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	JOPC 2013 Vol.15 Number 4
	2013, Vol.15 Num.4
	Online: 2013-08-01

	SPECIAL ISSUE ABOUT “Dinosaur footprints in Shandong Province” PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

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		2013 Vol. 15 (4): 0-0 [Abstract] ( 1068 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 543KB] ( 608 )

SPECIAL ISSUE ABOUT “Dinosaur footprints in Shandong Province”

	435	Kuang Hongwei, Liu Yongqing, Wu Qingzi, Cheng Guangsuo, Xu Kemin, Liu Hai, Peng Nan, Xu Huan, Chen Jun, Wang Baohong, Xu Jialin, Wang Mingwei, Zhang Peng

		Dinosaur track sites and palaeogeography of the late Early Cretaceous in Shuhe Rifting Zone of Shandong Province
		Eight dinosaur track sites in the upper Lower Cretaceous(Dasheng Group)were found along the 300 km- long northeast-trending Shuhe Rifting Zone in the south-central Shandong Province according to the recent field investigations. Five track sites among them were newly discovered. Especially，the huge sauropod footprints with the diameter about 1.0m in Tancheng，may be the second to the biggest sauropod footprints from Yanguoxia，Gansu，China.The footprints were marked in the Tianjialou Formation of Dasheng Group during the maximum flooding period，about 110-100Ma(Aptian-Albian).The footprints were mostly concave, mainly from sauropod，secondly from theropod and ornithopod.Most dinosaurs meandered slowly. Generally, footprints existed in the fine sandstone and siltstone，always accompanied by ripples，mud cracks and rain prints.The in-situ preservation of footprints and the sedimentary characteristics showed that dinosaurs lived in the lake shore environments where would be the better preservation sites for footprints.The climate at the late Early Cretaceous in this area were from warm humid to hot arid. Comparing with other preservation environment in the same period，it proved that dinosaur faunas had distributed in an even wider area with similar palaeogeography in the Early Cretaceous.
		2013 Vol. 15 (4): 435-453 [Abstract] ( 2386 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 75787KB] ( 928 )

	454	Wang Baohong, Liu Yongqing, Kuang Hongwei, Wang Kebai, Chen Shuqing, Zhang Yanxia, Peng Nan, Xu Huan, Chen Jun, Liu Hai, Xu Jialin, Wang Mingwei

		New discovery and its significance of dinosaur footprint fossils in the late Early Cretaceous at Tangdigezhuang Village of Zhucheng County，handong Province
		In recent field investigation，sauropod footprint fossils were found in the Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group Tianjialou Formation which consists of red sandstone，argillaceous siltstone，silty mudstone，yellowish green silty sandstone at Tangdigezhuang Village of Zhucheng，Shandong Province.There were 29 dinosaur footprints found in study area，and 23 footprints of them formed a semicircle trackway from northeast to southwest.Characteristics of the footprints suggest that they were made by a sauropod with 3-4meter long，when walking slowly along lakeshore.The footprint-bearing layer of the Dasheng Group includes small trough cross-bedding，tabular cross-bedding，climbing ripple bedding，horizontal bedding, rain marks and mud cracks，indicating a sedimentary environment of shore-shallow lake.Sandy beach bar，beach bar edge，sand and mud mixed beach，mudflats，etc.，are subdivided，and dinosaur footprints are on the surface of the fine sandstone and siltstone of sandy beach bar.In terms of the above mentioned，the favorable preservation environment of dinosaur footprints is fluvial and shore-shallow lake. Meanwhile，characteristics of dinosaur footprints and the sedimentary environment of footprint-bearing rock indicate a relationship of mutual restriction between the dinosaurs living habits and environment.
		2013 Vol. 15 (4): 454-466 [Abstract] ( 2190 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 34009KB] ( 744 )

	467	Xu Huan, Liu Yongqing, Kuang Hongwei, Wang Kebai, Chen Shuqing, Zhang Yanxia, Peng Nan, Chen Jun, Wang Mingwei, Wang Baohong

