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JOPC 2016 Vol.18 Number 2
2016, Vol.18 Num.2
Online: 2016-04-01
GENERAL
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
PALAEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
NEW TECHNICE AND METHODS
 
GENERAL
127 Mei Mingxiang， Meng Qingfen
Composition diversity of modern stromatolites:A key and window for further understanding of the formation of ancient stromatolites

Ever since Kalkowsky created a term of stromatolite in 1908,research on stromatolites has continuously been expanded from different methodological perspectives;a century later stromatolites continue to be actively investigated to document the early history of life on Earth. Stromatolites provide an indirect and complex evidence of early life on Earth,and today they represent a diversifying signature of life activities in which much of the modern research is focusing. More enchantingly,modern stromatolites that are marked by the composition diversity not only does demonstrate that cyanobacterial mats are constructing stromatolites but also reflect that the translation from cyanobacterial mats to stromatolites is not a direct process. These typical examples reflecting the composition diversity of constructing stromatolites are:(1)large conical stromatolites that are made up of muddy sediments in Lake Untersee,Antarctica;(2)siliceous stromatolites that are formed in thermal lake at Frying Pan Lake in North Island of New Zealand as well as at the Yellowstone National Park in USA;(3)carbonate stromatolites in Bahamas,Rio de Janeiro in Brazil and Shark Bay of Australia. Because of both that stromatolites continue to be a puzzling and crucial piece in the map of life and that whether cyanobacterial mats may be the potential morphological precursors for ancient stromatolites is a continue debating problem,the composition diversity of modern stromatolites becomes a key and window for the further understanding of the formation of ancient stromatolites. On basis of lots researching fruits by many scientists,tracing these fruitful and starting researches on the composition diversity of modern stromatolites that could delegate rich and sophisticate information of sedimentation and microbial metabolism are meaningful to further understanding the sedimentilogical feature and the biological nature of stromalites;moreover,this work can enrich the researching content of mat sedimentology and broaden the studying domain of facies analysis.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 127-146 [Abstract] ( 1089 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2445KB] ( 566 )
 
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
147 Yuan Jing　Dong Daotao　Song Fan　Liang Huiyuan Liang Bing　Li Heyong　Ma Yingjun
Sedimentary patterns and spatiotemporal evolution of the Member 1of Paleogene Dainan Formation in deep sag of Gaoyou sag,Subei Basin
With the comprehensive methods of drilling,well logging,seismic interpretation,test and analysis and other data,the main types of sedimentary facies of the Member 1 of Paleogene Dainan Formation in the deep sag of Gaoyou sag were identified,and the sedimentary patterns and spatiotemporal evolution of the sand group hierarchy were summarized. The results show that the sedimentary facies of the Member 1 of Dainan Formation includes delta,fan delta,nearshore subaqueous fan and sublacustrine fan;what??s more,there are beachbars and isolated sandbodies formed by events in shallow and semi-deep lake. In the Member 1 of Dainan Formation depositional period,deltas developed in the northern slope zone of the deep sag,which were dominated by delta front subfacies;a series of small fan deltas developed in the southern step-fault zone;nearshore subaqueous fans developed in parts of Xiaoliuzhuang and Zhouzhuang areas;beach bars and isolated sandbodies formed by events occurred in the shallow and semi-deep lake in Lianmengzhuang area;sublacustrine fans developed in the center of each sub-sag.The tectonic activities of Zhen②-1 fault,Zhen②-2 fault,Hanliu fault and the comb-shape fault troughs formed by Wu① fault,and the transformation of water environment from(weak)oxidizing to reducing jointly control the sedimentary pattern of the Member 1 of Dainan Formation. The depositional filling of the Member 1 of Dainan Formation can be divided into three stages:Retrogradation in the third sub-member,aggradation in the second sub-member,and retrogradation with subsequant aggradation and retrogradation in the first sub-member.The water depth and sedimentary filling processes of Shaobo sub-sag,Fanchuan sub-sag and Liuwushe sub-sag vary regularly from early to late and are slightly different in the three areas.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 147-160 [Abstract] ( 922 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1907KB] ( 360 )
161 Meng Hao, Zhong Dakang, Li Chao, Zhou Junliang, Qin Gang, Liu Yunlong, Liu Keru
Sedimentary facies and evolution of the Member 2 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation of BZ25-1 Oilfield in Bozhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin
BZ25-1 Oilfield is located in the south of Bozhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin and the main pay zone is the Member 2 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation. Based on core observation,as well as data of well log and seismic,it is suggested that two facies,braided river delta facies and lake facies,were developed in the Member 2 of Shahejie Formation. Due to long distance from the provenance,subfacies of braided river delta front and shallow lake were mainly developed in the study area. During the depositional period of the Member 2 of Shahejie Formation,the palaeogeomorphy in the study area shows that it was higher in the north and lower in the south. During the early stage of the depositional period of the Member 2 of Shahejie Formation,the lake was shallow and there were mainly beach-bar sand bodies overlapping from lowland in the southwest to the uplifted area in the northeast. Along with tectonic subsidence and lake water deepening ,the braided river delta front sand bodies prograded from the southwest to the northeast,and finally became dominant in the study area,whereas beach-bar sandbodies faded out gradually. During the late stage,the BZ25-1-1 wellblock located in the west part of the research area uplifted,which resulted in the total lack of the Member 2 of Shahejie Formation in this wellblock,as well as partial erosion in adjacent areas.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 161-172 [Abstract] ( 851 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3101KB] ( 662 )
173 Du Qingxiang,　Guo Shaobin　Shen Xiaoli　Cao Zhonghong　Zhang Xiaolong　Li Yuanshu
Palaeo-water characteristics of the Member 1 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in southern Nanpu sag, Bohai Bay Basin
The palaeo-water characteristics of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Nanpu sag of Bohai Bay Basin was poorly studied. Taking the Member 1 of Shahejie Formation in southern Nanpu sag as an example,we studied the palaeosalinity and palaeo-water depth by many means. Based on special algae fossils and chemical element ratios including Sr/Ba and Rb/K,the palaeosalinity was interpreted as brackish water to semi￣saline water. The palaeoclimate was humid with fluctuation by analyzing Sr/Cu ratio and sporopollen fossils. The relative palaeo-water depth was reconstructed according to the change of Mn/Fe ratio,kerogen types,algae fossils and Tulotomoides. By synthetic analysis with the authigenic clay minerals,sedimentary structure and sedimentary facies,the palaeo-water depth interval was calculated by weighted average method. The results show that it was shallow water sedimentary environment with the quantitative palaeo-water depth ranging from 4,m to 15,m during the depositional period of the top of middle submember of Member 1 of Shahejie Formation in Nanpu sag. During the depositional period of lower submember of Member 1 of Shahejie Formation, the palaeo-water depth changed from 4 m to 30 m. It is indicated that the palaeosalinity and palaeo-water depth depended relatively on the palaeoclimate and ancient terrain background.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 173-184 [Abstract] ( 1089 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 860KB] ( 444 )
185 Wang Honghao,　Li Jianghai,　Sun Weitong,　Li Weibo,
Global palaeo-plate reconstruction and lithofacies palaeogeography in the Silurian
Based on the method of palaeomagnetism,we reconstructed the global plates in Silurian. Furthermore,we added some updated data such as the global tectonic setting,global current system,distribution of climate zone,lithofacies palaeogeography and distribution of source rocks in Silurian to the map of global palaeo-plate reconstruction,so the map of global palaeogeography and the map of global lithofacies and distribution of source rocks in Silurian were compiled. The most important characteristics of global plate tectonics in Silurian is the assembly of Laurussia continent and the long-term breakup event occurred in the north of Gondwana. The global scale transgression events in Early-Middle Silurian resulted in epicontinental sea widely developing in the periphery of each plate,so carbonate platform widely distributed in the periphery of Gondwana and most areas of Siberia and Laurussia in Silurian. High temperature and a wide range of epicontinental sea made contribution to the prosperous of creatures in Silurian,which offered abundant petrologen for the development of source rocks. In addition,the effects of upwelling current and transportation of large rivers in Gondwana resulted in the development of thick black shales in the west of Gondwana(North Africa and Arabia),which is the most important source rocks in Silurian.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 185-196 [Abstract] ( 1368 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5659KB] ( 757 )
197 Li Xiong
Recognition of palaeogeographical pattern and organic reef distribution in the Late Permian Changhsingian in western Hubei and eastern Chongqing
The stratigraphic,paleontological seismic facies and seismic data illustrated that Lichuan and Shizhu area had syneclises during the Changhsingian of Late Permian which are called Lichuan syneclise and Shizhu syneclise respectively. Based on the above findings and previous research results,the author advanced a new view about the palaeogeographical pattern and reef distribution in the Changhsingian of Late Permian in western Hubei and eastern Chongqing,i.e.,all the Lichuan syneclise,Shizhu syneclise and western Hubei Basin controlled the palaeogeographical pattern with the platform and basin alternatively arranging in western Hubei and eastern Chongqing,and the organic reef had a banding distribution along the above mentioned three platform edges. The western Hubei Basin formed in the depositional period of Member 1 of Changxing Formation,with a steep platform edge which developed the steep slope reef during the Changhsingian. The Lichuan and Shizhu syneclises formed during the depositional period of Member 1 and 2 of Changxing Formation respectively,with gentle platform edges which developed gentle slope reefs in the correspondind period. Compared with the gentle slope organic reefs,the steep slope organic reef shows a larger developing scale on horizontal and vertical.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 197-206 [Abstract] ( 664 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5882KB] ( 302 )
