Miaopo,Baota,Linxiang(Jiancaogou),Wufeng and Guanyinqiao Formations were formed during the Late Ordovician in the Middle-Upper Yangtze Region. Based on outcrops and cores observations,combining with the previous research,the lithology,palaeontology,ecology and laboratory analysis were used to divide the facies into tidal flat,shallow marine shelf,and deep water basin facies in study area.Among them,tidal flat facies was characterized by the deposits of limestones,dolomites,calcareous siltstones and siltstones. Shallow marine shelf facies was mainly composed of “chapping grain”limestones,nodular limestones,shales and silty shales. While black carbonaceous shales,silty shales,and siliceous shales were deposited in the deep water basin,which predominantly produced graptolite assemblages living by floating camp. The lithofacies palaeogeographic analysis shows that there was a strong inter-plate collision and extrusion in the South China Plate,which was influenced by the Caledonian Tectonic Movement in the Late Sandbian-Early Katian Age of the Late Ordovician. During that period,the Central Sichuan and Western Sichuan-Central Yunnan-Central Guizhou-Xuefeng Uplifts gradually swelled up and expanded,meanwhile the relative sea level rose and the rimmed carbonate platform was submerged and deposited a wide range of shallow marine shelf facies “chapping grain”and nodular limestones.In the late Katian and Hirnantian Age of the Late Ordovician,those uplifts continued to expand,and the Middle-Upper Yangtze region mostly began to deposit black carbonaceous shales,silty shales and siliceous shales in the limits of uplifts movements.Especially for the Yibin-Luzhou area in southeastern Sichuan,Wangcang-Nanjiang area in northern Sichuan and the Wulong-Daozhen area in eastern Chongqing and northern Guizhou,the black siliceous and carbonaceous shales show good hydrocarbon potential,and could be the key study areas for the further exploration and development for source rocks and shale gas.

The Cambrian platform bank or shore reservoir is an important petroleum exploration target in Sichuan Basin,so it is important for the oil and gas exploration to accurately predict the occurrence,reservoir performance and distribution patterns of the sedimentary facies. The study of Cambrian palaeogeography and tectonic-depositional environment is the key to reservoir prediction. Based on the field measurement of profiles,drilling and logging analysis and seismic data,with the thought of mobilistic tectonics-palaeogeography, the maps of the Cambrian tectonic-depositional environment,which can reflect the palaeogeography and basin evolution in Sichuan Basin, have been drawn by analyzing the sedimentary geology conditions,regional well profiles,stratigraphic thickness and sedimentary facies and so on. From the maps it can be seen that it was relatively higher in the west and north,lower in the east and south of Sichuan Basin during the Cambrian. The shore land and tidal flat facies were developed in the western basin; and inner gentle slope,platform and platform marginal shoal facies were developed in the middle and eastern of study area. The response of sedimentary facies evolution in space and time is: the restricted platform in the Meishucun Age of Early Cambrian→clastic platform and deep basin in the Qiongzhusi Age of Early Cambrian → shore-mixd platform in the Canglangpu Age of Early Cambrian→carbonate ramp in the Longwangmiao Age of the Early Cambrian → the evaporation and limited rimmed platform in the Douposi Age of the Middle Cambrian → the mature rimmed platform in the Xixiangchi Age of the Middle-Late Cambrian. Among the above,the Qiongzhusi Formation was a thick bed of source rocks;the Longwangmiao and Xixiangchi Formations were benefied to forming carbonate reservoirs;gypsum rocks formed in the Longwangmiao and the Douposi Formations were good caps.

Based on seismic,logging and core data,the 4^th-order sequence stratigraphic framework of the Member 2 and lower Member 3 of Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the west slope of the Songliao Basin was established and the spatial distribution of the sedimentary microfacies under the framework of the 4^th-order sequence was reconstructed. The Qingshankou Formation was divided into two 4^th-order sequences(Cg4、Cg3),each of the 4^th-order sequence was divided into lake expanding system tract and lake shrinking system tract,respectively named Eg4、Sg4,Eg3、Sg3 upwardly. Shore-shallow lacustrine sedimentary bodies(shore-shallow lacustrine sandy bars,mud bank and mixed bank)and delta front(mouth bars and distal bars) characterised the deposition pattern of the Member 2 and lower Member 3 of Qingshankou Formation in west slope. Delta front sedimentary bodies from the west and north were developed in the Eg4, shore-shallow lacustrine mixed beaches were developed among the sedimentary bodies of delta front. The early delta expanded and a new northwest delta was developed in Sg4. Delta from the west and north extended to the east and delta front sedimentary bodies from the southwest shrinked in Eg3. Delta front sedimentary bodies were dominant and overlapped each other, while shore-shallow lacustrine sediments reduced in Sg3. The depositional zones continued to expand,and delta front sedimentary bodies expanded in the Member 2 and lower Member 3 of Qingshankou Formation upwardly.

