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《Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry》
JOPC 2013 Vol.15 Number 1
2013, Vol.15 Num.1
Online: 2013-02-01
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS
BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
1
Mei Mingxiang, Liu Shaofeng
Sedimentological impact of terrestrial vegetation on fluvial sedimentation: An important theme on biosedimentation studies
Rivers are amongst the most dynamic geomorphological elements of the landscape.One spectacular hypothesis，
i.e
., the prominence of the meandering river in the Middle Paleozoic was genetically and closely related to the bloom of terrestrial vegetation， leads to the further research on the sedimentological impact of the terrestrial vegetation to fluvial deposits.Although there were some different recognitions or controversies，more and more geological facts supported that terrestrial vegetation had made obvious impact on fluvial sedimentation.On the basis of the research results finished by predecessors，this paper will introduce the coupling relationship between the origin and evolution of the terrestrial vegetation and the fluvial sedimentation especially for the change of river styles according to evolutionary stages of the terrestrial vegetation and the key events occurred in the early-middle period of the Paleozoic.Seeking these important advancements will be helpful to the right interpretation of fluvial deposits，and will provide insights for the modern and ancient fluvial processes.Furthermore，the Paleozoic colonization of terrestrial landscapes by embryophytes(land plants)was among the most profound changes in the long river of Earth history.Global changes that are genetically related to this profound change include: (1)drawdown of atmospheric CO
2
due to enhanced rock weathering and carbon storage;(2)the Late Paleozoic glaciation;and (3)marine extinctions linked to increased runoff of terrestrial nutrients，and so on.Therefore，the sedimentological impact of the terrestrial vegetation on fluvial sedimentation becomes an important theme on biosedimentation studies.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 1-10 [
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11
Xu Huan, Liu Yongqing, Kuang Hongwei, Liu Yanxue, Peng Nan, Dong Chao, Xue Peilin, Xu Jialin, Chen Jun, Liu Hai
Sedimentology，palaeogeography and palaeoecology of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous eolian sands in North China
The Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous eolian sand deposits in North China were mainly developed in the Upper Jurassic Santai Formation of Mengyin Basin in western Shandong Province，Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Tuchengzi Formation of Jin-Yang Basin in western Liaoning Province，Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Tuchengzi/Houcheng Formation of Shangyi Basin in northwestern Hebei Province，Lower Cretaceous Zhidan Group in Erdos Basin and Lower Cretaceous Hekou Group in Gansu Province.These eolian sandstones in different areas were all characterized by high dipping large-giant tabular or wedge-shaped cross-beddings and parallel beddings，well sorting and subangular-subround shape.The formation age of the eolian sandstones in the above 5 areas can be divided into three phases，that is，Kimmeridgian-Berrisian，Valanginian-Hauterivian and Hauterivian-Aptian, and shows an younger ages westward from western Shandong Province to Gansu Province.The further researches of palaeowind direction and palaeomagnetism on eolian sandstones found that the northwestward wind was prevailed during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous，while the eolian sandstones were distributed in the area of N25°-N45° which belonged to the westerlies.Compared with the eolian sandstones distribution at the same period in the southern hemisphere，the authors pointed out that mid latitude zones in both hemispheres lied in westerlies which was controlled by planetary wind system.During the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous，it was dry and cold in the area above N30° of North China， and dry and hot in the rest region of North China.It lied in a high altitude mountainous environment with some intermountane basins and frequent volcanic eruptions in northern North China.Succession of Yanliao Biota and Jehol Biota was coupling with the eolian sand deposition, which indicates that the palaeogeography and palaeoenvironment might have an effect on the evolution of the biota.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 11-30 [
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31
