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《Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry》
JOPC 2012 Vol.14 Number 4
2012, Vol.14 Num.4
Online: 2012-08-01
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
TECTONOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOTECTONICS
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
411
Hu Bin, Zhang Lu, Liu Shunxi, Song Huibo, Shi Lailiang, Hu Lei
Palaeogeographic characteristics of the Middle Permian Shanxi Age in Henan Province
The Middle Permian Shanxi Formation of Henan Province developed a set of deposits of littoral facies and delta facies characterized by the clastic coal measures，which is the important coal-bearing strata during the Late Paleozoic in Henan Province.Based on the isoline trend analysis of thickness of the formation and the sand-mud ratio，as well as distribution features of facies fossils and sedimentary assemblage types，four sedimentary facies including lagoon（bay） facies,tidal-flat facies,barrier island facies and delta facies can be distinguished and three types of lithofacies areas can be divided，including the delta sandstone and mudstone lithofacies，bay（lagoon）-tidal flat siltstone and mudstone lithofacies，and barrier island-tidal flat-lagoon（bay）sandstone and mudstone lithofacies.The Middle Permian palaeotopography of Henan Province displays a higher terrain in the north and west，and a lower terrain in the south and east，and there exists a palaeo-uplift area under water in central section，therefore， the regression occurred from northwest to southeast within this province；Old land are situated along the Funiu Mountain in southwestern Henan and Zhongtiao Mountain in western Henan，thereout，there are two sedimentary areas of the largest thickness of this formation that lie in the northeastern and eastern of Henan Province.It is possible to infer that provenance is from the western old land（Zhongtiao Mountain） which is shown evidently in the lithofacies palaeogeographic map.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 411-422 [
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423
Pei Fang, Wang Jianping, Wang Shiyan, Ba Yan, Chen Ruibao
The Middle Cambrian lithofacies palaeogeography in Henan Province
This paper adopts the “Single factor analysis and multifactor comprehensive mapping method” proposed by professor Feng Zengzhao，and compiles the lithofacies paleogeographical maps taking the Age as the mapping unit of the Middle Cambrian of Henan，and approaches the distributive conditions of the sea and land and their evolutionary pattern.During the Maozhuang Age， there was the Xionger Land in the southwest part of the North China Platform，the platform appeared as the mud flat and inter-flat restricted sea.The mud flat was Yu-Lu-Wan（an abbreviation of Henan，Shandong and Anhui Provinces）Mud Flat and while the inter-flat restricted sea was the southeastern part of Jin-Yu（an abbreviation of Shanxi and Henan Provinces）Restricted Sea，in which one penebank and two embryo banks were scattered.During the Xuzhuang Age，no obvious changes occurred on the Xionger Land，but the North China Platform was differentiated.The Yu-Lu-Wan Mud Flat reduced in area to be a narrow and long Jin-Yu-Wan Mud Flat，and the Jin-Yu Restricted Sea extended southeastward，becoming the Yu-Lu-Wan Restricted Sea，where three penebanks and five embryo banks were distributed.To the west side of the Xionger Land， the mud flat changed to be the margin of Yu-Shaan（Shaan is the abbreviation of Shaanxi Province）Restricted Sea，where an embryo bank were occurred.Up to the Zhangxia Age，the Xionger Land was reduced in area gradually，at the same time in the North China Platform, the mud flats nearly disappeared，and the whole marine area became the united North China Continental Sea，and to be vast carbonate platform in which the oolitic banks were widely distributed，including eight banks，two penebanks and three embryo banks.From the Maozhuang Age to the Zhangxia Age，in the North China Patform the gradual spreading and reducing of the Xionger Land was associated with the area of the mud flats gradually reducing，while the restricted sea spreaded southeastward firstly and then westward and southward，and finally occupied the whole sea area.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 423-436 [
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437
Lü Dawei, Zhao Honggang, Li Zengxue, Liu Haiyan, Wang Pingli, Zhao Xuesheng, Man Yi, Ning Wenfeng
Palaeogeographic characteristics of the Late Paleozoic in Linqing Depression，Bohai Bay Basin
