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	JOPC 2015 Vol.17 Number 5
	2015, Vol.17 Num.5
	Online: 2015-10-01

	GENERAL BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES GEOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT AND PALAEOCLIMATE

GENERAL

	577	Mei Mingxiang, Gao Jinhan

		Origin of photosynthesis:An enchanting and important scientific theme
		The origin of photosynthesis is such an ancient event that definitive evidence as to how this essential biological process began and developed may be lost forever,such as the nature of the earliest photosynthetic organisms as well as the problem dealing with how photosynthetic organisms obtain their photosynthetic apparatus;thus,studies on the origin of photosynthesis became an important and enchanting scientific theme. Nevertheless,some evidence can be assembled from a variety of sources,including geology,biogeochemistry,comparative biochemistry and molecular evolution analysis,which begin to give some insights into the complex origin and evolutionary history of photosynthesis that chiefly deal with several aspects as follows:(1)the origin of photosynthetic life;(2)the origin of photosynthetic apparatus;and(3)the origin of photosynthetic catalysts. It is very meaningful to pursuit and to summarize some important cognitions enriched-wisdom resulted from both the lasting research and hardworking effort by scientists,which can provide important studying clues and thinking approaches for the further researches of this fascinating scientific. Furthermore,it is also meaningful to trace the advancement on the study of the origin of photosynthesis for the further understanding of the sophisticated coupling process among earth spheres in the early time,which are as follows:(1)the transformation from the anoxygenic to the oxygenic photosynthesis;(2)a complex interaction and its synergetic evolution between the biosphere and the atmosphere;(3)a sophisticated evolutionary process from a anoxic to an oxic atmosphere generated by the origin and evolution of the oxygenic photosynthesis;(4)a major long-term effect on Earth-surface environments and the development of life that is benefited from the progressive oxygenation of the atmosphere and hydrosphere;and(5)the molding of the palaeogeographical version of the early Earth and so on. More importantly,some geological especially for sedimentological thinking on the origin of the photosynthesis and some important cognitions,though are not conclusions,have broaden the studying domain of sedimentology and widen the field of view of sedimentologists. Ultimately,these researches become a scientific paradigm that is applied with multi-subjects.
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 577-592 [Abstract] ( 1090 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1036KB] ( 728 )

	593	Wang Nengsheng, Kuang Hongwei, Liu Yongqing, Peng Nan, Xu Huan,Zhang Peng, Wang Mingwei, Wang Baohong, An Wei

		Taphonomic characteristics of the Late Cretaceous cluster dinosaur fossils in eastern China and comparison between domestic and abroad
		This paper analyzes the Late Cretaceous dinosaur bones according to stratigraphic successions,dinosaur species,articulation and association,diversity,the quantity and quality of preservation and the arrangement of dinosaur fossils from the eastern China by method of taphonomy and sedimentology, and make a comparison between demestic and abroad from the points of occurrence age, and taphonomic facies and characteristics. The studies suggest that: Although the concrete preservation times are different,the species, taphonomic facies and characteristics are similar,which reflecting the similarity of palaeoenvironment, palaeoecology, and palaeoclimate during the Late Cretaceous in a global scale. (1)The burial process of dinosaur bones in China during the Late Cretaceous can be divided into two stages: the early stage of Cenomanian and the late stage of Santonian to Maastrichtian. Foreign burial events appeared during the late Campanian in America and Mongolia,and the Campanian-Maastrichtian transitional period and Maastrichtian in Europe. (2)In China,bones were buried mainly in purple rocks of alluvial fan facies and fluvial facies,and the dinosaur species are mainly Ornithopod hadrosaurs and theropods. Compared with dinosaur mass extinction abroad, they were mainly preserved in lacustrine and flood plain. Hadrosaurs and ceratopsids were flourishing in America and Mongolia, while dinosaurs in Europe and Mongolia are different. The characteristics are different in different successions,which are closely related with palaeogeography,palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate. (3)By combination of taphonomic and basin evolution characteristics,it concluded that burial types are autochthonous and allochthonous,and the probable burial comprehensive factors are: the change of palaeogeography,volcanism,high temperature etc.,then a taphonomic model were built. It is significant for further study of bone taphonomy and palaeogeography,palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate,and proposes many new materials and evidence for the research of palaeogeography,palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate.
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 593-610 [Abstract] ( 1381 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3238KB] ( 569 )