		Middle Early Cretaceous super-large scale dinosaur tracks in Zhucheng area，Shandong Province，and their palaeogeography and palaeoecology
		Theropod，sauropod and possible ornithopod dinosaur tracks were mainly developed in the middle Early Cretaceous Yangjiazhuang Formation，Laiyang Group，in Zhucheng area，Shandong Province.Most of them are theropod tracks，and belong to three types: Large sized theropod，Paragrallator and Corpulentapus lilasia.Among the 63 trackways identified，50 well-preserved trackways were measured systematically.Based on the foot size index-stride length diagram and GAE(Grallator-Anchisauripus-Eubrontes) plexus，we obtained the differential criteria for the theropod tracks.Large scale sections in the track site showed that shallow lake silty mudstone and siltstone gradually changed to shore-lacustrine sandstone.Track beds and the upper and lower beds developed abundant wavemarks and mud cracks.According to the wave crest，we reconstructed the palaeoshoreline which was EW in direction.The direction of the wave flow showed N-NW periodical change，which may be correlated with shift in the direction of the seasonal wind.The mud crack and the feature of dinosaur track distribution indicated that the center of the lake should be S/WS in direction，while lakeshore should be N/NE in direction.The differences in distribution area between Paragrallator and Corpulentapus lilasia revealed that the Corpulentapus lilasia track makers were living much closer to the lake shore.The phenomenon of superposition is common among dinosaur tracks，which indicated that the tracks were not left at the same time but in several times.Lots of parallel small-medium sized trackways represent gregarious habitats.Speed study showed that most of theropods were running fast，in contrast，sauropods and suspected ornithopods were walking slowly.The proportion between theropod tracks and sauropod and suspected ornithopod tracks indicated that in the middle Early Cretaceous，small-medium sized theropods were dominant in Jiaolai Basin，while sauropods and suspected ornithopods were less;in contrast，sauropods，ornithopods and avians gradually flourished in Jiaolai Basin and Yishu Fault Belt，which was consistent with the dinosaur tracks in northern North China.A comparison of the Cretaceous dinosaur tracks and bones has been made among northern China，Korea and Japan，proposing that a large-scale terrestrial biota represented by dinosaur existed in northern China and eastern Asia during late Mesozoic.
		2013 Vol. 15 (4): 467-488 [Abstract] ( 3768 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 63314KB] ( 829 )

	489	Wang Mingwei, Kuang Hongwei, Liu Yongqing, Peng Nan, Liu Hai, Wu Qingzi, Xu Jialin, Chen Jun, Xu Huan, Wang Baohong, Zhang Peng

		New discovery of dinosaur footprint fossils and palaeoenvironment in the late Early Cretaceous at Tancheng County，Shandong Province and Donghai County，Jiangsu Province
		Lots of dinosaur footprints belonging to sauropod and theropod were first discovered in the upper Lower Cretaceous in Tancheng County，Shandong Province.The footprints vary in size. By comparing the study between the two new dinosaur track sites in Tancheng of Shandong Province and Nanguzhai of Jiangsu Province，we discussed the relationship among the footprint types，size， depth and walking speed，and found that under the same conditions，sauropod footprints are always deeper than those of theropod，while with the increase of the footprint size of sauropod，the depth shows a shallowing trend;sedimentary structures like ripples，rain marks and mud cracks，and footprint backfilling and overlaying have relatively greater impacts on saved forms and details，while structural deformation has no obvious effect on footprint forms and tracks，but high angle deformation would increase the differential weathering，making the fossils easier to be exposed and be destroyed.The study on palaeoenvironment and palaeoecology shows that the study area experienced a process of water gradually shallowing and climate changing from humid to dry with short intermittent drought，sedimentary facies evolved from fluviolacustrine to delta front，and gradually to delta plain，and the palaeoecological environment gradually deteriorated，the fauna and flora declined and the amount gradually decreased.
		2013 Vol. 15 (4): 489-504 [Abstract] ( 1841 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 20439KB] ( 815 )

	505	Chen Jun, Kuang Hongwei, Liu Yongqing, Wu Qingzi, Cheng Guangsuo, Xu Kemin, Peng Nan, Xu Huan, Liu Hai, Xu Jialin, Wang Mingwei, Wang Baohong, Zhang Peng