Theories of sedimentology，stratigraphy，plate tectonics and so on，were used to study the sedimentary characteristics of the Late Paleozoic in Linqing Depression, Bohai Bay Basin.Single factor analysis and multifactor comprehensive mapping method was used to reconstruct quantitative lithofacies palaeogeography and the evolution characteristics was concluded.The results are as follows: There are five sedimentary types in the research area，which are barrier-lagoon，tidal flat，carbonate platform，fluvial-controlled shallow-water delta and meandering fluvial-lacustrine deposits. Tidal-flat and carbonate platform deposits are the primary deposits in Benxi period. Carbonate platform,barrier-lagoon and tidal-flat deposits are the primary deposits in Taiyuan period.Fluvial-controlled shallow-water deltaic deposits are the primary deposit in Shanxi period，Meandering river and flood plains deposits are the primary deposits in Xiashihezi period，Meandering fluvial and lacustrine deposits are the primary deposits in Shangshihezi period.The basin evolution can be divided into three stages: The first stage is Benxi and Taiyuan periods of the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian and its mainly feature is the epicontinental sea sedimentary succession;the second stage is Shanxi period of the Permian and the transitional environment is the main feature;the third stage is Shihezi period of the Permian and terrestrial strata is the main sediments.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 437-450 [
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451
Wang Dongdong, Shao Longyi, Li Zhixue, Li Zhaobin
Palaeogeographic characteristics of the Middle Jurassic Yan′an Age in northern Shaanxi Province
This paper systematically collected some basic data including outcrops， wells，loggings，paleontological data，
etc
. Based on those data，the sedimentary environments and sequence stratigraphic framework of the Middle Jurassic Yan′an Formation were analyzed，and the lithofacies palaeogeography map of each sequence was drawn.In this paper，the Yan′an Formation can be divided into 3 third-order sequences and taken as the drawing unit.Based on this，some key single factors isoline maps were drawn.By analyzing all the single factors synthetically，the lithofacies palaeogeographic maps of each sequence were reconstructed.During the early depositional period of the sequence Ⅰ，the fluvial deposits were developed.Then，the basin sedimentation aggravated，the deposits of the basin center gradually changed into lacustrine deposits. The sedimentary framework of the sequence II basically inherited that of the late period of sequence Ⅰ，and the palaeogeographic patterns were relatively stable.During the depositional period of sequence Ⅲ，the basin basement continuously lifted，the lake gradually changed into limited lake，and the fluvial and the delta deposits were mainly developed in the middle and northeastern area of the study area respectively.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 451-460 [
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461
Qian Yixiong, Chen Daizhao, You Donghua, Qing Hairuo, He Zhiliang, Dong Shaofeng, Ma Yuchun, Jiao Cunli, Tian Mi
Types of dolostones and pore evolution of the Middle and Upper Cambrian in Kuruk Tag area of northeastern Tarim Basin
In a geological analogous study，the Middle and Upper Cambrian rocks from the northern Xingde fault of the Kuruk Tag area，northeastern Tarim Basin，were systematically investigated.These rocks consist of shallow marine platform carbonate rocks，with extensive dolomitization，and show significant differences from the Cambrian hydrothermal dolostones(HTD) in the Western Canada Basin.The Canadian dolostones are genetically related to fractures and breccia zones partially to completely including the fractures and presumably formed due to hydrothermal fluids expelled from the Rocky Mountain fold-and-thrust belt during the Laramide orogen.In contrast，the hydrothermal dolostones(HTD) in the studied Tarim Basin were formed as the result of hydrothermal fluid infiltration and alteration associated with deep-burial diagenesis，possibly controlled by recirculation of formation water in the strike-slip fault zones during the Late Permian(Late Hercynian)in northeastern Tarim Basin.According to the texture，six types of dolostones can be differentiated，including：（1）silt-sized dolostone，（2）fine-medium crystalline dolostone，（3）medium-coarse crystalline dolostone，（4）fine-crystalline dolostone with bright rims and dark cores，（5）saddle dolostone and（6）fracture and vug-lining dolostones，coarse or saddle