Liang Guanzhong, Tan Jiancai, Wei Li, Wang Fang,Jiang Yan, Cao Wei, Wu Wanglin, Guo Xiaoguang
Sedimentary characteristics of nearshore subaqueous fans of the Lower Cretaceous in Abei sag of Erlian Basin，Inner Mongolia
Abei sag， with 600 km
2
of area，is one of the most promising exploration area in northeastern Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia. Considering the complicated geological structure of Abei sag，based on core，logging，well logging and seismic data，this paper analyzed the depositional characteristics and distribution laws of nearshore subaqueous fans in the Lower Cretaceous in northern steep slope zone of the Abei sag in Erlian Basin.The results show that the subaqueous fan and the fan-delta facies were different in lithologic series，sedimentary structure，grain size characteristics，well logging curve and seismic reflection structure，which indicated the gravity flow depositional environment.The deposition of northern steep slope zone developed large-scale nearshore subaqueous fans，and the distribution scale of the fan bodies reduced to northern provenance step by step in ascending order during the Aershan Age.The dark colored mudstones of deep lacustrine and half-deep lacustrine was formed，which the sand bodies of the near-shore subaqueous fans cut down during Tenggeer Age.It makes the study area of the nearshore subaqueous fans have superior oil and gas accumulation conditions.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 31-42 [
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43
Ji Youliang Wu Shenghe Zhou Yong Shang Chao Lu Huan
Radiational bedding in sandstone and analysis of its origin in Dongyangshugou section of Luanping，Hebei Province
A radiational bedding was found in the Lower Cretaceous mudstone and sandstone section located at Dongyangshugou village in Luanping County of Hebei Province， where the sandstone is suddenly thickened.In this kind of bedding，the laminas radiate and incline from the thin side toward the thick side of the strata，the angle between the lamina and the interface of the strata is increasing from top to bottom.At the top，the angle between the lamina and the interface of the strata is near 0°. At the bottom，the angle between the lamina and the interface of the strata is about 90°. Interface of the strata is nearly horizontal，that is to say，there is no record in reference about this kind of radiational bedding. In the earlier study result in this area，the incline angle of the lamina at the bottom is 90°，which can not be formed by normal fluid flow. This kind of bedding was considered was cross bedding，and the locally thicken sandstone with this kind of bedding was thought as river channel，so the distribution of the thick sand was considered as perpendicular to the lake shore.By careful observation and study，this kind of radiational bedding is a kind of syngenetic bedding controlled by the growth normal fault.The sandstone with this kind of bedding is not river channel sand，the phenomenon of locally sudden change in thickness is caused by growth fault.The sedimentary environment of the sandstone is lobe of delta front，according to this model，the distribution of the thick sand is considered as parallel to the growth fault and the lake shore.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 43-48 [
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49
Zhang Xiaoman, Wang Jian, Zheng Qianhua, Sun Yanping, Huang Huafang
Geomorphic features，sedimentary characteristics and their influencingfactors of Kongshan Baiyun Cave in Lincheng，Hebei Province
Kongshan Baiyun Cave developed mostly in thick oolitic limestone strata of the Middle Cambrian Zhangxia Formation.By means of the observation and analysis on cave texture,morphology and sedimentary characteristics of the Baiyun Cave，along with areal geological evolution and palaeoclimate evolution，it was indicated that（1）Baiyun Cave system comprised three layer caves.The upper layer presented large hall-like caves.The middle layer and the lower layer were narrow corridors.The distribution of the caves was controlled by NNW，NE and nearly EW faults.（2）Development of the cave shape and size not only related with lithology and structures，but also depended on tectonic stability and coupling climatic conditions in the forming periods of the caves.The layered distribution of the caves was the result of intermittent tectonic uplift.（3）The karst cave deposition landscapes are various.Therefore，reticular helictite made of the capillary water deposition and hosta to aquarius formed from collaborative deposition are very rare.(4）Baiyun Cave was damaged repeatedly by tectonic movements during its development.Nowadays，Baiyun Cave rock is fractured and the cave structural stability is not good.So researches on geomorphic features, sedimentary characteristics and their influencing factors of Baiyun Cave are important to predicting the future change and protecting cave tourism resources.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 49-58 [