	611	Zhang Lijun, Hu Bin, Qi Yong'an, Song Huibo,Zheng Wei, Niu Yongbin, Xing Zhifeng, Fan Ruoying

		Ichnofabric studies linking past, present and future: Outline of the 13th International Ichnofabric Workshop
		The 13th International Ichnofabric Workshop was held at the Kochi University,Japan during May 14-21,2015. Five topics were discussed,which included:(1)The evolutionary palaeoecology of trace fossils and functional morphologic and taphonomic analysis of complex trace fossils. (2)Classification and definition of trace fossils and palaeoenvironmental analysis are basic and major components of ichnology. (3)Neoichnology is the key to palaeoichnology.(4)Three-dimensional modeling of ichnology and ecology will be a very handy pedagogic tool for science popularization in ichnology and ecology. (5)Ichnofabric had obtained important fruits in the application of petroleum prospection. The application of new technology,especially the multidisciplinary ideas will greatly promote the development of ichnology.
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 611-615 [Abstract] ( 892 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 452KB] ( 371 )

BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY

	617	Deng Shenghui, Shang Ping, Lu Yuanzheng, Zhao Yi, Li Xin, Fan Ru, Dong Shuxin

		A late Early Jurassic flora from Xilinhot Basin of Inner Mongolia,with discussions on coeval climate in China
		The flora from the Jurassic Hongqi Formation of the Xilinhot Basin,Inner Mongolia,North China,is composed of 37 species in 21 genera:Equisetites sp. and Neocalamites sp. of Equisetales;Hausmannia ussuriensis Kryshtofovich,H. leeiana Sze,Coniopteris bella Harris,C. sp.,Eboracia lobifolia(Phillips)Thomas,Todites williamsonia(Bronign.)Seward,Cladophlebis angutula (Heer)Fontaine,Cl. asiatica Chow et Yeh,Cl. cf. asiatica Chow et Yeh,Cl. haiburnensis(L. et H.)Bronigniart,Cl. hsiehiana Sze, Cl. lobifolia(Phillips)Bronigniart, Cl.ingens Harris,Cl.pseudoraciborskii Srebrodolskaja,Cl. shansiensis,Cl. scariosa Harris Sze and Cl. sp. nov. of Filicopsida;Anomozamites turkmenicus Burakova,Nilssoniopteris angustifolia Wang,Ptilophyllum contiguum Sze,Pterophyllum sp.,Nilssonia sp. nov. and Ctenis sp. of Cycadopsida;Ginkgoites ferganensis Brick,Ginkgoites hottonii (Sternb.)Heer, Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer,Czekanowskia setacea Heer, Cz. latifolia Turutanova-Ketova and Sphenobaiera sp. of Ginkgopsida;Elatocladus sp.1, Elatocladus sp.2,Podozamites eichwaldi Schimper,Pityophyllum longifolium(Nath.)Moeller and Pityophyllum sp. of Coniferopsida and seed Carpolithus sp. The flora is characterized by abundant ferns and appearance of Coniopteris and Eboracia of the Dicksoniacea and some thermophilous elements. The thermophilous plants include dipteridaceous fern Hausmannia and Ptilophyllum of Bennettitales. The age of the flora is late Early Jurassic and most possibly the Toarcian. The age of the Hongqi Formation is chiefly late Early Jurassic and its upper part is possibly the early Middle Jurassic. The appearance of the climate sensitive plants,particularly the south-type(thermophilous)elements,indicates that the Xilinhot Basin was located in the warm temperate zone-subtropic zone during the late Early Jurassic. It was warmer than that of the early Early Jurassic and early Middle Jurassic,indicating a temperature raising event in the late Early Jurassic. Based on the palaeontological and sedimentary data, there existed 5 palaeoclimatic regions during the late Early Jurassic in China,namely the eastern Heilongjiang warm-cool climatic region,North China warm-temperate and warm-humid climatic region,central China tropic-subtropical semi-arid and semi-humid climatic region,central-southern China tropic-subtropical arid climatic region and the Tibet-western Yunnan tropical arid climatic region. The boundary between the warm-temperate warm-humid climatic region and the tropic-subtropical semi-arid and semi-humid climatic region was about 4-8 degrees of latitude northwards than both in the early Early Jurassic and early Middle Jurassic,also indicating a temperature arising event occurred in the late Early Jurassic. This climatic event most possibly happened in the Toarcian of Early Jurassic and is likely the response of the terrestrial ecological system to the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event(T-OAE).
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 617-634 [Abstract] ( 1418 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1714KB] ( 796 )