dolostones.These dolostones form a complete sequence of diagenesis，starting with dolomicrite，and fine-medium crystalline dolostone as the early replacement of calcilutite at shallow-burial，followed by coarse and heterogeneous medium-coarse crystalline dolostone as the result of recrystallization at elevated temperatures in deep-burial，and then saddle dolostone and fracture and vug-lining coarse or saddle dolomite precipitated directly from re-circulated hot formation water.The HTD identified in the Tarim Basin samples display distinct coarse non-planar sucrosic textures，with few intracrystalline pores，intercrystalline dissolution pores.At least four period of fissures，dissolution，cementation，or filling，have been recognized，with the earlier fractures being filled with the late dolostone，partly precipitated dolostone，quartz，bitumen-bearing barite and anhydrite.While the pore development during deep burial has been controlled by original-bedding，fault-fissure，diagenesis，infiltration and hydrothermal alteration process，the later exposure to meteoric water may have been important for the late diagenetic pore system related to dolomitization.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 461-476 [
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Shi Zhensheng, Zhao Zhengwang, Jin Hui, Song Haijing
Depositional characteristics and its geological significance of the Upper Triassic Xiaotangzi Formation in Sichuan Basin
Correct understanding of depositional systems of the Upper Triassic Xiaotangzi Formation of Sichuan Basin，is not only conducive to the restoration of the early Late Triassic palaeogeography，but also helps to be a correct evaluation of hydrocarbon potential.Comprehensive analysis of outcrops and single well manifest 3 types of depositional systems，namely，delta，barrier island-lagoon and shallow shelf，developed.Delta depositional systems are mainly distributed in the northwest and southwest of Sichuan，with a small delta developed in central Sichuan.Barrier island-lagoon depositional system is chiefly located in central and southern Sichuan，shallow shelf depositional system situated in the middle of western Sichuan Basin. In the Late Triassic，collision of the Yangtze Plate and North China Plate closed from east to west，leading to uplifting of the northern section of the Longmenshan Mountain and formation of the delta depositional systems in northern Sichuan.Provenance of the southern section of the western Sichuan is from Kangdian Old Land.In central and southern Sichuan，because of flat terrain and strong tidal reworking，a barrier island-lagoon depositional system formed.Be a large area of distribution of thick source rocks，with Ⅱ-Ⅲ kerogen mainly argillaceous source rock has a wide scope of carbon content and high organic carbon content of maturity.In shallow shelf areas and the lagoon subfacies，source rock with type Ⅱ kerogens based，TOC content has the highest average content of greater than 2％.In remote sand bar and prodelta，TOC content is higher，ranging from 2％ to 3％，and type Ⅲ kerogen based.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 477-486 [
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487
Wen Zhan, Liu Zhongbao, He Youbin, Yuan Bochao, Luo Jinxiong, Pu Xiugang, Chen Changwei, Lin Changmei
Sedimentation simulation experiment of braided fluvial delta of the second submember of Member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Qikou Sag of Huanghua Depression
The Shahejie Formation of Paleogene in Qikou Sag of Huanghua Depression is the main target strata of Dagang Oilfield，which is dominated by braided fluvial delta and fan delta sandbodies. The braided fluvial delta is the favorable reservoir. Based on the study of regional tectonic，palaeogeomorphology feature，sedimentary system of the study area，the formation process of the braided fluvial delta is reconstructed and the sedimentary microfacies feature are observed through using the technology of simulation experiment.The experiment shows that the braided fluvial delta from the Kongdian provenance can be divided into 3 subfacies and 7 microfacies.The systematic study on the main controlling factors of the formation and evolution of the braided fluvial delta is completed.It is proved that basement subsidence，relative lake level changes，flow and flow fluctuation，amount of adding sand and mud（sediment supply）and so on are the main controlling factors.By comparing the actual and the experimental thickness of sand body，the distribution of the favorable reservoir in the study area has been predicted. Based on the initial geological pattern and combining with the phenomena and results of the simulation experiment，the sedimentary model of the braided fluvial delta of the second submember of member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es