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59
Ge Xiangying, Mou Chuanlong, Zhou Kenken, Liang Wei
Sedimentary characteristics and depositional model in the Sandbian-Early Katian Ages of Late Ordovician in Hunan area
Hunan area is located between the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks.According to its petrologic characteristics，archeological features and other depositional features，this area can be divided into open carbonate platform，shallow marine shelf，deep-water basin and shelf-margin-slope facies in the Sandbian-Katian Ages of Late Ordovician. The open carbonate platform facies was characterized by the deposition of“chap-cracked”limestones and nodular limestones，while the shallow marine shelf deposited mainly sandy slate，slate with siltstone and marl interbeds.The deep-water basin was composed of black carbonaceous shale and radiolarian-bearing silicolites with thin thickness，which reflected a withlead，anoxic and uncompensated deep water environment.The shelf-margin-slope facies deposited lithic quartz silt-fine sandstone，feldspar quartz silt-fine sandstone with slate interbeds，which showed typical features of turbidite deposits with more than kilometers sedimentary thickness. The water was increasing gradually in the central Hunan area(from northwestern to southeastern)during the Sandbian-Early Katian Ages of Late Ordovician，and the southern-central Hunan area was the deepest area.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 59-68 [
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69
Qiao Bo, Zhang Changmin, Li Shaohua, Du Jiayuan, Zhu Rui
Feature of gravity flow deposit of the Zhuhai and Zhujiang Formations of Cenozoic in Huizhou area，Pearl River Mouth Basin
Gravity flow deposits were identified from the cores of Zhuhai and Zhujiang Formations of Cenozoic in Huizhou area, Pearl River Mouth Basin.Three types of the gravity flow deposits are classified in the study area，including slump deposits，liquefaction deposits and turbidity flow.Slump deposit is the most important one；water-escape structures are abundant in liquefaction deposits；turbidity flow deposit is characterized by incomplete Bouma sequences.The gravity flow deposits in Huizhou area are formed by slumping，transporting and depositing of the sandbody in delta front.Meanwhile，tidal influenced sediments are also presented in the gravity flow deposits.Tidal deposits are associated with gravity flow sediments.It is realized that there are some misunderstanding about gravity flow，such as equal the gravity flow to the turbidity flow simply，limit gravity flow in deep water area，abuse the Bouma sequence，and so on.So a new understanding about gravity flow is needed.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 69-76 [
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GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS
77
He Kai, Zhu Jingquan, You Xuelian, Liu Ling
Geochemistry characteristics and their implications of hypergenedissolved algal framework dolostone in the Upper Cambrianin Keping area，Tarim Basin
Based on field investigation，petrographic observation，and related geochemical analysis，the characteristics and genesis of the hypergene dissolved algal framework dolostone in the Upper Cambrian in Keping area，Tarim Basin，were studied.In macro-scale，hummocky and lenticular algal reef dolostone sandwiched between the tidal-flat dolostones. A large number of supergene dissolution pores developed due to the differential dissolution.In micro-scale，the rocks are mainly composed of dark mud-silt-sized dolomite enriched in algae and light-colored sparry dolomite cement.Mud-silt-sized dolomite has subhedral-anhedral shaped mosaic structure，and display dark-orange red luminescence.They have high concentration of Na and K，but lower concentration of Fe.The
δ
13
C ranges between -0.572‰ and 0.124‰，with an average value of-0.116‰;the value of
δ
18
O ranges between -5.391‰ and -4.983‰，with an average of-5.240‰.These characteristics indicate that the mud-silt-sized dolomite was formed in contemporaneously stage under relatively oxidizing and higher salinity conditions.The sparry dolomite cements filling between algal framework，are anhedral-subhedral shaped and medium-coarse crystalline sized.They show dark cathodoluminescence or non-luminous.The contents of Na and K are low，whereas the content of Fe is high.