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	635	Wang Zhaoming, Zhang Lijuan, Sun Chonghao

		Classification,period and exploration for carbonate karstin the Ordovician,Tarim Basin
		The marine carbonate rocks of the Ordovician has become one of the most important exploration and development targets in Tarim Basin, while karstification is one of the key factors to form the high-quality carbonate reservoirs. The carbonate karstic classification scheme is not unified in the Tarim Basin and the karstic terminology is not clearly defined, so the present usage on the production is of great difficulty. The karst reservoir characteristics and distribution varies in different areas,formations and periods,which are analyzed in this paper. Classification on carbonate karst of the Ordovician in Tarim Basin was worked out according to its origin and main controlling factors. The carbonate karst can be classified into 3 types,namely the weathering karst,reef body karst and buried karst. The weathering karst can be divided into 2 sub-types,i.e., the buried-hill karst and the interlayered karst. The reef body karst,interlayered karst and buried-hill karst are the most important exploration targets in Tarim Basin. Moreover,the karst forming-period in the Ordovician can be classified into 5 periods which is based mainly on the tectonic movement. Study on different types of karstic features and distribution is carried out and the exploration thought for the three important karsts is proposed. Summarily, this study unified the karstic classification and periods, which can guide the petroleum exploration and development, as well as further research work. It has crucial theoretical guidance and practical application.
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 635-644 [Abstract] ( 1033 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2833KB] ( 369 )

	645	Du Yelong, Cheng Yinhang, Li Yanfeng, Li Min, Hu Xiaojia,Zhang Yong, Zhang Tianfu, Niu Wenchao

		Sedimentary facies of the Middle-Lower Devonian Niqiuhe Formationin East Ujimqin Qi of Inner Mongolia
		The Middle-Lower Devonian Niqiuhe Formation,with about 1000m thick,developed at the East Ujimqin Qi of Inner Mongolia. It mainly consists of mudstone,siltstone and limestone. A great deal of brachiopoda and coral fossils are often found in the siltstone. Storm deposit and the trace fossil of Beaconites were found for the first time. The storm deposits consist from the bottom to the top of four segments,namely graded bedding,parallel bedding,hummocky cross-bedding and wavy bedding. Beaconites is characterized by pipe wall and horizontal “V”back-packing structure. The research of petrofacies,fossils,storm deposits and Beaconites shows that the Niqiuhe Formation in East Ujimqin Qi area belongs to shallow sea facies.
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 645-652 [Abstract] ( 869 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1184KB] ( 429 )

	653	Jing Yuxuan, Liu Jianbo, Yan Zhen, Sun Yongchao, Xu Zhenqing

		Reconstructing sea-level changes from types of storm deposits: An example of the Middle and Late Cambrian at Xiaweidian section of Western Hills,Beijing
		Storm deposits were extensively developed in the Middle and Upper Cambrian in North China. However,the sedimentary environments of these storm deposits are a matter of debate. Based on careful observation and measurement of the Xiaweidian section in Western Hills of Beijing,North China,five lithofacies are identified, which are further grouped into three lithofacies associations that were deposited in shallow subtidal zone,deep subtidal zone,and shaly basin, respectively. According to the sedimentary textures and structures,49 layers of storm deposits are recognized in the studied section,which are grouped into 4 types(named as:In-situ unbroken,in-situ broken,proximal,and distal storm deposits)and 12 sub-types that were formed in various sedimentary environments. A new sea-level curve is inferred from the changes of storm deposit sub-types in the Middle and Upper Cambrian at western Beijing. This sea-level curve matches well with the curve reconstructed from facies analysis of fair-weather deposits in the studied section,as well as those inferred by previous researches in Beijing and in western Shandong Province,North China. Thus,types of storm deposits can be utilized to reconstruct long-term sea-level changes in the geological history.
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 653-668 [Abstract] ( 1186 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3201KB] ( 510 )

