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	JOPC 2015 Vol.17 Number 2
	2015, Vol.17 Num.2
	Online: 2015-04-01

	LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY SPECIAL ISSUE ABOUT “CARBONATE SEDIMENTARY” PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	143	Yu Kuanhong, Jin Zhenkui, Li Guizai, He Miao, Guo Xiujuan, Yang Ting

		Conglomerate characteristics and alluvial fan evolution of the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation in Karamay Oilfield,Junggar Basin
		Based on core observation,five types of conglomerates are divided in the Triassic Lower Karamay Formation,Karamay Oilfield,i.e., the matrix-supported breccias,weak-cemented conglomerates(strictly speaking,this type is still uncemented),mud-supported conglomerates,sand-supported conglomerates and well sorted granule-conglomerates. Compared to the sediments of modern alluvial fans,the depositional environment of each conglomerate in the Lower Karamay Formation can be determined as following:in the early stage,due to all arid climate,the conglomerates have similar characteristics to that of modern arid alluvial fans in Zaier Mountain area. However,in the late stage a humid climate prevailed, and the fluvial process become dominant, with the deposited conglomerates showing similar characteristics to that of Baiyanghe alluvial fans in Fukang. So,vertically,the alluvial fans showed a retrogradational sequence towards the ancient Zaier Mountain.
		2015 Vol. 17 (2): 143-159 [Abstract] ( 1620 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 6029KB] ( 650 )

	160	Wu Yinye, Feng Rongchang, Yue Ting, Yao Genshun, Zhang Huiliang, Ma Liqiao

		Characteristics of the Cretaceous alluvial fans in Yongkang and Jinqu Basins, central and western Zhejiang Province
		In Zhejiang Province,southeastern China,there are lots of small Cretaceous sedimentary basins,featured with fluvial and lacustrine red sediments. In this paper,the Tongshanyan outcrop and the Fangyan outcrop,respectively in Yongkang and Yiwu,Jinhua City of Zhejiang Province,were studied. The Zhongdai Formation from Tongshanyan outcrop,in Jinqu Basin, was deposited during the later Early Cretaceous to the earlier Late Cretaceous,while the Fangyan Formation from Fangyan outcrop,in Yongkang Basin,was deposited during the later Early Cretaceous. The continental clastic rocks,in both outcrops,are mainly characterized by alluvial fan and have multiple sets of sedimentary cycle. The main sedimentary characteristics are: the lower part is composed of purplish red massive conglomerate and sandy conglomerate,intercalated with argillaceous siltstone,and locally has purplish red tuff and dark gray basalt;the upper part is composed of brown calcareous siltstone interbedded with argillaceous siltstone,which contains dinosaur fossils “Chilantaisaurus zhejiangensis”. The alluvial fan sedimentary structures are developed,such as large-scale cross beddings. It deposits the slot-flow and braided-channel facies in fan root, while the flake or sheet sandstone facies in middle fan. The latter may be interpreted as sheet flood deposits, and would have the potential to be good oil or gas reservoirs. This paper will be helpful to study the sedimentary characteristics and formation of the root to middle alluvial fan deposits in the small sedimentary basins in the southern China.
		2015 Vol. 17 (2): 160-171 [Abstract] ( 1189 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 24623KB] ( 407 )

	172	Liang Wei, Mou Chuanlong, Zhou Kenken, Ge Xiangying, Chen Chao, Xu Penghui

		Palaeogeography of the Cambrian Epoch 3-Furongian in the Middle and Upper Yangtze region
		The platform facies and bank facies are important petroleum exploration target areas of the Cambrian Epoch 3-Furongian in the Middle and Upper Yangtze region. Based on the data of outcrops,wells,regional geology and previous studies,five types of sedimentary facies were identified, i.e., tidal-flat,platform,platform margin,shelf and deep-water basin, and palaeogeography maps were drawn and the basic geological conditions of the reservoirs and caprocks in Epoch 3-Furongian were discussed. (1)In the Epoch 3,restricted platform on which extensive lagoon developed nearly occupied the most areas of the Middle and Upper Yangtze region, the tidal flat distributed in the west, and banks developed at the margin and inside of platform. But the complete platform margin had not formed,the mixed shelf developed in northwestern Hunan Province. To the east of southeastern margin of Yangzte region,carbonate rocks reduced gradually. (2)As the regression in the Furongian,the uplifts expanded and deep-water basin shrunk sharply. The rimmed carbonate platform gradually formed with banks. (3)From the Epoch 3 to Furongian, restricted platform and open platform with dolostones were beneficial reservoir traps, as well as widely distributed oolitic banks and sand-sized intraclast banks. The widely developed lagoon deposits in the Epoch 3 were the significant caprocks,where the dolosontes with intercalated beds including gypsum-dolostones,dolomitic-gypsum rocks,gypsum rocks and siltstones with large thickness were deposited.
		2015 Vol. 17 (2): 172-185 [Abstract] ( 1155 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 15437KB] ( 452 )