207 Niu Jun, Huang Wenhui, Wang Xin
Carbonate petrological characteristics and sedimentary environment of the Upper Ordovician in Bachu area, Tarim Basin
Combined with the profile measurements in the field and the indoor thin section identification,this paper conducts rock components, petrological types and sedimentary environment analysis of carbonate rocks of the Upper Ordovician Tumuxiuke Formation and Lianglitage Formation in Bachu area of Tarim Basin. The results show that the two stratigraphic units have difference in fossil assemblages,granular components and matrix types and texture. The petrological type of Tumuxiuke Formation is only micritic￣bioclastic limestone composed of Ostracodas and Trilobites, while twelve types in Lianglitage Formation are recognized such as pelletoid-algal limestone,intraspararenite,sparry sand￣sized intraclast limestone,algal limestone,micritic limestone with bilclasts and pelletoidal limestone. According to the analysis of petrological types and outcrop observing,the Tumuxiuke Formation carbonate rocks were mainly formed in reef-front slope, while the Lianglitage Formation carbonate rocks were formed in open platform and organic reefs,implying a relatively shallow sedimentary environment. Organic reef facies of platform margin were developed between No.Ⅰ section and No.Ⅱ section,with three algal reefs arranged in turn from south to north.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 207-219 [Abstract] ( 1073 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2539KB] ( 573 )
 
PALAEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
221 Liao Tao, Hou Jiagen, Chen Lixin, Ma Ke, Yang Wenming, Dong Yue, Bai Xiaojia
Fault controlling on non-exposed karst fracture-vug reservoirs of the Ordovician in Halahatang Oilfield,northern Tarim Basin
The carbonate fracture-vug reservoirs of marine facies in Tarim Basin have complicated evolutionary mechanism and extremely high heterogeneity. Fracture-vug reservoirs in weathering crust of buried hills in the typical region of Tahe Oilfield is originated from carbonatic rocks which underwent meteoric water when they were lifted up to the ground. But a large number of non-exposed karst fracture-cug reservoirs exist in non￣exposed district where the Ordovician is complete in Halahatang Oilfield,northern Tarim Basin. Based on ananlysis of reginal geological background,selecting the typical oilfield wellblock,utilizing the petrological and geochemical data,the analysis of non￣exposed karst fracture￣vug reservoirs was carried out, and we concluded that:(1)Meteoric water is the key karst fluid in non￣exposed district,and the hydrothermal fluid have no influence on the formation of the karst reservoirs.(2)There exists structural fractures of two periods and three levels,and strike-slip faults of three periods and two levels in non￣exposed district,and the faults and associated structure fracture is the necessary conditions for the development of karst fracture-vug reservoirs.(3)The fracture-vug reservoirs can be divided into four types,including caves controlled by faults and rivers in early phase,caves controlled by faults in late phase,fracture-vug in early stage and micro fracture-vug in late stage.(4)The development of non-exposed karst fracture-vug reservoirs includes three stages in sequence,including faults forming in the mid-Caledonian,river system incision and dissolution during the depositional period of Lianglitage Formation,faults forming in late Caledonian-early Hercynian. The study made a deeper understanding of fracture-vug reservoir��s formation mechanism and broadened the thought in exploration and production in fracture-vug reservoir.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 221-235 [Abstract] ( 1121 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4302KB] ( 386 )
237 Xu Liming, Li Zhicheng, Liang Xiaowei, Ji Youliang, Niu Xiaobing, Ye Bo, Hao Bingying, Ma Jiye, You Yuan
Formation mechanism for the high-quality reservoir in the Chang 82 Interval of Yanchang Formation in Longdong area, Ordos Basin
The reservoirs of the Chang 82 interval of Yanchang Formation in Longdong area of Ordos Basin have low porosity(average 8.8%)and low permeability(average 0.64×10-3 μm2). The strong compaction is the main reason for the poor reservoir properties,and the carbonate cementation further reduces the reservoir physical properties. Although the reservoir physical property is generally poor,the high quality reservoirs have relatively high porosity and permeability are developed on the background of tight reservoirs. The high-quality reservoirs are analyzed and their typical characteristics are summarized. The statistical results show that the high-quality reservoirs have lower plastic component content,pore types are dominated by dissolution pores and residual intergranular pores cemented with chlorite, and pore structures are mainly small-medium pores with fine-medium throats. Based on the above understanding,the formation mechanism of the high quality reservoirs is analyzed. The study suggests that:High energy and thick sandbodies of distributary channel,mouth bar,etc., are conducive to form high-quality reservoirs;relatively low plastic component content and chlorite rim are in favor of preservation of intergranular pores; and dissolution is the most important diagenesis for the formation of secondary pores.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 237-250 [Abstract] ( 932 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8308KB] ( 291 )
