ma Qingyou, Zhu Xiuxiang

		Characteristics and main controlling factors of dolostone reservoir of the Middle-Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation in Katak Uplift of Tarim Basin
		Dolostones of the Middle-Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation in Katak Uplift of Tarim Basin are hydrocarbon reservoir rocks of vital importance.Based on detailed petrographic and geochemical investigations，the characteristics and origin of the reservoir have been figured out.Silt-sized limy dolostone and silt-sized dolostone are the two main types of reservoir rocks.Intercrystal pores，intercrystal dissolved pores and acicular pores occupied more than 85％ of the reservoir space.Intracrystal dissolved pores，dissolved vug and other pores are minors.Geological and geochemical analyses suggested that dolostone reservoir was controlled by several factors.Dolomitization produced massive intercrystal pores and provided later dissolution with potential spaces.A large number of intercrystal dissolved pores are formed during the epigenic karstification，the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr value of the dolostone was modified during this process and the value decreased with growing depth，at the same time the trace elements concentration of Fe and Mn decreased，the luminescent was getting weak.The epigenic karstification was also indicated by logging responses and dedolomitization.Bitumen impregnation was suggested by the bitumen alongside sytlolites，moderate bright to moderate dark fluorescence can be seen in some intercrystal pores.Burial dissolution was less fabric selective and caused most of the acicular pores，so occurrence of the pores was less relative to the fabric. Some acicular pores were filled by calcite, among which the Fe content was 18.1×10^-4 in average, and Mn was 16.5×10^-4 in average. Both of the content was less than that of matrix dolomite apparently, which was 617.4×10^-4 and 166.8×10^-4, and the fluorescence was also darker than matrix dolomite．
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 209-218 [Abstract] ( 2784 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2509KB] ( 708 )

	218



		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 218-217 [Abstract] ( 1989 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 306 )

	219	Yuan Xinpeng, Liu Jianbo

		Research history and progress on reflux seepage dolostone
		Reflux seepage dolostones were widely distributed in the geological records and considered to be potential high-quality reservoirs of applicable value.Recent studies on the reflux model of dolomitization highlight its advances and controversies.This paper briefly covers the research history and progress of the brine reflux model and its application.The source of magnesium，the fluid-flow mechanism and the ancient characteristics of rocks in this model are particularly summarized.Some new researches such as penesaline dolomitization by reflux seepage provide a new impetus to revisit the primary model.
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 219-228 [Abstract] ( 2575 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1781KB] ( 720 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	229	Wang Qicong, Zhao Shuping, Wei Qinlian, Xiao Ling, Yang Yihua, Guo Yanqin, Niu Miaoning

		Marine carbonate reservoir characteristics of the Middle Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin
		This article discusses the petrophysical facies characteristics of the Majiagou Formation marine carbonate reservoirs and the method of carbonate reservoir classification in the Ordos Basin.On the basis of outcrops，cores，and slices analysis，combining with reservoir physical property and pressured-mercury testing，the rock types，porosity texture，and physical property of carbonate reservoir were studied.Using flow zone index FZI，the authors studied petrophysical facies characteristics and the classification of carbonate rock reservoir.There are 8 types of carbonate rock reservoir in the Majiagou Formation including dolomitic solution-collapse breccia，dissolved anhydrite or salt dolomitic breccia，containing anhydrite or salt dolostone，anhydrite or salt dolostone，aplite dolostone，residual structure fine-coarse crystalline dolostone，secondary limestone and micritic limestones or putty crystal dolostone.There are 4 types of storage space founded in the Majiagou Formation carbonate rock reservoir including karst cave(＞100mm)，dissolved pore(2～100mm)，pore(＜2mm)and fissure.There are 4 kinds of storage and seepage of reservoir including pore reservoirs，fractured reservoirs，fractured porous reservoirs，and fractured porous and vuggy reservoirs.According to flow zone index FZI reservoirs are divided into 6 types of petrophysical facies and 24 subfacies.Carbonate rock reservoirs are divided into 5 types and 7 subtypes.Type Ⅰ reservoirs are the best type of gas storage plays mainly distributing in the M¹₅，M⁴₅ and M⁶₅.Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅲ reservoirs are main reservoirs in the Majiagou Formation.Subtype Ⅱ₁ and Ⅲ₁ reservoirs primarily containing pore mainly distributed in the M¹₅-M⁶₅ and subtype Ⅱ₂ and Ⅲ₂ reservoirs primarily containing fracture mainly distributed in M₄.Type Ⅳ reservoirs are of poor physical properties and distributed in all formation.Type Ⅴ reservoirs are non-reservoirs.Study results show that the method on the basis of petrophysical facies research is an effective way to reveal carbonate rock reservoir characteristics and carry out quantitative classification and evaluation of carbonate rock reservoirs.
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 229-242 [Abstract] ( 2480 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2856KB] ( 761 )

PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

	243	Hou Guangliang, Fang Xiuqi

		Characteristics analysis and synthetical reconstruction of regional temperature series of the Holocene in China
		Based on the distribution of temperature changes of China which is divided into the Northeast China，northern North China，mid-eastern China，South China，Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia area，southwest area，Xinjiang and Yunnan-Tibet Plateau eight regional temperature series.Collecting information on the exact age and temperature values of the ancient temperature records 1397 as the units of eight distribution is used to make up and coordinate the calendar year，named converted single sample from local to regional and averaged by the multiple samples.Using data of the Northeast China，northern North China，mid-eastern China，South China and Yunnan-Tibet Plateau，200 years of the Holocene temperature resolution of continuous integration sequence were established.The results showed that: Five district areas where continuous temperature series and the trend of high-resolution environmental records are basically the same，the major centennial-scale cold and warm events have a higher comparability;five consecutive sequences of instructions area of the Holocene temperature changes can be divided into temperature was in the early，mid and late three stages;Large regional differences in rate of temperature change，but the main events are basically the same cold and warm，and peak warm period occurred in 8～6ka BP.The Yunnan-Tibet Plateau was higher than modern about 2℃，higher than the Northeast China 3 ℃，north of North China 1.5 ℃，East China close to 1 ℃，higher than the Southeast only 0.5℃;Major cold events occurred in 9.2，6.2，4.0 and 0.4 ka BP，4 ka BP is a cold event large-scale cold event.The Yunnan-Tibet Plateau，Northeast China，northern North China，North China，east China and Southeast China had a temperature reduction of 1.5，2，1 and 0.5 ℃ in the extent.The Holocene temperature changes in the district during the period also show that the latitude range from north to south，from high to low altitude，followed by decreasing rate of temperature change characteristics.
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 243-252 [Abstract] ( 2000 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1118KB] ( 905 )

	253	Li Qian, Wei Fengying, Li Dongliang

		Evolution of East Asian summer monsoon during the last millennium
		Based on the well coupling relationship between the six regional dry/wet series and data of the East Asian Sea Level Pressure（SLP）, SLP in summer was reconstructed during 960-2000 A.D. and then the results of the reconstruction were tested.Meanwhile，the East Asian summer monsoon index（EASMI） was defined by using the reconstructed SLP and the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) was discussed during the last millennium.The results show that the reconstructed SLP has certain reliability in the East Asian during themillennium，and it provides foundation for studying the long-term variation of EASM.The periods of 60～70 a，30～40 a and 10～20 a were discovered in EASMI.The nine times abrupt changes were found in EASMI and the most significant vibration occurred in 1230s.
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 253-260 [Abstract] ( 2034 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1164KB] ( 740 )

	261	Zhai Qiumin, Guo Zhiyong, Li Lei, Wang Hairong

		Grain size characteristics and their environmental significance of terrigenous constituents in deep-sea sediments at IODP Site U1313 in North Atlantic during the Early Pleistocene
		The North Atlantic is the key region in researches of global climate change.In this paper，we have done grain-size analysis with the terrigenous constituents of deep-sea sediments from the IODP(Integrated Ocean Drilling Program) Site U1313，the results show that the terrigenous constituents mainly composed of clay and very fine slit，and the fine-grain materials(grain diameter less than 4μm)is a main component.Combining with palaeobiological data and stable isotope dating，we reconstruct the evolution of paleoclimate，the palaeoclimate in the North Atlantic during the Early Pleistocene is divided into three phases:(1)2.415～1.897 Ma BP，climate fluctuated periodically;(2)1.897～1.640 Ma BP，the climate changed gently;(3)1.640～1.471 Ma BP，climate changed violently and frequently.The events of grain size suddenly increased correspond to the cold events during the Early Pleistocene.The suddenly change of grain size parameter nearby 1.6 Ma BP possibly linked to the earth orbital parameters change，which shows the importance of orbital parameter as external driving force to earth climate.
		2012 Vol. 14 (2): 261-268 [Abstract] ( 1699 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 803KB] ( 712 )

JOPC

Dynamic academic

First notice of the 18th National Conference on Palaeogeography and Sedimentology

Together struggle for 20 years

The first 100 cited articles of 20th anniversary of founding of JOPC

more>>

Read Articles

Download Articles

Telephone：010 6239 6246　Email:Jpalaeo1999@163.com