	186	Li Junwu, Yang Chengjin, Li Fengjie, Wu Yongliang, Dai Tingyong

		Provenance analysis of the Neogene in Eboliang area,　Qaidam Basin
		Provenance analysis is an important aspect of basin analysis. Based on the analyses of detrital composition,lithic type,heavy mineral assemblage,sandstone thickness ratio,cathodoluminescence and seismic data,the provenance of Eboliang area in Qaidam Basin during the Neogene has been studied and recognized:The provenance of Eboliang No.Ⅰ　structure mainly comes from the Altyn Tagh Mountain in the north. The Dongping structure belt in the west and Eboliang No.Ⅰ　structure have relatively independent provenance. Eboliang No.Ⅱ　structure is in mixed provenance area,which is influenced by two source directions. The main provenance is from the Altyn Tagh Mountain in the north through Eboliang No.Ⅰ　structure. The other is from Xiaosaishiteng Mountain in the northeast of study area through Lenghu No.1,2 and 3 structures. Provenance of Eboliang No.Ⅲ structure mainly comes from Saishiteng Mountain in the northeast to study area through Lenghu No.6 and Lenghu No.7 structures,without the influence by ancient Yuka large fluvial-dominated delta from Nanbaxian direction.
		2015 Vol. 17 (2): 186-197 [Abstract] ( 953 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 6815KB] ( 475 )

SPECIAL ISSUE ABOUT “CARBONATE SEDIMENTARY”

	198	Shi Kailan, Chen Fangwen, Duan Zhuo, Luo Sicong, Su Chengpeng, Ma Teng, Tang Hao, Tan Xiucheng

		Lacustrine carbonate rock types and sedimentary environments of the Lower Jurassic Daanzhai Member of Heping Reservoir section in Beibei area, Chongqing
		The Da-anzhai Member of Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation in Sichuan Basin is one of the important horizons of dense oil exploration,and has been studied over half a century. However, due to rough classification of the rock types and unclear understanding of the sedimentary environments and reservoir types, no major breakthrough has been achieved. For this reason, the study of lacustrine carbonate rock types and their sedimentary environments in the Da-anzhai Member of Heping Reservoir section in Beibei area,Chongqing,eastern Sichuan Basin was carried out. The results indicate that those mixed sediments recorded in the Da-anzhai Member largely comprise of terrigenous clastic rocks and carbonate rocks. And 5major rock categories and 14 rock types accordingly are further classified. Carbonate rocks evidently dominates through the thickness occupying more than 60％,of which micrite ranks the first,followed by the shell limestone and the bioclastic limestone. Each microfacies assemblage ordered vertically,where 4 representive upward-shallowing sequences existed. Sedimentary environments of various rock types are further analyzed according to their macro-micro characteristics and vertical combination forms. The results show that the Da-anzhai Member in Beibei area is shore-shallow lake with weak hydrodynamic condition,mainly featured by low-energy carbonatite,while the shell shoal developed in high- and low-energy environments is not the main part of carbonate sedimentation. The initiation of carbonate sedimentation phase and the massive blooming of calcareous skeleton fauna are the main causes for sedimentation of the Da-anzhai lacustrine carbonates. Crystal line bioclastic limestone and micritic dolomite of shore-shallow lacustrine facies may be the reservoir rock for dense oil in eastern Sichuan Basin. In further exploration, more attentions should be paid to the shore-shallow lacustrine rocks which could be easily dissolved by meteoric water.
		2015 Vol. 17 (2): 198-212 [Abstract] ( 1267 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 4053KB] ( 499 )