Based on the previous data,the fieldwork on evaporite outcrops,the halite sedimentary characteristics and the salt mineralogy study,it preliminarily discussed the distribution,the occurrence strata,and the salt mineral assemblages and genesis of the Meso-Cenozoic evaporites in the southwestern Tarim Depression. The Lens-shaped halite mainly distributed along the front of west Kunlun Mountain,and usually contained maroon or celadon muddy gravel. The lithology of halite is the same as that of the lower member of Tuyiluoke Formation. So,the halite is speculated to form during the regression of late depositional period of Tuyiluoke Formation,and its strata belonged to the upper member of Tuyiluoke Formation. The laterally-discontinuous halite lenses indicated the possible existence of multiple sub-depressions of palaeo-salt-lakes,which were evaporated and formed halites under an arid climate. The evaporite minerals were mainly halite and gypsum,as well as some polyhalite and glauberite. The polyhalite in gypsum may be the products of primary gypsums replaced by late potassium-rich brine;while the secondary glauberites,discovered on the halite surface in Well Wubo 1,were probably formed during the supply of calcium-rich groundwater to the salt lakes after its precipitation of halites.

Geochemical characteristics of trace elements and rare earth elements were analyzed on 102 rock samples including tillites from the top of Nantuo Formation in Marinoan glaciation and carbonate from the lower part of Doushantuo Formation (cap carbonate of Member Ⅰ and lower part of Member Ⅱ)of Ediacaran in Tianjiayuanzi section,the stratotype section of Doushantuo Formation,in Yangtze Gorges area. Enrichment characteristics of redox-sensitive elements(RSEs)(Zn,Co,U,Mo,Ni and V)and its probable genetic mechanism and depositional water environment during the Cryogenian-Ediacaran transition in Yangtze Gorges area were systemically researched. The results indicated that only Zn and Co were enriched in the Nantuo Formation,in the lower part of cap carbonate all RSEs changed to be enriched,while in the top of cap carbonate all RSEs were depleted except Zn and V. In the lower of Member Ⅱ of Doushantuo Formation, RSEs changed from depleted in the lower part to relatively stable in the upper. In the lower Doushantuo Formation,there were twice significant enrichments of RSEs. One happened in 0.4 m position of cap carbonate,and the other happened in 6.5 m position of the section(the lower part of Member Ⅱ of Doushantuo Formation). Most of the rock samples had slightly positive Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu^* ＜1.6), but two significant positive Eu anomalies happened at the same places with the two significant enrichments of RSEs. Combined with palaeoenvironmental proxies(REE distribution patterns,Y/Ho,Ce anomalies,and La anomalies) in Doushantuo Formation, it was suggested that both of the anomalies were derived primarily from hydrothermal fluids, and upwelling of anoxic water caused those elements reach to peak. U/Th,V/(V+Ni) values and palaeoenvironmental proxies of REE suggested that the sedimentary environment during the top of Nantuo Formation was oxic on the whole,and with glacial ablation,deposition of cap carbonate was affected by melting ice water and sedimentary environment had endured an oxic-anoxic-oxic change with an increasing of the water column stratification. In the lower part of Member Ⅱ of Doushantuo Formation,the depositional environment was mainly suboxic and with a weak water column stratification.

The Middle-Upper Triassic marine strata in the boundary area of Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces are famous for the well-developed marine reptile fossils and other palaeobiocenoses. In the Jiangdi section found recently by the authors,both Zhuganpo Formation and Xiaowa Formation are successive and well exposed. The representative Xingyi Fauna and Guanling Biota were found at the top of laminated limestone Member in Zhuganpo Formation and in the upper part of Xiaowa Formation,respectively. In order to certify the environment in which the biotic communities were living,97 samples from Jiangdi section were collected for both major and trace elemental analysis. According to the results,the Xiaowa Formation and the laminated limestone of Zhuganpo Formation were deposited in the oxgen-deficient environment. The oxgen content increased in the strata of Xingyi Fauna and Guanling Biota. However,in the interval nodular limestone between the two biotas,the environment might be anoxic. The coincidence of oxygen content change and the biotic communities evolution may indicate that the oxygen content played a certain control role in the biotic succession.