251 Shi Chaoqun,　Wang Yunlong,　Qin Zhi　,Lin Yanbo　,Pan Zhaoguang ,Chen Guohui　,Liu Xiaoqin　,Bao Zhidong,　Tao Zui,　Fang Song, Dou Luxing,　Yao Tingting　,Yang Shangfeng,　Yang Yichun
Quantitative study on diagenesis in reservoirs with extra-low to ultra-low permeability in the Member 4 of Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation in Da��an Oilfield, Songliao Basin
The diagenetic types,intensity,and the influence factors of extra-low to ultra-low permeability reservoirs of the Member 4 of Cretaceous Quantou Formation in Da??an Oilfield are analyzed by using data of thin section,casting thin section,SEM,physical properties,logging explanation and particle size analysis. The results show that:(1)Compaction is the dominant diagenesis which leads to the loss of the pore. The compaction degree is medium,which has a good correlation with the compound sand thickness,sorting coefficient,mud content etc.(2)The carbonate cementation is the second important factor for the poorer physical properties of reservoirs. The cementation degree is quite weak,and the decrease of the porosity caused by cementation is related to the distance from the reservoir to the configuration surface,quartz content,clastic component content and matrix content.(3)The dissolution degree is relatively weak,which can improve the physical properties of the reservoirs. The increased porosity ratio by dissolution has a certain correlation with compound sand thickness and matrix content. The influfence degree of compaction,cementation and dissolution on the physical properties of reservoirs can reflect that the vertical superimposition relationship of sand bodies,thickness of channels,and hydrodynamic intensity can affect the types and intensity of diagenesis.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 251-264 [Abstract] ( 1035 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 13747KB] ( 269 )
265 Yu Jingwei　Liu Ni　Wen Huaguo　Zhu Yongcai　Zhang Zongbin
Analysis of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and prediction of favorable sandbodies in the Upper Jurassic Qigu Formation in Fudong slope area, Junggar Basin
The Upper Jurassic Qigu Formation is the main exploration layer in the Fudong slope area in Junggar Basin.Guided by high-resolution sequence stratigraphic theory,one long-term base level cycle,three mid-term base level cycles and ten short-term base level cycles are divided from Qigu Formation of Fudong slope area in Jungar Basin through outcrops,drilling cores,seismic and logging data. The long-term base level cycles have dominant compositional types of upward-deeper-shallower; upward-deeper and upward-deeper-shallower are two compositional types mainly developed in short-term and mid-term base level cycles,while upward-shallower type is not developed. Sandbodies developed in initial stage of mid-term base level cycles are favorable for reservoirs formation. In the high￣resolution sequence stratigraphic framework,sedimentary system is depicted through many data,and its evolution is mainly affected by tectonic movements. Based on works above,favorable reservoir sandbodies in the Member 1 of Qigu Formation are predicted by effective reservoir thickness,physical parameters and seismic technology of the frequency-divided inversion,and three targets are identified.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 265-275 [Abstract] ( 659 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4801KB] ( 350 )
 
NEW TECHNICE AND METHODS
275 Jin Xiuju,,　Hou Jiagen　Liu Honglei　Zhang Jixi　Liu Hui
Seismic prediction method of permeability of reef bank reservoir with complex pore types in Puguang Gasfield
The reef bank carbonate reservoirs are characterized by various pore types and complex relationship between porosity and permeability. Due to the lack of corresponding rock physics models,seismic prediction of reservoir permeability has been a difficult problem for a long time. Taking Puguang Gasfield as an example,the controlling effect of complex pore types on reservoir permeability and logging response characteristics of different pore types are analyzed,and frame flexibility factor is introduced in this paper to characterize the rock physical parameters variation of samples with similar porosity. In order to make fine interpretation and evaluation of reservoir logging permeability,the discrimination standard of reservoir pore types and reservoir porosity-permeability model are established based on the frame flexibility factor. Rock physical model based on the frame flexibility factor is finally established by analyzing the relationship between elastic parameters of reservoirs with various pore types and the frame flexibility factor. Quantitative prediction of reservoir permeability with complex pore types is realized by pre-stack geostatistical inversion of permeability based on porosity and the frame flexibility factor.
2016 Vol. 18 (2): 275-375 [Abstract] ( 796 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2072KB] ( 468 )
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