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	JOPC 2016 Vol.18 Number 6
	2016, Vol.18 Num.6
	Online: 2016-12-01

	PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY TECTONOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOTECTONICS GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	905	Shao Longyi, Zhang Chao, Yan Zhiming, Dong Daxiao, Gao Caixia, Li Yingjiao, Xu Xiaoyan, Liang Wanlin, Yi Tongsheng, Xu Xihui, Li Guangming, Chen Zhongshu, Cheng Aiguo

		Sequence-palaeogeography and coal accumulation of the Late Permian in South China
		The Late Permian is a significant period for coal accumulation,and during this period minable coal seams were formed in the most parts in South China. Impacted by sea level changes,a full range of facies were developed in the coal-bearing successions,including terrestrial,terrestrial-marine transitional,and marine facies. By means of data from outcrop section and borehole cores,some key sequence stratigraphic surfaces were recognized which including regional unconformities,basal surface of incised valley fills,inter-fluvial paleosol horizons,and facies-reversal surfaces. The maximum flooding surfaces were also recognized by the reginal distribution of marine limestone beds towards palaeo-continent. Combined with the achievements made by previous research on stratigraphic sub-correlation and regional coal correlation in South China,the Upper Permian are subdivided into three third-order sequences and nine systems tracts. The single factor analysis and multifactor comprehensive mapping method was used to reconstruct the lithofacies palaeogeography of each third sequence. The results showed that the coals in sequence I were formed in tide-influenced lower delta plain and lagoon-tidal flat facies belts,with distribution of the thick coal seams being controlled by these facies belts. In sequence Ⅱ,thick coals were developed in delta plain facies belts and the thin coals were formed in the open platform facies belts. The total thickness of coal seams in sequence Ⅱ decreased stepwise from west to east in South China,displaying that the coal in the western part were thickest,the coals in the central part were thin,while no coal were formed in the eastern part. The coals in sequence Ⅲ were formed mainly in delta plain facies belt which was mainly developed in the western part of South China,mainly in the eastern part of the Kangdian Oldland. During this period,the central and eastern parts of South China were occupied by the shallow marine carbonate platform and deep marine facies belts which were not favorable for coal accumulation.
		2016 Vol. 18 (6): 905-919 [Abstract] ( 1023 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3579KB] ( 555 )

	921	Zhang Kaixun, Bai Guoping, Wang Quan, Niu Xinjie, Li Qiuwei, Lu Xiaoxin

		Wireline log response-based recognition and evaluation of diagenetic facies in tight sandstone reservoirs: A case study of the Member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Raoyang sag of Jizhong Depression
		Based on the observation of bore cores and thin sections, combined with well logging and drilling data,this study documents the characteristics of diagenesis and diagenetic facies of the tight sandstones in the Member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Raoyang sag of Jizhong Depression. The sandstones have undergone compaction,cementation,dissolution and fracturing,and they are at the phase A of the intermediate diagenetic stage. Five types of diagenetic facies are recognized on the basis of the type and intensity of diagenesis and diagenetic minerals. They are tightly compacted,clay mineral pore-filling,carbonate cemented,unstable components dissolved and moderately compacted-weakly cemented diagenetic facies. The sonic,gamma ray logs and resistivity,which are sensitive to diagenetic facies,were selected to establish the logging criteria by calibrating cores with logging curves. With the criteria,subdivision and recognition of diagenetic facies were carried out for individual wells,and then the distribution pattern of diagenetic facies in individual wells was figured out. The identified diagenetic facies match with the results of oil testing and petro-physical analysis. A sophisticated approach of diagenetic facies is an important method for predicting sweat spots of tight sand reservoirs.
		2016 Vol. 18 (6): 921-938 [Abstract] ( 1126 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2076KB] ( 429 )

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	939	Qiu Longwei, Yang Baoliang, Zhang Yang, Shi Zheng, Wang Yelei, Tian Meirong, Sui Shuling