	213	Ma Teng, Tan Xiucheng, Li Ling, Zeng Wei, Jin Mindong, Luo Bing, Hong Haitao, Yang Yu

		Sedimentary characteristics and distribution of grain shoals in the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation of Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas
		Based on data from regional outcrops and wells,together with systematical observation and sampling for some outcrops and wells, it was found that grain shoals in the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation of Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas are comprised of carbonate grainstone and crystallized carbonate grainstone.The grain shoals are dominated by unexposed shallow shoals, and mainly develop two types of vertical sequences including upward-shallowing and upward-deepening. In terms of the lateral occurrence of the grain shoals, those in the central Sichuan palaeouplift and the north of the central Guizhou palaeouplift are characterized by a large scale and stable and continuous stratigraphic distribution. In contrast, the shoals in other regions are mainly patched shoals with relatively small scales. Based on the reconstruction of the palaeogeographic pattern of the study area during the Longwangmiao Period, the water depth was shallower in the west and deeper in the east, the basin was surrounded by old lands from southwest, northwest and north, and one uplift was divided two depressions inside the basin. With respect to the lateral occurrence, the grainstones in highlands demonstrate a widely covering style of “five lines and one area”.Central Sichuan palaeouplift and the north of Central Guizhou palaeouplift are superior regions for grain shoals developing,and the sub-marine island chain in the northeast and southeast may be the potential locations for high-quality grain shoals. The development of the palaeouplift evidently had the dominating effects on the development of grain shoals and favorable reservoir sedimentary zone. The sub-level eustatic change influenced the vertical superimposed pattern and lateral continuity of the grain shoals.
		2015 Vol. 17 (2): 213-228 [Abstract] ( 1263 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 36424KB] ( 720 )

	229	Su Chengpeng, Tang Hao, Li Hongwei, Chen Hongyu, Zhao Dongfang, Wan Weichao, Tan Xiucheng

		Discovery of caliches at top of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation, eastern Sichuan Basin and their developmental model
		This paper aims at petrological and mineralogical study on the top of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation where caliches occurred in eastern Chongqing City. It has found that the caliches can be divided into three lithological zones consisting of mother-rock zone,transitional zone and calcrete zone from bottom to top,and that mineral composition and content vary in a regular pattern. Petrological study indicates that,the mother-rock zone consists of medium- to thick-layered grey-white micritic bioclastic limestone,where epigenetic karst is identified by carbonate sands and karstificated breccia filling. The transitional zone is composed of yellowish-white,yellowish-brown and brown-red micritic biolithite limestone,with chert nodules and cherty bandings,while erosional funnels filled by in-situ breccias of calcite cementation are pervasive. The calcrete zone is mainly composed of grey crystalline bioclastic limestone,locally calcretized,but overlaid by khaki porous block calcretes,where representative micro-structures of multi-stage fissures,rhizoliths,alveolar structure and secondary carbonate cements are recorded. Mineralogical study shows that,CaCO₃ content inclines to increase gently from the transitional zone to the calcrete zone,from which it infers that the enrichment of secondary calcite interior cementation is the main cause for calcrete developing. The rock assemblage of bauxitic mudstone and bauxite occurred at the top of Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin is consistent to the palaeogeographic settings during the Middle Permian in Upper Yangtze region,and it suggests that caliche may develop and be preserved afterwards in such a warm-wet climate. Then comparing with the classic caliches,a developmental model of the caliches that occurred in a warm-wet climate has been summarized. The results may not only provide supplements for epidiagenesis produced within Maokou Formation during the Middle Permian in Sichuan Basin,but also offer specific materials for the study of the same types of caliche home and abroad.
		2015 Vol. 17 (2): 229-240 [Abstract] ( 1184 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 2974KB] ( 511 )

	241	Duan Xiong, Shi Zhiqiang, Jin Xin, Fan Hong, Ji Guofeng

		Microbial cause for giant ooids: Evidence from the Lower Cambrian in Shizhu area,Chongqing
		Giant ooids are commonly seen in the Precambrian and Lower Triassic,while they are hardly reported in the Cambrian. Recently,we found giant ooid limestone with about 35 cm thick in the Lower Cambrian Tianheban Formation at the Shiliu section in Shizhu area,Chongqing. The diameter of these giant ooids is generally 5-7mm,with a maximum diameter of 9mm. The giant ooids make up 55％ of rock components. Meanwhile,the recrystallized normal ooids and calcareous shells are relatively common in the limestone. The cements of sparry calcites can be found between the grains. Abundant Cyanobacteria fossils found in the outermost laminae of a giant ooid,form a sort of protruberance-shaped laminae named as “abortive laminae”,with which the microbial cause of giant ooids is clearly revealed. The recrystallized inner dark laminae of giant ooids similarly contain messy girvanell fossils. So it is thought that the active involvement of microorganisms and frequent strong storms are the necessary conditions for the formation of giant ooids.
		2015 Vol. 17 (2): 241-248 [Abstract] ( 1366 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 7130KB] ( 576 )

