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	JOPC 2017 Vol.19 Number 5
	2017, Vol.19 Num.5
	Online: 2017-10-01

	LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOUSES BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY, PALAEOECOLOGY AND PALAEOCLIMATE

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	757	Ji Youliang, Ma Dade, Xue Jianqin, Wang Peng, Wu Yanxiong, Zeng Li, Jin Li

		Sedimentary environments and sedimentary model of carbonate rocks in the Cenozoic lacustrine basin,western Qaidam Basin
		This paper focuses on the lacustrine carbonate strata of the Ganchaigou Formation of Cenozoic in western Qaidam Basin. Based on field outcrop survey,core sample identification, analysis data, and well logging data,the types distribution and sedimentary facies of carbonate deposits in the study area were studied. By analyzing the forming control factors,corresponding depositional model is established to guide the exploration. Research shows that the western Qaidam Basin is a typical saline lacustrine basin. There are four types and 11 kinds of lacustrine carbonates including grain limestone,algal limestone,crystal limestone and peperite carbonate developed in western Qaidam Basin which were mainly deposited in five microfacies of lime-mud flats,grain bank,algal reef,lake-bay and semi-deep lake facies. By analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of different carbonates and microfacies,the conclusion is made that the development of lacustrine carbonates in western Qaidam Basin is mainly controlled by the basin tectonic movements,injection of terrigenous clastics,water palaeosalinity under the ancient climate and palaeotopography with different palaeo-water-depth. On this basis,a comprehensive vertical depositional model of lacustrine carbonate with associated gypsum-salt rock in western Qaidam Basin is established. The research indicated that, during the sedimentary period of the Ganchaigou Formation in western Qaidam Basin, the lacustrine basin was typical saline lacustrine basin with stable tectonic activities; whereas the lake level reached the peak. Carbonate rocks, which were developed in the transgression stage, were frequently interbedded with clastic rocks due to the high￣frequency lake level changes. In the low￣water season, clastic beach bars or delta front deposits were developed at basin slope; while at lake transgression stage, oolitic banks and algal limestones were developed at the basin break in slope, and marlite and lime mudstones were developed in the depression area of the basin.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 757-772 [Abstract] ( 636 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8586KB] ( 493 )

	773	Xi Shengli, Xiong Ying, Liu Xianyang, Lei Jingchao, Liu Mingjie, Liu Ling, Liu Yun, Wen Huibo, Tan Xiucheng

		Sedimentary environment and sea level change of the subsalt interval of Member 5 of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in central Ordos Basin
		The Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the central Ordos Basin is rich in gas resources. However,previous studies generally focused on the palaeo-weathered crust reservoirs in the uppermost part of the Majiagou Formation. Based on cores,thin sections and cathodeluminescence data,we studied the subsalt interval of Member 5 of the Majiagou Formation in the central Ordos Basin. The carbonate-evaporite sediments of the subsalt interval can be divided into ten rock types. On the basis of the macro- and micro-features of all the rocks and their vertical and horizontal combination and distribution,five types of sedimentary environment were recognized in the study area,namely restricted-evaporative lagoon,bank,shallow marine,microbial mound and platform flat. The difference of rock types in each submember and their statistics indicate that the subsalt interval is characterized by cyclical deposition of carbonates and evaporites as well as eustatic sea level change,and each submember represents a transgression or regression. Consequently,the Ma5₆,Ma5₈ and Ma5₁₀ submembers are regressive sediments in restricted-evaporative lagoon,mainly consisting of laminated dolomitic gypsum and micritic dolostone,which reflects a restricted,low-energy and high salinity environment. The Ma5₇ and Ma5₉ submembers are transgressive sediments of bank and microbial mound,which usually make up a complete descending meter-scale sedimentary cycle in vertical together with the adjacent restricted-evaporative lagoon and platform flat,indicating good water circulation and a relatively high-energy open environment.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 773-790 [Abstract] ( 646 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 11810KB] ( 452 )

	791	Yang Renchao, Yin Wei, Fan Aiping, Han Zuozhen, A. J.van Loon

		Fine-grained, lacustrine gravity-flow deposits and their hydrocarbon significance in the Triassic Yanchang Formation in southern Ordos Basin
		With deepening research on the development of shale oil and gas development and related fields,transportation and deposition of fine-grained sediments have been a significant area of research in the stratigraphic community. However,muddy gravity￣flow deposits in the Mesozoic lacustrine environment in China have received little attentions. Based on core examinations,thin section identifications and comprehensive analysis,current study investigate sedimentary features of muddy gravity￣flow deposits in the Late Triassic southern Ordos Basin,and discuss their genesis and classifications. Various types of lacustrine mudstones or shales were recognized in the Yanchang Formation in the southern Ordos Basin,including muddy slumps,muddy debris flows,muddy turbidity currents and muddy hyperpycnal flows. Gravity￣flow deposits are classified into three types, namely sandy gravity￣flow deposits,muddy gravity￣flow deposits and hybrid gravity￣flow deposits. Based on mud contents and gravity flows’ originations, four types of slumps,debris flows,turbidity currents and hyperpycnal flows were inferred. And then they are classified into 12 types based on origination and mud content. Slumps and debrites mainly occur near to toe slope of delta fronts, while turbidites and hyperpycnites are well developed in large extent from delta slopes to basin plains. It is considered that (1) mud can be transported and deposited by active hydrodynamics; (2) fine-grained deposits created by gravity flows take a high percentage in lacustrine mudstones and shales; (3) muddy gravity flows are significant in transportations and depositions of clastic particles,clay minerals and organic matters, and are thus of great significance to hydrocarbon generating,reservoir capability and research on fracturing to unconventional oil and gas.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 791-806 [Abstract] ( 750 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 12720KB] ( 430 )