δ
13
C values range between -0.662‰ and -0.251‰，with an average value of-0.460‰;
δ
18
O values range between -6.639‰ and -5.939‰，with an average value of-6.267‰.These data indicate that the sparry dolomite cement formed in a relative reduction environment during burial stage.Both mud-silt-sized dolomite and sparry dolomite cements share similar REE patterns with finely crystalline limestone: LREE are enriched，HREE are depleted，and there are Eu negative anomalies.It suggests that both of them derived from seawater dolomitization fluid.In dissolution aspect，sparry dolomite cements are more easily dissolved than mud-silt-sized algal framework dolomite.In the supergene dissolution process，the major elements，Ca and Mg of the sparry dolomite cements，decreased significantly，and the Mg/Ca value declines from 0.955 to 0.007. Trace elements of Na and K were lost obviously.The Na/Ca value declines from 3.8×10
-4
reduced to 1.9×10
-4
，K/Ca value declines from 1.1×10
-3
to below the detection limit.Distribution pattern of rare earth elements were not changed.These features suggest that hypergene dissolution process is dedolomitization with salinity decreases，and there were nearly no gains and losses of rare earth elements.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 77-94 [
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95
Li Lin, Wang Zhanghua, Wu Xuxu, Gao Xiaoqin
Distribution of organic geochemical elements in differentsedimentary microfacies of tidal flats from north branch of the Yangtze River mouth
We examined the spatial distribution of total organic carbon(TOC)，total nitrogen(TN)，and total sulfur(TS)in the surficial sediments of tidal flats from Beisiyaogang(SY)，Beipugang(BBG)，and Xinweicun(XW)，Chongming island at the north branch of the Yangtze River mouth.Factors controlling distribution of the organic elements were discussed and TOC/TN，TS/TOC ratios and TS-TOC relationship were analyzed to explore their potential for distinguishing different sedimentary microfacies of tidal flats in the study area.The results indicate that the content of TOC and the type of organic matter played a key role in the spatial distribution of TN and TS.In the progradational tidal flat，TOC/TN in upper tidal flat was generally larger than 10，but was smaller than 10 in middle tidal flat.The vegetation zone of the middle tidal flat had the highest average TS/TOC value of 0.063.The TS/TOC value in
Spartina alterniflora
zone of upper tidal flat and the bare area of middle tidal flat ranked the second(0.055 and 0.054，respectively);while in the
Phragmites australis
zone of upper tidal flat it showed the lowest value.The slope of TS-TOC linear regression was remarkably low in the
Phragmites australis
zone of upper tidal flat and gradually increased seaward.In the regradational tidal flat，TOC/TN in the whole intertidal zone exceeded 10，with higher values in mid-low tidal flat than in upper flat.However，TOC/TN was much smaller than 10 in the subtidal zone.TS/TOC increased gradually from land to sea.The slopes of TS-TOC regression lines were maximum in the middle tidal flat and minimum in the upper tidal flat.Moreover，the TS-TOC slope in regradational tidal flat was apparently lower than that in progradational tidal flat.We concluded that TOC/TN，TS/TOC and the liner regression of TS-TOC varied among different sedimentary microfacies of tidal flats in the study area，and therefore these proxies could be applied in the identification of different sedimentary microfacies of tidal flats for the Holocene core sediments.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 95-104 [
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BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY
105
Cheng Yeming, Yi Tiemei, Li Chengsen
Identification of the early Early Pliocene fossil woods from Ninghai in Zhejiang Province and its palaeoenvironmental implications
Fossil woods were collected from the Lower Pliocene Shengxian Group near Daoshiqiao village of Chayuan Town，Ninghai County of Zhejiang Province.The specimens were examined microscopically to determine taxonomic affinities.Two fossil taxa were identified based on anatomical characters.One wood is
Liquidambar hisauchi
of Hamamelidaceae.Its combined characteristics include distinct growth ring，diffuse-porous wood，scalariform perforation plate with 10-23 bars，helical thickenings only in the end of vessels，vessel diameters between 50-100μm and ray width between 1-3 seriates.The other one is
Quercus shimakurae
of Fagaceae.Its combined characteristics include very distinct growth ring，ring-porous wood，solitary pore，vessel-ray pitting in paliform，simple perforation，axial parenchyma diffuse-in-aggregate and banded apotracheal，uni-seriate or very wide rays.Results of the palynomorph assemblage research indicate that the vegetation of this period was subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and
Liquidambar
and
Quercus
were the dominant.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 105-112 [
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PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
113
Xiao Xiongfei