	249	Luan Xiaocong, Liu Jianbo, Zhan Renbin, Wu Rongchang

		Microfacies of carbonate rocks and sea-level changes in the Lower to Middle Ordovician Zitai Formation of southern Anhui Province
		The Lower to Middle Ordovician Zitai Formation,a unique lithologic unit formed during the critical period of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event(GOBE),contains some important information about this major biotic event. Based on detailed investigation and sampling in the field and observation under the microscope in the lab,nine carbonate microfacies were distinguished in the Zitai Formation at Dingxiang section of Shitai County and Hongjia section of Chizhou County,southern Anhui Province,East China,named as the MF-1 calcareous shale,the MF-2 argillaceous mudstone,the MF-3 mudstone,the MF-4 gastropod-ostracod wackestone,the MF-5 calthrop-bearing wackestone,the MF-6 argillaceous bioclast-bearing wackestone,the MF-7 argillaceous bioclastic wackestone,the MF-8 bioclastic wackestone and the MF-9 bioclastic packstone. These microfacies were deposited in deep subtidal and adjacent zones with low amplitude of changes in water depths. Taking into account of some other evidences that we observed in the field,we proposed that depositional environment of the Zitai Formation at Dingxiang section was deeper than that at Hongjia section. Five transgressive events in the Zitai Formation were recognized at both sections. All these transgressions can be precisely correlated between the studied sections and the sections on the Yangtze Platform,as well as on some other palaeoplates. Thus the changes in deposition of the Zitai Formation in the Lower Yangtze region were controlled by regional and even global eustatic sea-level fluctuations.
		2015 Vol. 17 (2): 249-264 [Abstract] ( 1402 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 11996KB] ( 671 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	265	Shen Junjun, Chen Bo, Wang Chunlian, Chang Junjie, Zhou Xiaofeng, Guan Xiaoqu, Zhao Zhipeng

		Sedimentary characteristics and control factors of gypsum-salt rocks in the Paleogene Xingouzui Formation in Jiangling Depression, Jianghan Basin
		Jiangling Depression lies in the southwestern Jianghan Basin. Researches have shown that the lower member of Paleogene Xingouzui Formation in the sub-depressions of Zifusi and southern Meihuaiqiao developed a set of gypsum-salt rocks. By the analysis of well drilling,logging and core data,we summarized the lithological, electrical and physical properties of the gypsum-salt rocks combination with the 3D seismic profile data and forward modelling result,the seismic response characteristics of the main lithological association have been determined: Gypsum-salt rock and mudstone interbeds are characterized by higher amplitudes; sandstone-mudstone interbeds show median amplitudes; pure mudstone has weakest amplitude. Well-point prediction and the root mean square amplitude are applied to predict the distribution regularities of gypsum-salt rocks in the lower Xingouzui Formation. The result shows that the distribution of gypsum-salt rocks in the lower Xingouzui Formation is relatively limited on the plane,with an obvious trend of southward migration and shrinkage compared with Shashi Formation,which is mainly affected by comprehensive factors of provenances,tectonics and sedimentary environment.
		2015 Vol. 17 (2): 265-274 [Abstract] ( 1274 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 2351KB] ( 471 )

PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

	275	Wu Wenxiang, Ge Quansheng

		Historical authenticity and age of the “Five Emperors Era” from the perspective of human-environment relationship
		The “Five Emperors Era”has been regarded by many scholars as one of the most important evolutionary stages in prehistoric China,since it marks the establishment of Longshan chiefdom-like societies and the origins of ancient civilizations in the middle-lower Yellow River valley. However,its historical authenticity and ages have been debated. In this paper,we attempted to address these issues from the perspective of human-environment relationship. Firstly,we analyzed and compared the political landscapes and social features of possible “Five Emperors Era”recorded in historical texts with those revealed by the archaeological evidence. It was found that both of them revealed a similar political landscape characterized by tens of thousands states competing each other and a similar social evolutionally stages with comparable ages. We then reconstructed the climatic background of the “Five Emperors Era”,and found that it occurred during a pronounced climatic deterioration around 4.5～4.0 ka BP. Comparison with climatic records from other parts in the northern hemisphere indicates that such climatic anomaly has a significance of at least hemisphere scale. Based on such findings,the mechanism behind the emergence of the “Five Emperors Era”is suggested as that climatic change beginning around 4.5 ka BP resulted in resource stress,and then stimulated the conflicts and warfare between different communities,which lead to the emergence of Longshan chiefdom-like societies. Such finding indicates that the “Five Emperors Era”truly exists and its age is most probably at 4.5～4.0 ka BP.
		2015 Vol. 17 (2): 275-284 [Abstract] ( 1179 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 603KB] ( 607 )

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