		Characteristics of dinosaur footprints of the late Early Cretaceous in Linshu area，Shandong Province
		A large scale of dinosaur footprints, which were related to the dinosaur movements in a shore-shallow lake environment under hot drought climate of the Dasheng Group of the late Early Cretaceous were discovered in Linshu area，Shandong Province. In the research area，sauropod footprints were dominant, as well as a small number of ornithopod footprints，ropod footprints and the ankylosaur-like footprints. The ankylosaur footprints were very scarce in China.The main directions of these footprints were west and southwest.Based on the features of ornithopod and sauropod tracks, we can conclude that these dinosaurs were in a slowly walking state, especially the ornithopod. The discovery of the footprints in the research area suggested that the vertebrate animals such as dinosaurs(including birds)were survival in China and even in East Asia in the late Early Cretaceous， which had great significance to reveal the terrestrial biotas evolution in the Late Mesozoic. Footprints preservation has a close relationship with the different sedimentary environment by comparing with the dinosaur footprints fossil in the strata of the late Early Cretaceous.Therefore, research on dinosaur footprints can provide much more information for recovering palaeoecology and palaeogeographic environment.
		2013 Vol. 15 (4): 505-516 [Abstract] ( 2368 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 28597KB] ( 800 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	517	Peng Nan, Liu Yongqing, Kuang Hongwei, Wu Qingzi, Liu Hai, Chen Jun, Xu Huan, Xu Jialin, Wang Mingwei, Wang Baohong, Wang Kebai, Chen Shuqing, Zhang Yanxia

		Differences in characteristics of dinosaur footprints in the late Early Cretaceous，Yishu Rifting Zone，Shandong Province
		In recent years，abundant dinosaur footprint fossils have been discovered in the Lower Cretaceous(Dasheng Group)，the south of Yishu Rifting Zone，Shandong Province.Based on our research，many different features of these footprints，including footprint types，morphology, depth of footprints, etc.，have been noticed and listed as follows: (1)As for the footprint makers，theropod and ornithopod tracks were dominant in Junan County，while in Linshu，Tancheng and Donghai，the sauropod tracks were primary. (2) As for the footprint size，the theropod footprints from Junan were divided into Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ，but in Donghai，only the Type Ⅱ were present.In addition，the digit angle of theropod footprints in Junan is smaller than that in Donghai，which may be caused by different dinosaur species.The ornithopod footprints from Junan are smaller than those of Donghai.Moreover，the sauropod footprints are small in Tancheng，but are similar to those of Junan，Linshu and Donghai. (3)Because of the diverse humidity，viscosity and sediment granularity，the depth of footprints from the Donghai，Tancheng and Junan are various. Based on all the above-mentioned new discovery of dinosaur footprints in Zhucheng，east of the Yishu Rifting Zone，in early Early Cretaceous，we conclude that a large and prosperous dinosaur fauna lived in Yishu Rifting Zone in the Early Cretaceous.Furthermore， the dinosaur footprints from Shandong Province in the Early Cretaceous were excellent materials for deeply research on distribution and evolution of the dinosaurs and palaeogeography in the Late Mesozoic of the North China and even the Northeast Asia.
		2013 Vol. 15 (4): 517-528 [Abstract] ( 1773 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8352KB] ( 812 )

	529	Fu Jinhua, Wei Xinshan, Nan Junxiang, Shi Xiaohu

		Characteristics and origin of reservoirs of gas fields in the Upper Paleozoic tight sandstone, Ordos Basin
		The reservoirs in the Upper Paleozoic of Ordos Basin are generally characterized by low porosity and low permeability，but reservoirs with relatively high quality developed in the background of low porosity and low permeability. By means of the polarizing microscope，rate-controlled mercury penetration and other technical methods，based on the analysis of clastic rock granularity，detrital composition and pore structure，comparison and origin analysis of the tight sandstone reservoirs in gas fields，including Shenmu Gas Field，Yulin Gas Field and Sulige Gas Field，were carried out.We concluded that higher content of quartz kind of minerals and adequate amount of soluble components(including feldspar minerals，volcanic rock debris and tuffaceous materials，etc)and the seepage channels for acidic fluid formed by remnants of intergranular pore-space are requirements for relatively high quality reservoirs;higher content of phyllites rock fragments and argillaceous slates，which were deformed under the overlying strata pressure，led to the intense decrease of intergranular pore-space and the lack of seepage channel for acidic fluid，and thus tight sandstone reservoirs with low porisity and low permeability were developed.
		2013 Vol. 15 (4): 529-538 [Abstract] ( 1676 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2403KB] ( 742 )