		Lake level effect on main sandbodies of delta front: A case study from outcrops of the Jurassic Yan'an Formation in Shenmu area, Ordos Basin
		Outcrop section study can provide abundant geological information from the perspective of 2D or 3D,such as,sedimentary composition,structure construction and contact relations between strata. And it has a great significance for forecasting delta sandbody distribution rule,as well as the establishment of the underground reservoir geological model. The authors take outcrops of shallow-water lacustrine deltas of the Jurassic Yan'an Formation in Ordos Basin as examples. On the basis of lithofacies and sedimentary microfacies study,statistic analysis of thickness and width of single sandbody was made,and sandbody distribution rule of underwater distributary channel,river mouth and sand sheet was studied. The results show that the sandbody width and thickness ratio of the underwater distributary channel and sand sheet is higher at high water level,compared with that at low water level. Given certain water level,A/S value increases as the distance increases from provenance. Affacted by the A/S value which is controlled by water level and the distance from provenance,there are three main vertical superimposition patterns of sandbodies in subaqueous distributary channel and mouth bar,namely overlay type,joint type and isolated type. From overlay pattern to isolated pattern,the A/S value tend to become higher,and connectivity become lower.
		2016 Vol. 18 (6): 939-950 [Abstract] ( 1165 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2519KB] ( 509 )

	951	Zou Niuniu, Zhang Daquan, Shi Ji'an, Jiang Huan, Lu Xinchuan, Zhang Shuncun

		Sedimentary characteristics and evolution of the Middle Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in Shinan area of Junggar Basin
		There are different viewpoints about the sedimentary facies of the Middle Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in Shinan area of Junggar Basin by far. Based on detailed core observations,thin sections and logging analysis,through study on sedimentary characteristics of lithologic types,sedimentary structures and sedimentary sequence was carried out. Combining with regional sedimentary background and tectonic setting,we considered that the sedimentary environment of the Toutunhe Formation in Shinan area is braided delta. Braided delta front sediments were deposited during the depositional period of Member 1 of Toutunhe Formation,the ribboned sandbody of subaqueous distributary channel widely developed. During the depositional period of Member 2 of Toutunhe Formation,braided delta system progradated,braided delta plain appeared at areas close to provenance and sandbodies of braided delta plain were overlapping and widely distributed. During the depositional period of Member 3 of Toutunhe Formation, the lake level rised rapidly,and shallow lake facies were mainly developed in the study area.
		2016 Vol. 18 (6): 951-960 [Abstract] ( 973 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1453KB] ( 459 )

	961	Liu Jianping, Xian Benzhong, Wang Lu, Lu Zhiyong, Li Yuzhi, Liu Saijun, Jiang Jian

		Seismic sedimentology of delta-fed turbidites of the Eocene in Dongying sag,Bohai Bay Basin
		Gravity-flow sandstones fed by sediment slumping on the delta front in lacustrine basin is widely concerned due to their huge oil-gas exploration potential. Lacustrine turbidite reservoirs with small thickness,small scale and multi-layer limited the fine hydrocarbon exploration and development of gravity-flow deposits. Based on studies of sequence stratigraphy,sedimentology,drilling and logging data,and full-covered 3D seismic data,seismic sedimentology of the Eocene delta-turbidite sedimentary system was studied in Dongxin area,Dongying sag. The research shows that the middle sub-member of Member 3 of Shahejie Formation corresponds to a 3rd order sequence that formed under declining base level,and the highstand system tract is characterized by six phases of delta progradations(parasequence sets 5 to parasequence sets 10). According to a case study from parasequence sets 8,three delta-turbidite sedimentary systems from different provenances were confirmed within the 4th order sequence,and the distribution of thin sandstone were identified by strata slices. Seismic velocity heterogeneity in delta-turbidite areas is resulted from particular strstigraphic contact and sharply lateral changes in strata thickness and lithology. Phase adjustment after fine well-seismic calibrating for the target reservoir is the foundation of seismic sedimentology in delta-turbidite system,and restriction from the 4th order sequence(rather than systems tracts or the 3rd sequence boundaries)is the key of ensuring the isochronism certainty of strata slicing. This study shows that seismic sedimentological study restricted by the 4th order sequence provided a powerful technical support for lateral reservoir prediction of thin gravity-flow sandstones fed by delta,and provided a foundation for reconstruction of depositional process and deepening the understanding of depositional rules of deep-water gravity flows.
		2016 Vol. 18 (6): 961-975 [Abstract] ( 1113 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5245KB] ( 540 )