3
2
) in Qikou Sag of Huanghua Depression is set up under the experimental condition.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 487-498 [
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TECTONOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOTECTONICS
499
Wang Mingjian, Zhang Xunhua, Zhang Yunbo, He Dengfa, Sun Yanpeng, Li Wentao
Restoration of denuded strata thickness and prototype basin of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous in eastern Linqing Depression of Bohai Bay Basin
Eastern Linqing Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin has experienced a number of tectonic movements since the Mesozoic and the basin nature is different from each other in different tectonic stage.This article analyzed the tectonic evolution history since the Late Jurassic and restored the denuded thickness and the original thickness of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous in eastern Linqing Depression. Based on the above results，this article studied the development characteristics of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous basin combined with the fault system diagram of the same period.Eastern Linqing Depression is a rift basin in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous stage.The denuded thickness is mainly controlled by the structures formed by Yanshan tectonic movement and characterized by phase distribution in NE direction.The Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous basin distributed in the NNE direction and strata distribution is mainly controlled by faults.The thickness centers are located in the hanging wall.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 499-506 [
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507
Wu Genyao, Wang Weifeng, Chi Hongxing
Basin evolution and later reformation of marine sediments in southern Guizhou Depression and neighboring areas
The southern Guizhou Depression，bounded by the Guiyang-Zhenyuan，Ziyun-Luodian and Tongren-Sandu faults on the north，southwest and east respectively，is a relatively stable block within the Yangtze Craton.The tectono-palaeogeographic evolution of the depression and its neighboring areas could be divided into four stages: Neoproterozoic，Early Paleozoic，Late Paleozoic-Triassic，Jurassic-Paleogene，and the basin development coupling with the neighboring orogenesis was reconstructed.The Guangxi orogeny was an important reformation in the formation period of marine sediments，which resulted in appearance of NE-striking structures.The Indosinian orogeny caused the NEE-orientation Guiyang-Zhenyuan fault and the NW-orientation Ziyun-Luodian fault inverted，and founded the north and southwest boundaries of the southern Guizhou Depression for the both faults.The NE-striking faults rejuvenated repeatedly in Meso-Cenozoic.Two generations of thrusting since the Middle Jurassic could be distinguished.The early one occurred in the Yanshanian orogeny，with the thrusting towards the northwest，and the thrust system expanding to the northwest.The later one occurred in the latest Yanshanian-Himalayan orogeny.Regionally，the NNE-striking faults thrust towards the east to south，and the Tongren-Sandu fault became east boundary of the southern Guizhou Depression.The longitudinal faults within the depression，which created in the Indosinian orogeny，rejuvenated and thrust towards the west，and made up a back-thrust system of the Tongren-Sandu fault in the latest Yanshanian-Himalayan orogeny.The broad folds developed in the upper plates of the longitudinal faults might be beneficial target regions for marine oil-gas exploration in the depression.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 507-521 [
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PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
522
Lin Yu, Wu Shenghe, Xu Zhangyou, Chen Ce
Applying multi-scale data to study diagenetic reservoir facies of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Dayi Structure，western Sichuan Province