In petroliferous basin,the generation of high-quality secondary clastic reservoirs are linked with calcite cementation facies; and in western China,it is also related to another cemented diagenetic facies of authigenetic zeolite,of which the high-quality secondary formed by the corroded analcite facies is closely connected with the hydrocarbon accumulation. It is showed by the examples that the diagenetic facies of analcite texture is controlled by the fan(braid river)-delta front,volcanic cinder and the alkaline condition in an eogenetic stage. The high-quality secondary clastic reservoirs were formed in stage A of middle diagenetic period. The distribution is decided by the source rocks nearby,traps and the connection of channel systems. The characters of analcites pressure resistance,erodibility(organic acid)are super to that of other authigenes minerals(cements). Therefore analcite is the ideal place for the development of induced porosity,and the ratio of emposieu to the porosity is 50％～75％. It is real and workable to prospect high-quality secondary emposieu-oriented reservoirs formed by intergranular dissolution pores in the environment of analcite distributed area.

Carboniferous volcanic weathered crust, whose petrophysical feature is better than that of contemporary primary volcanic reservoirs, is one of the major volcanic reservoirs in Junggar Basin. The observation of casting thin sections and drill cores from Dixi area in Luliang Uplift shows that the improvement by weathering and leaching is more effective at pore space than fracture. The altitude of volcanic rocks,influenced by tectonic settings and palaeogeomorphology,determined the weathering duration. Ages of the strata overlying the Carboniferous vary from the Lower Permian to the Cretaceous,and suggest the duration of weathering changes greatly in different areas. The longest weathering duration is about 150Ma in eastern uplift,100Ma in Luliang uplift and only 55Ma in western uplift. The shortest stratigraphic break in the three uplifts,however, only lacks part of the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian. There is a wave corresponding relationship between the weathering duration and the volcanic reservoir porosity. The porosity increases with weathering duration changing from 0 to 30Ma,gets to the peak when weathering duration is about 40Ma,and decreases as the weathering duration gradually increases from about 55 to 100Ma. Concerning the lithological influence on porosity,volcanic lava and volcanic breccia have the largest porosity,andesite comes second and tuff has the smallest porosity.

Studying sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Xishanyao Formation,which is the main uranium-bearing stratum in Honghaigou area of southern margin in Ili Basin, will provide important theory evidence for further uranium exploration in study area. Based on the characters of sedimentary textures,lithologic associations,sedimentary rhythms,sedimentary structures,and logging curves,the Upper Xishanyao Formation can be considered as meandering channel facies in Honghaigou Area. Combined with the connected wells profiles,the lateral changes of sedimentary characteristics including the thickness of sand body,the ratio of sand to stratum,sedimentary facies of Middle Jurassic Upper Xishanyao Formation was clear,which showed that there was meandering channel along northwest-southeast in the middle part,a flood swamp in the south and a floodplain in the north. By summarizing and analyzing the metallogenic conditions in study area,including lithology,tectonic setting,and uranium source,the uranium ore bodies occurred in the Upper Xishanyao Formation in Honghaigou area were mainly controlled by the distribution direction, thickness, grain size,the mudstone intercalations in sandbody,and the occurrence of stratum.

This study presents a mid-Holocene sea-level change curve during 8.1～7.3 cal kyr BP and 5.6～5.4 cal kyr BP for Hai′an area in Jiangsu Province,on the northern Yangtze River delta by using radiocarbon-dated and elevation-measured samples of supratidal salt marsh peat and high tidal flat sediments from 4 boreholes, and sediment compaction settlement analysis. The result indicated that the local relative sea level rose, about 1.46m during 8.1～7.3 cal kyr BP. This rate (0.2 cm/yr) contrasted to the rapid sea level rise in early-Holocene (2cm/yr) on the southern Yangtze River delta, which suggested a step-like global sea level rise controlled by the melting of ice sheets. The difference in relative sea-level between the northern and southern Yangtze River delta and other areas in the world indicated the effect of differential subsidence of the Yangtze River coastal region and the hydro-isostasy of the eastern China marginal sea.

In the research on quantitative high-resolution sea-level reconstruction,microfossil-based transfer function is a newly and rapidly developed technique assisted by the development of computer technology in the past decade. It has become one of the indispensable methods in sea-level research in many western countries. However,its application to reconstructions of the Holocene relative sea-level history in Chinese coasts has been limited. This paper intends to introduce the method of the diatom(as an example)based sea-level transfer functions,including tidal flat sampling strategy,statistical analysis, possible prediction errors and reducing-error method. Through analyzing the tidal flat surface samples collected from SY section at Siyao port of Chongming Island and the CCA ordination of diatom species,it was concluded that the elevation is the most contributing factor for diatoms sorting among all the environmental parameters. Thus,a transfer function with weighted average(WA)and weighted average partial least squares(WA-PLS) was used. The correlation(R²_Jack)is 0.9 and the RMSEP is±12.6cm with all samples of SY section at Siyao port. The precision may be improved to ±10cm when the sample from a supratidal site(sample of SY1)is excluded. This research will push such quantitative methods forwards to a higher level in high-resolution sea-level reconstructions that can help produce high-quality geological records to aid coastal management of China.