	976	Chen Rong, Wang Feng, Li Yong

		Sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary filling evolution of fluvial facies of the Neogene of gentle slope belt in Huanghua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin
		The Neogene of gentle slope belt in Huanghua Depression of Bohai Bay Basin is mainly composed of continental fluvial sediments. To explore the lithologic-stratigraphic reservoirs by using the theories of sequence stratigraphy is the current focus. The Minghuazhen Formation and Guantao Formation of Neogene in Huanghua Depression are the research objects. Based on the existing core, drilling and seismic data, together with the sequence interface recognition, the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework in the study area was established, including one super long-term cycle sequence, seven long-term cycle sequence and a number of middle-term and short-term cycle sequence. Filled by superposed sand bodies of braided river, the sequence stratigraphic model of multi-fault gentle slope with the structure of unsymmetric type, which only retained the rising stage of base level cycles, was developed in the Guantao Formation. The sequence stratigraphic model of stable slope with the sequence structure of uncompletely symmetrical type, which was mainly composed of rising stage of base level cycles, was developed in the Minghuazhen Formation. The composite sand bodies of braided river on the inside of multi-fault slope break in the early stage of sequence development is the most favorable reservoir sand body in the study area.
		2016 Vol. 18 (6): 976-985 [Abstract] ( 813 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3059KB] ( 440 )

TECTONOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOTECTONICS

	986	Gao Huahua, He Dengfa, Tong Xiaoguang, Wen Zhixin, Wang Zhaoming, He Jinyou

		Tectonic-depositional environment and proto-type basins during the depositional period of Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in Tarim Basin
		Proto-type basin analysis is of great use to uncover the tectonics-lithofacies palaeogeography and restore the basin-mountain coupling process and is of great significance for the guiding of petroleum exploration. Based on the newest data of drillings,seismic profiles and outcrops,with the analysis of sedimentary facies and the combination of basins and orogenic belts,this paper reconstructed tectonic-depositional environment during the depositional period of Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in Tarim Basin and analyzed the features and properties of the basin,by employing the method of “point → line → planar”. During the depositional period of Yijianfang Formation,the Bachu-Tazhong and Tangnan intra-platform uplifts were the denuded zones;low-energy micrite facies were developed in the Shunnan-Tanggubasi-Yudong intra-platform sag;carbonate shoals facies were widely distributed in the Tabei and Gucheng platforms;deep-water nodular limestone and black shale facies were developed in the Kalpin intra-platform basin;the Tadong deep water basin transformed from black shale facies to terrigenous clastic turbidite facies and open platform facies were developed in Kuruktag-Luoxi area. The tectonic-depositional pattern of the Tarim Basin had the interim transition feature from the platform-basin pattern of the Early Ordovician to the uplift-depression pattern of the Late Ordovician,behaving as the palaeogeography differentiation of the Taxi platform and the reversal of the sedimentary properties of the Tadong deep water basin. We suggested that the Tarim Basin had a composite property of intracratonic and craton-margin depressions during the depositional period of Yijianfang Formation,yet overlapped by the foreland basin(Tangnan forbulge and Shunnan-Tanggubasi-Yudong back-bulge)at the southern part of the Taxi intracratonic depression and the extension basin(Kalpin craton-margin extension basin)at the northwestern part of the Taxi intracratonic depression. The tectonic-depositional environment and proto-type basin during the depositional period of Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in Tarim Basin was a response to peripheral tectonic movements.
		2016 Vol. 18 (6): 986-1001 [Abstract] ( 1129 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2491KB] ( 570 )