Sedimentology and accumulation effect of humid fan of the Jurassic Badaowan Formation in Chunhui Oilfield，northern margin of Junggar Basin
Chunhui Oilfield was located in Hashan area in the northern margin of Junggar Basin，of which the Jurassic Badaowan Formation is the main oil-bearing strata，and the sedimentary facies and favorable reservoir distribution regularity constrained the exploration of Chunhui Oilfield.Therefore，based on the data of outcrops，drilling，well logging，coring and laboratory analysis，this article carried out the analysis of sedimentary facies and the favorable reservoir distribution of the Badaowan Formation in Chunhui Oilfield.The results show that，it was warm and humid during the depositional period of the interval 1 of Member 1 of Badaowan Formation, and the humid fan sedimentary was formed by clastic materials from source areas located at northwest of the basin. The upper fan deposits，middle fan deposits and lower fan deposits were recognized in this area，and they were further divided into 6 lithofacies，including the upper fan conglomerate facies; the middle fan braided river glutenite facies，coarse sandstone facies，fine sandstone facies; the lower fan mudstone facies，carbonaceous mudstone and coal facies. The middle fan coarse conglomerate and fine sandstone facies are the most favorable accumulation lithofacies zones，as well as the dominant hydrocarbon migration pathway，which constrained the scale and boundary of hydrocarbon accumulation.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 113-124 [
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125
Zhao Xiaoqing, Bao Zhidong, Meng Yuanlin, Liu Zongfei
Distribution of carbonate cements in the Members 3 and 4of Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation of northern SongliaoBasin and its main controling factors
In order to study the distribution characteristics of carbonate cement and the controling factors in clastic reservoir of the Members 3 and 4 of Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation in northern Songliao Basin. The theories of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, and the methods of microscopically slice observation, electron microprobe analysis, fluid inclusion testing and physical properties analysis were used. The results showed that the strata of Members 3 and 4 of Quantou Formation in northern Songliao Basin were gentle, and they were buried at depths of small span, diagenesis of them was weak, and carbonate cement was mainly affected by sedimentary microfacies and cycle of base level. In the direction of provenance area to the basin, values of the content of carbonate cements in different sedimentary facies of meandering river, distributary channel and submerged distributary channel were different. At the same time, influenced by factors such as lithological character, sorting and rounding of grains, shale content,
etc,
the content of carbonate cement increased gradually. Values of content of carbonate cement were different in different medium cycles of the same sedimentary microfacies types of reservoir, and with the long-term base level rising, they showed a decreasing trend. The regular change of content of carbonate cement due to the difference in sedimentary environments controled by microfacies and base-level cycles is one of the important factors which influence the heterogeneity of fluvial reservoirs.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 125-134 [
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PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION
135
Li Fei, Yi Wenchao, Yan Weiwei
Distribution of Guangxi karst rocky desertificationby palaeogeographic approach
Karst rocky desertification is a desertlike landscape generated in the carbonate rock area, which resulted from serious soil erosion as well as extensive exposure of bedrocks caused by rational human activities.The production of rocky desertification depends on both features of basement carbonate rock and its content of acid-insoluble residues.On the contrary，it seems difficult to identify the regularity in lithology and rocky desertification using traditional remote sensing.The origin of karst rocky desertification and partitioned rocky desertification of Guangxi into seven regions in light of distinct palaeogeographic bankground，including Guilin-Hezhou(Ⅰ），Liuzhou-Laibin（Ⅱ），Du′an-Mashan（Ⅲ），Pingguo Platform（Ⅳ），Jingxi Platform（Ⅴ），southern margin of Yangtze platform（Ⅵ） and Xilin-Leye-Lingyun（Ⅶ）.Karst rocky desertification is mainly formed in areas containing relatively stable platform-facies-environments.Moreover，intense rocky desertification largely corresponds to carbonate platform margin reef（or shoal）facies(such as Pingguo Platform，Jingxi Platform，southern margin of Yangtze Platform，
etc.
).Numerous and stable isolated carbonate platforms can provide such an opportunity to form karst rocky desertification.This work，combined with remote sensing interpretation and field investigation，can provide a new method for risk assessment and management according to local lithology which easily caused rocky desertification.
2013 Vol. 15 (1): 135-142 [
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