	807	Liu Lei, Chen Hongde, Zhong Yijiang, Xu Changgui, Wei Peng, Huang Xinyao, Peng Siyu

		Gravity-flow deposits in the Members 1 and 2 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation and their significance for oil-gas exploration in Liaodong Bay Depression,Bohai Bay Basin
		Various gravity-flow deposits have been identified, using cores of the Liaodong Bay Depression in the early stage of faulted-depression phase, which consists of the Members 1 and 2 of Shahejie Formation. Gravity-flow deposits as documented in this study can be divided into turbidities,sandy debrites and slumps and slides based on sedimentary characteristics of cores,logging information and sediment gravity flow theory. These gravity-flow deposits in this period were developed in delta fronts in the Members 1 and 2 of Shahejie Formation which were triggered by paleoearthquakes and gravity. The sediment supply represents the most important controlling factor. With reference to previous studies,and superimposion,distributing locations and connecting-well sections of different gravity-flow deposits,this study establishes the depositional model of gravity flow in delta fronts at the early stage of faulted-depression phase,which can be divided into three facies belts: Slump-root belt,middle-slope belt,and basin plain belt. Based on the analysis of reservoir properties of different gravity-flow deposits,sandy debrites flow and near-source turbidities distributed in middle zone of slope,represtent favorable reservoir for hydrocarbon exploration. The scale of gravity-flow sandbodies in delta front of the Member 2 of Shahejie Formatiom is shown to be larger than that of Member 1. These sandbodies have a good condition of source,reservoir,cap and migration of hydrocarbon accumulation,which has the significance for oil and gas exploration.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 807-818 [Abstract] ( 571 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 14972KB] ( 343 )

	819	Wang Yuan, Lin Changsong, Li Hao, Sun Yanda, He Haiquan, Wang Qinglong, Zhang Manli, Ji Muye

		Characteristics of high-frequency sequence and sedimentary evolution of the Lower Carboniferous in Marsel block,Kazakhstan
		Based on GR and TH/U values and imaging logging data as well as cores and thin sections which could reveal base level and facies changes,18 high-frequency sequences(fourth-order sequences)are identified in the Lower Carboniferous in Marsel block of southern Kazakhstan. Of them, the Tournasion and Viscan sequences are mainly bounded by instantaneous exposed punctuated surfaces and the Serpukhovian sequence by drowned punctuated surfaces. The high-frequency sequence is usually ten meter to several tens meter thick. The tournasian-early Visean high-frequency sequence is relatively thin and does not vary much in thickness,leading to the result that the whole Lower Carboniferous is thinner in the west and north. Lagoon subfacies on both evaporative and restricted platforms,and tidal flat subfacies on restricted platform were developed respectively in lower and upper part of Tournasian-early Visean high-frequency sequences;subfacies in high-frequency sequences of middle-late Visean-Serpukhovian,is changed from tidal flat on restricted platform to tidal flat and shoal-reef complexities on evaporate platform upwards. After genetic analysis of these high-frequency sequences,it is supposed that periodic high-frequency sea-level and climate changes are dominant factors for high-frequency sequence development,however,climate has a more significant influence on later high-frequency sequence development. What’s more,it is indicated that the Marsel block was located in the inner part of a regional rimmed carbonate platform,mainly evolved through three stages in Early Carboniferous: Early(Tournasian)restricted-evaporative platform,middle(Visean)restricted-evaporative platform and late(Serpukhovian)open-restricted-evaporative platform. Obviously,the study of high-frequency sequence could lay the foundation for high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework construction and detailed favorable reservoir identification,correlation and prediction.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 819-834 [Abstract] ( 527 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 16067KB] ( 311 )