	539	Chen Weichang, Qi Jiafu, Jiang Hongfu, Liu Xue, Sun Jiahua, Xin Shiwei

		Characteristics of fault structure in Tanan Sag, Haita Basin in Dornod Aymag, Mongolia and its hydrocarbon significance
		Based on structural geometry data compiled by interpretation of 3D seismic data in Tanan Sag of Haita Basin，the faults characteristics and evolution，and their controls on sedimentation and hydrocarbon source rocks，trap，and accumulation were analyzed in this paper.It is found that the Tanan Sag had gone through three big basin historical periods，that is，composite faulted stage(K_1t-K_1n)，the composite fault-depression transition stage(K1d)and reverse depression stage(K_1y-K_2q)，and normal fault system and strike-slip normal fault system formed during the Cretaceous.Affected by faults movement，the subsidence centers in sub-sag were differentiated and migrated distinctly in different stages.The subsidence center distributed along the hanging wall of the boundary faults during the composite faulted stage，and moved to the center of the sag during the composite fault-depression transition stage.The strength and style of the faults controlled the distribution of sedimentary facies and hydrocarbon accumulation conditions.
		2013 Vol. 15 (4): 539-550 [Abstract] ( 1718 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1638KB] ( 801 )

PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

	551	Shang Shuai, Fan Daidu, Wang Qiang, Zhang Mengying

		Records of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate changes since the MIS 3 in Borehole YQ0902 at Wenrui Plain，Zhejiang Province
		Borehole YQ0902 is located at the Wenrui Plain along the south flank of Oujiang delta in southern Zhejiang Province.Sedimentary facies，grain-size analysis and AMS ¹4C dating results show that the palaeosol is underlain by the lagoon facies formed during MIS(Marine Isotope Stage)3.It was therefore indicated that the sea level in the early and middle MIS 3 should reach a point at least 30m below the present sea-level(not calibrated by tectonic movement and sediment compaction).The pedogenesis of the palaeosol should have taken place in the MIS 2 and its original strata are lagoon deposits at the lower and floodplain deposits at the top.A transgression-regression sequence overlying the palaeosol was formed in the Holocene and it has similar sedimentary facies assemblages with those at the frontal part of the southern flank of Changjiang delta.The initial flooding surface was formed at about 9 cal ka BP in Borehole YQ0902，suggesting that the sea level at the time was approximately 25m below the present sea-level.In the middle Holocene，the strengthening East Asia Monsoon (EAM)increased sediment input to the study area by the river or through the longshore currents，consequently resulting in high accumulation rate.The sedimentation rate was low in the Mid-Late Holocene(5～2 cal ka BP)with stable or a little fall in sea level and the weakened EAM.High resolution X-ray fluoroscopy(XRF) core scanning data of relative element ratios were considered as important proxy of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate research.For example，Cl/Ti and Fe/Ti are good indices of mariness (the degree connected to sea) and EAM strength，respectively.
		2013 Vol. 15 (4): 551-564 [Abstract] ( 1498 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 23839KB] ( 719 )

	565	Yang Yuda, Cheng Sainan, Man Zhimin

		High-resolved sand dust records of Beijing in the middle of 19th century：A preliminary study of Weng Xincun Diary
		Weng Xincun Diary conveys the most detailed weather records among all the known historical diaries，which provides valuable contemporary reports of dust weather in the middle of 19th century in Beijing.Firstly，this paper extracts every sand dust record scattered in this diary.By analyzing the sand dust records statistically，this paper reconstructs the sand dust weather condition in Beijing in the middle of 19th century.Whats more，the detailed dust records provide the possibility to recognize the subdivision of the sand dust weather in historical time，the sandstorm，sand blowing and the floating dust weather.As the present research has no official classification methods to classify the dust weather from historical records，this paper explores a way to classify the different types of sand dust weather.The results show that: (1)the annual average sand dust days of Beijing at that time is up to 31.36 times，which is higher than the annual average sand dust days during the last 60 years.(2)The classification of different types of sand dust weather shows that the composition of sandstorm，sand blowing and floating dust weather is similar to that of today，the inner annual distribution of sand weather days in the middle of 19th century also shares similarity to today's data.(3)The main difference lies in the season distribution of sand weather: In the 1850s，the sand weather occurrence in summer is higher than today by 46％，the sand weather occurrence in winter however，is lower by 15％ compared with the present status.This result may show that the seasonally distribution of sand dust weather changes greatly from ancient time.(4)The interannual variability of sand weather is quite obvious in the 1850s，and this paper shows that the local precipitation acts as an important role in the annual variability of sand dust weather.
		2013 Vol. 15 (4): 565-574 [Abstract] ( 1577 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 620KB] ( 782 )

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