	1002	Tian Tao, Ren Zhanli, Yang Peng, Cao Zhanpeng, Yang Fu

		Application of multi-methods for recovering denuded strata thickness of the Jurassic and Cretaceous in Yabrai Basin of Inner Mongolia and its geological significance
		Recovery of denuded strata thickness is the foundation of making quantitative analysis of basin burial history,thermal history and hydrocarbon accumulation. In this paper,the denuded thickness of the Jurassic and Cretaceous in Yabrai Basin of Inner Mongolia was calculated by the methods of vitrinite reflectance(R_O),fluid inclusion,interval transit-time and trend surface of formation thickness. The analysis results show that the total denuded thickness of the Jurassic and Cretaceous is 1610.9-2177.0,m, and that of Jurassic and Cretaceous is 930.2-1395.3,m and 0-612.1,m respectively under the constraint results calculated by fluid inclusion and trend surface of formation thickness methods. The denuded thickness of Jurassic appears larger in north and smaller in south, while that of Cretaceous shows diametrically opposed as larger in south and smaller in north. The spatial distribution characteristics of denuded strata thickness indicate that the intensity of tectonic uplift in north was much stronger than that in south during the Late Jurassic and interconverted during the Early Cretaceous. The formation temperature descended and the source rocks were destroyed after the large scale uplifting and denudation,and that restricted the maturity and thermal evolution of source rocks and even the hydrocarbon generation in Yabrai Basin to a certain extent.
		2016 Vol. 18 (6): 1002-1011 [Abstract] ( 759 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 813KB] ( 335 )

GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS

	1012	Yu Kuanhong, Cao Yingchang, Qiu Longwei, Sun Peipei, Yang Yongqiang, Qu Changsheng, Wan Min

		Characteristics of alkaline layer cycles and origin of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in Mahu sag,Junggar Basin
		Ancient Mahu lake was a typical carbonate saline lake in the Early Permian where abundant carbonate minerals(mostly with positive ion of sodium) were deposited. Based on the data of major elements,oxygen and carbon isotope,petrology and mineralogy characters of systematic samples of study core section,rhythm characteristics and their mechanism were discussed. The study core section alternated with soda layers and sedimentary tuff layers. Light soda layers are relatively pure nahcolite and sodium,and have major elements characteristics as follows: High content of Na₂O,low content of CaO,MgO,SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. Dark sedimentary tuff layers developed white spot shaped minerals of shortite,and have major elements characteristics as follows: Lower content of Na₂O,high content of CaO,MgO,SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. Both soda layers and sedimentary tuff layers have high values of δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C,which indicate that sedimentary water has high salinity during the depositional period of whole layers. Light soda layers have higher δ¹⁸O value,which indicate intense evaporation when soda deposited. The study core section can be explained into multiple stages of hot and dry climate and relative humid climate according to the value of δ¹⁸O/δ¹³C. Origin of different carbonate minerals formed in different layers could achieve. Dark layers formed when palaeoclimate was warm and humid that water input was more than water output,and shortite crystaled inter-particles when palaeoclimate transformed into hot and dry. When palaeoclimate transformed into hot and dry, calcium ion and magnesium ran out,nahcolite and baking soda crystaled with strong evaporation. Frequent changes of palaeoclimate have produced saline cycles of soda layers and sedimentary tuff layers.
		2016 Vol. 18 (6): 1012-1029 [Abstract] ( 1264 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2853KB] ( 482 )