	669	Yi Xuefei, Zhang Changmin, Li Shaohua, Du Jiayuan, Li Kang,Wang Haoyu, Li Xiangyang, Zhou Fengjuan, Yuan Cai

		Sand injectite simulation and formation mechanism analysis
		Soft sediment deformation is a common geological phenomenon,which has been focused on these years in the field of geosciences, but less study is on the formation mechanism of soft sediment deformation. A set of laboratory simulation device is designed to simulate the formation and evolution of sand injectites in a simplified three layers model in this paper. On the basis of the former simulation experiments,which only took account of the thickness of the overlying coarse sediment layer and the configuration of inlet pipes,the slope angles of terrain are examined to test the influence of three main variables on the structures formed during fluidization. Also,the formation mechanism is discussed. 7 different shape pipes in different types are observed and the pressures are tested during the experiments. The results show that the thicker the overlying layer is,the slower the pressure drops;the sand injectites finally will erupt out of the surface and turn out to be sand extrusions;unstable terrain is conducive to trigger the deformation of soft sediments. It is showed that overpressure is one of the most important conditions. Compaction disequilibrium and hydrocarbon generation are the two main independent controlling factors of different phases for the development and evolution of overpressure in sedimentary basins.
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 669-676 [Abstract] ( 1101 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1178KB] ( 463 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	677	Wang Baoyu, Hu Bin, Bai Jianping, Yang Lianchao

		Coal-accumulating environments of the Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation in southeastern Qinshui Basin, Shanxi Province
		The Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation in Qinshui Basin contains important mineable coal seams and coalbed methane resources,and is well exposed in Fucheng town of Lingchuan County in southeastern Qinshui Basin,Shanxi Province. Based on the outcrop section observation and a part of borehole data of the Taiyuan Formation,the paper synthetically analyzed the lithologic features,sedimentary structures,body fossils,trace fossils,sedimentary sequence and some other depositional characteristics.(1)Carbonate rocks of the Taiyuan Formation in this area were formed in two sedimentary environments,i.e.,open shallow sea(open platform)and restricted bay(restricted platform),among which,the top of Limestone 1(L₁),middle-lower part of L₂,the upper part of L₄,the top of L₅,the top of L₇ and the L₈ were formed in a restricted bay environment,and other limestone beds were generated in an open shallow sea environment;(2)Based on the lithologic association characteristics of the Taiyuan Formation coal measures in the study area,six lithologic members were classified,and clastic rocks and coal seams in each member mainly were formed in sedimentary environments including barrier island(sand island),lagoon and tidal flat;(3)After analyzing sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary sequence,11 types of sedimentary sequences were distinguished and 3 types of coal-accumulating environment modes were proposed in the Taiyuan Formation coal measures of this area,including coal-accumulating environment of tidal flat associated with barrier island and lagoon depositional system,the coal-accumulating environment of tidal flat alongside restricted bay(lagoon),and the coal-accumulating environment of coastal tidal flat. The results may provide important information and theoretical supports of sedimentary background for coal and coalbed methane exploration and developing in the Taiyuan Formation of southeastern Qinshui Basin.
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 677-688 [Abstract] ( 999 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2528KB] ( 378 )

GEOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT AND PALAEOCLIMATE

	689	Zheng Yulong, Ma Zhiqiang, Wang Baichang, Yuan Guoli, Qin Jianxun

		Geochemistry characteristics and sedimentary environment of oil shale from the Eocene Bahuli Formation in Liushuhe Basin,Heilongjiang Province
		Several layers of oil shale were developed in the Eocene Bahuli Formation of Liushuhe Basin,Heilongjiang Province. Based on the characteristics of major,trace and rare earth elements,sedimentary environment of oil shale was analyzed. In the oil shale of Bahuli Formation of Liushuhe Basin,major elements are characterized by rich in Al₂O₃,Fe and CaO,and poor in SiO₂,MgO,Na₂O and K₂O;trace elements are generally depleted in different degree,and the amount of rare earth elements(REE)averages 140.7×10^-6,which show mild enrichment of light rare earth elements. Relatively consistent change trend of rare earth elements indicates that the provenance and sedimentary environment were relatively stable. The ratio of Mn/Ti shows that the transported distance of material composed oil shale experienced changes from far to near,then to far,which reflects that the depth of water changed from deep to shallow,then to deep. The ratios of Sr/Cu and Rb/Sr indicate that the climate was relatively hot and dry. The ratio of Sr/Ba reflects the salt water lake at that time. The ratios of V/(V+Ni),δEu and the content of organic carbon show that the oil shale was developed in the anaerobic reducing sedimentary environment. As a whole,the oil shale in Liushuhe Basin was developed in the lake with the condition of hot and dry climate,salt water and anaerobic reduction.
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 689-698 [Abstract] ( 948 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 775KB] ( 352 )

	699	Ling Chaohao, Long Jin, Jia Yulian, Hong Yijun, Xu Chuanqi, Wang Pengling

		Geochemical characteristics and palaeoclimate significanceof the Quaternary laterite of Tutan section in Poyang Lake region,northern Jiangxi Province
		The Quaternary laterite was developed in the Tutang section in Poyang Lake region,northern Jiangxi Province,and it was divided into four layers from bottom to top, including the highly developed vermicular laterite layer, the weakly developed vermicular laterite layer, the very weakly developed vermicular laterite layer, the homogenous laterite layer and the Xiashu loess layer. The geochemical characteristics and palaeoclimate of Tutang section was analyzed based on the major element,grain size and chronological data from former researchers,and the conclusions were drawn as follows: (1)All layers of Tutang section are quite coincident in particle size and geochemical characteristics, and they all experienced an intense chemical weathering process. (2)As for the degree of weathering,the Xiashu loess is in the primary stage by leaching Ca and Na;the homogenous laterite almost reaches the secondary stage by leaching K; the very weakly developed vermicular laterite almost finishes the secondary stage by leaching K,and begins to leach Si; the vermicular laterite has been in the late stage by leaching Si. In terms of migration ability,the major elements are ranked as follows: Na₂O>MnO₂>CaO>P₂O₅>MgO>K₂O>SiO₂>Al₂O₃>TiO₂>Fe₂O₃. (3)The climate of the Poyang Lake region in northern Jiangxi Province since the Middle Pleistocene changed from warm-wet to cool-dry generally,and the alternate dry and wet fluctuations were oprious, which suggested that the strong eluviation and alternate dry and wet fluctuations are the important driving factors to form the vermicular laterite.
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 699-708 [Abstract] ( 883 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1187KB] ( 444 )

	709	Li Yikai, Zhang Li, An Ling, Yang Yue

		Temperature rise in eastern area of northern foot of Tianshan Mountains in AD 1757-1774 recorded by historical documents
		In this paper,a lot of historical documents were collected to restruct temperature change in the eastern area of northern foot of Tianshan Mountains during the mid-late 18th century. There were abnormal frost dates and snow falls in Barkol,and the documents showed temperature rise in AD 1757-1774. Furthermore,some perception records on warm explained the same rise in the Urumchi. Therefore,the historical documents recorded a warm period in the northern foot of Tianshan Mountains in AD 1757-1774. Combining with the existing research results by tree-ring and the social background, temperature rise recorded by the historical documents was analyzed and understood essentially. As a matter of fact,the rise was relative to the 10-20s of the 18th century,not to the 30-50s. Since the social background would influence the reliability of historical documents, is is essential to focus on it to restruct the temperature change according to the historical documents.
		2015 Vol. 17 (5): 709-717 [Abstract] ( 1101 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 915KB] ( 413 )

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