By the full use of cores，well log and seismic data，the types of diagenetic reservoir facies， geological and logging response characteristics of diagenetic reservoir facies，and the diagenetic sequence and horizontal distribution of high-quality diagenetic reservoir facies of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Dayi Structure are semiquantitatively-quantitatively researched through several methods，such as slice observation under microscope，core physical analysis，well curve intersection，seismic velocity inversion and so on.The aims of research are to deepen geological theories of low permeability sandstone reservoir and indicate effective development of gas field in this area.The results show that diagenetic reservoir facies of sandstone in the research area can be divided into 4 types，namely，the dissolution pore-micropore-fracture diagenetic reservoir facies with strong fracture，the micropore diagenetic reservoir facies with strong compaction，the tight diagenetic reservoir facies with strong compaction and the tight diagenetic reservoir facies with strong cementation.The curve cross plots of acoustic，density，resistivity and gamma are used to effectively identify different diagenetic reservoir facies.Among 4 types of diagenetic reservoir facies，the dissolution pore-micropore-fracture diagenetic reservoir facies are the high-quality diagenetic reservoir facies，whose porosity is between 3％ and 8％，permeability larger than 0.5×10
-3
μm
2
.The high-quality diagenetic reservoir facies mainly develops on distributary channels and subaqueous distributary channels of the high position of structure belt and belongs to quartz sandstone sufferring strong compaction and fracture.The distribution of them are controlled by sedimentary factors and structure factors.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 522-532 [
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533
Si Chunsong, Shou Jianfeng, Wang Shaoyi, Wu Dongxu
Porosity origin and controlling factors of sandstone and conglomerate reservoir of the Upper Paleozoic in central Ordos Basin
Gas productivity of the Lower Permian Shanxi and Xiashihezi Formations in the Ordos Basin is controlled mainly by reservoir property.Understanding the porosity origin and its controlling factors is a critical step in predicting the distribution of reservoir.Integrated analysis of porosity characteristics，mineral solubility and pore textures shows that reservoir space for sandstones and conglomerates in the Member 2 of Shanxi Formation is mainly primary porosity，while that for the Member 8 of Xiashihezi Formation is mainly dissolution porosity.Reservation of primary porosity and creation of dissolution porosity are constrained by detrital component，grain size，and silica origin，
i.e.
coarse quartzose sandstones and conglomerates in the Member 2 of Shanxi Formation are favored by their strong resistance to compression，absence of dissoluble components，and multiplicate origin of silica;coarse lithic sandstones and conglomerates in the Member 8 of Xiashihezi Formation are prone to be dissolved due to their abundant dissoluble components and organic acid.This study indicates that reservoirs with 8％～18％ of dissoluble components possess the highest dissolution porosity.Porosity genetic types correlate well with pore textures，
i.e.
reservoirs with primary pores are of higher permeability than those with dissolution pores at the same porosity.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 533-542 [
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Xiao Hongping, Liu Ruie, Li Wenhou, Zhang Fudong, Zhang Chunlin, Hao Aisheng, Miao Weidong
Origin and distribution of higher permeable reservoir of the Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin
Three kinds of higher permeable reservoirs including intergrain pore quartz sandstone，dissollution pore quartz sandstone，intergrain and dissolution complex pore feldspathic arenite were developed in the Upper Paleozoic of Ordos Basin.Based on analysis of rock texture，component and physical properties of the three types of sandstones，the control mechanism of high quality reservoir，such as sedimentary environment，diagenesis and tectonism，were discussed in detail.According to the transport distance of sediments，sedimentary facies，distribution of sandstone，pore types，composition of grain，burial depth and tectonic movements in later periods， the reservoir of the main exploration measures were appraised and classified，and the higher permeable reservoirs distribution pattern is summarized.It is known that the sedimentary system of high quartz content，high-energy sedimentary facies of braided fluvial facies，strong corrossion and weak compaction diagenetic facies are considered to be the dominating distribution areas of higher permeable clastic reservior in the Upper Paleozoic of the Ordos Basin.
2012 Vol. 14 (4): 543-552 [
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