	1030	Luo Wei, Liu Chiyang, Zhang Dongdong, Wang Jianqiang, Niu Haiqing, Guo Pei

		Geochemistry characteristics of the Middle Jurassic Zhiluo Formation in Helan Mountain-Liupan Mountain area and their geological significances
		Helan Mountain-Liupan Mountain area is the key location to study the tectonic background in the west of North China Plate. We collected 20 samples of mud stone and silty mud stone and 1 coal sample in the study area. Then the testing on major,trace and rare earth elements were carried out by bulk rock analysis and ICP-MS,which could help understand the geochemistry characteristics of these samples. The results show: The ratio value of Al₂O₃/SiO₂ stays steady from 0.17 to 0.31 with the average value 0.25; the ratio value of K₂O/Na₂O has a big fluctuation from 0.77 to 73.77 with the average value 9.78; the ratio of Al₂O₃/(Na₂O+CaO)ranges from 0.49 to 96 with the average value 15.68. These ratio values are related to compositional maturity,element migration,hydrothermal fluid and weathering. Strong correlation among some elements is a natural advantage to determine provenance area. The total content of rare earth elements in the fine clastic sediments changes rapidly from 132.16×10μg·g^-1 to 394.47μg·g^-1 with the average value 198.68 μg·g^-1. Meanwhile chondrite-normalized REE patterns reveal a deficit of light rare earth elements while the enriched heavy ones,negative Eu anomal and weak Ce anomaly. All of these characteristics together with UCC normalized REE patterns,ratios of La/Yb,Gd/Yb,La/Th and Hf indicate that the major source rock is felsic rock with slight elder sedimentary rock and basic rock or special minerals,meanwhile, the post￣Archeozoic strata provided most source rocks. The tectonic discrimination diagrams of trace element show the provenance of Middle Jurassic is close to the continental island arc and active continental margin,Mongol-Hinggan and Qilian orogenic belt maybe the provenance of the study area. The ratios of CIA and A-CN-K plots reflect the source rocks had experienced strong weathering with varying degrees in various regions.
		2016 Vol. 18 (6): 1030-1043 [Abstract] ( 1138 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1639KB] ( 404 )

PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

	1044	Liu Jin, Wang Yong, Li Tingdong, Dong Jin, Jiang Nan, Tang Wenkun

		Lake level fluctuations since 12.5 calka BP recorded by lakeshores of the Dali Lake in middle-east of Inner Mongolia
		Middle-east of Inner Mongolia,located in the transitional region of East Asian Summer Monsoon,is sensitive to climate changes. Widely scattered lake sediments provide ideal materials for studying environment changes since the Holocene. Lakeshore sediment, recording the paleolake level directly, could help us understanding the paleoclimate history and reconstructing lake level fluctuations quantitatively combined with high-resolution lake center records. AMS ¹⁴C dating,GPS,DEM and 1︰50000 topographic map methods were applied to investigate the chronology and elevation of lakeshore in the north of Dali Lake. Combined with the sedimentary sequences,the lake level history since 12.5 cal ka BP was reconstructed. The lake level was 1253,m at 12.5 cal ka BP followed by a short duration of transgression until 12.3 calka BP (1266 m) and then began to decline. In early Holocene at 11.2 cal ka BP,the lake level was at 1254,m and showed a rise tendency till 10.7 cal ka BP at 1274,m. Up to mid-Holocene, the lake level continued to rise(at least 1291,m). In late Holocene at 4.8 calka BP,the level fell to 1279,m and then to 1275,m at 4.6 cal ka BP. By comparing with the records of Dali Lake core and other regional lakes,we considered that the lake level fluctuations were consistent with the regional pattern possibly controlled by the East Asian Monsoon. Moreover,the intense lake level fluctuations of the Dali Lake may also be affected by both the regional tectonic activity during late Holocene and drainage system changes caused by head-ward erosion of the Xilamulun River.
		2016 Vol. 18 (6): 1044-1052 [Abstract] ( 1206 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1238KB] ( 567 )

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