	835	Pan Wenjing, Wang Qingbin, Liu Shilei, Feng Chong, Tian Derui

		Origin of lacustrine bioclastic dolostone in the Paleogene Shahejie Formation: A case study in Shijiutuo area,Bohai Sea
		There are several sets of bioclastic dolostone in the Paleogene Shahejie Formation on the north and south of the eastern margin of Shijiutuo uplift,Shijiutuo area, Bohai Sea. The bioclastic dolostone on the south of the eastern margin of Shijiutuo uplift is mainly developed in the Member 2 of Shahejie Formation,while that on the north is mainly developed in the Member 1 of Shahejie Formation. Based on paleontology,thin sections,geochemical data,the petrological and geochemical characteristic are analyzed for the genetic mechanism of the widely developed bioclastic dolostone in this area. According to the rock composition of the bioclastic dolostone,they can be classified into sparry bioclastic dolostone and micrite bioclastic dolostone. Gastropods and ostracodes in the bioclastic dolostone indicate that the bioclastic dolostone on the north and south of Shijiutuo uplift were formed in shallow lake. Pr/Ph values indicate that the bioclastic dolostone in the south formed in an oxidizing environment,while in the north formed in a reducing environment. The carbon and oxygen isotopic values show that the bioclastic dolostone in the south formed in a closed lake with low-temperature and high-salinity environment,and was the result of seepage-reflux dolomitization during the penecontemporaneous period. The compostion of carbon and oxygen isotopes fluctuate greatly in the north. This indicates the bioclastic dolostone was affected by different fluid media in the north. The process of dolomitization in the north can be divided into three stages: seepage-reflux dolomitization during penecontemporaneous period,the isomorphous replacement during burial diagenesis period and hydrothermal action during the late period. It was the result of multi-stage and multi-genesis in the north. This study is of great significance for similar high-quality reservoir prediction.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 835-848 [Abstract] ( 393 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 11434KB] ( 295 )

GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS

	849	Wang Qicong, Wei Wei, Zhao Jing, Ma Yao, Ning Bo, Li Baiqiang, Jin Chengguang

		Geochemical characteristics of dolostone diagenetic facies of the Ordovician in Ordos Basin
		The dolostone, as the dominant rock type in carbonate rocks of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin, is the main reservoir for natural gas. This paper discussed the lithofacise, geochemical characteristics and detecting methods of dolostone diagenetic facies of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin. Based on core and outcrop observation,thin section identification,X-ray diffraction test,elemental analysis,the stable carbon and oxygen isotope test and strontium isotope test,eight kinds of dolostone diagenetic facies were recognized,which formed in the evaporation,poikilohaline,and normal seawater,as well as early and epigenic freshwater,formation water diagenesis environment respectively, and belong to near-surface,weathering crust and deep-buried diagenetic system. The new templates of Fe-Mn,Cs-Sc,(K×Tl)/Na-(Sc×Ni)/Sr,δ¹³C-⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr are created to recognize dolostone diagenetic facies effectively. The evaporated seawater diagenetic facies is rich in immobile elements like Sc,Ni,as well as¹³C and¹⁸O. The poikilohaline and normal seawater diagenetic facies is rich in mobile elements like Cs. The reductive environment diagenetic facies is rich in K and Tl,and the oxidation environment diagenetic facies is rich in Fe and Mn. The epigenic diagenetic facies is characterized by a great deal of adsorbed disperse elements and ⁸⁷Sr. The above results show that the near-surface and weathering crust diagenetic system are key factors to decide lithofacies and geochemical characteristics of dolostone diagenetic facies of the Majiagou Formation in study area,and the microscopic petrography and geochemistry experiment are effective means of research on diagenetic mechanism of dolostone.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 849-864 [Abstract] ( 607 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 6678KB] ( 405 )

	865	Yang Xueqi, Zhong Dakang, Ren Ying, Xie Rui, Jiang Yangjinfeng, Pu Qiang, Zhong Ningcong, Tang Zicheng

		Characteristics and significance of carbon and oxygen isotopes of the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, eastern Chongqing
		To eveluate the paleoceanographic information recorded in the stratigraphic record, carbon and oxygen isotope analyses were conducted for 83 carbonate rock samples from the Longwangmiao Formation of the Lower Cambrian along with outcrop study and thin section analysis. The results (excluding invalid samples)show that the δ¹³C values of carbonate rocks in Longwangmiao Formation vary from -4.300‰ to 2.694‰ with the mean value of -0.031‰ and the δ¹⁸O values vary between -9.880‰ and -0.100‰ with the average of -7.396‰. The vertical variation of δ¹³C shows a decrease trend followed by an increase trend from bottom to top of the studied interval. The carbon isotopic composition is characterized by negative values with frequent occurrences of positive or negative excursions at the lower to middle part of the formation and positive values with small fluctuation at the other parts. The reconstruction of palaeo-ocean environments shows that marine environment was developed around the eastern Chongqing area during the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao stage. The salinity of seawater was low during the Early Longwangmiao stage and high during the later stage. Sea water temperature mainly ranged between 20,℃ and 30,℃,suggesting a warm to hot subtropical climate. Three stages of regression-transgression cycles through Longwangmiao stage were identified. When sea level rises,increased marine productivity and fast burial of organic carbon result in an increase of δ¹³C value. In the case of dropping sea level, the δ¹³C value decreases. During the middle to late Longwangmiao stage,the negative shift of δ¹³C value,low seawater level and the high salinity provide favorable conditions for the development of dolomites.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 865-878 [Abstract] ( 492 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3751KB] ( 380 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOUSES

	879	Qu Haizhou, Sun Yaobin, Zhang Yunfeng, Pan Wenqing, Zhang Zhenghong, Yuan Ping, Fan Kunyu, Zhong Zhiqi

		Characteristics of fabric selective pore distribution in carbonate sequence stratigraphy framework: A case study from platform margin facies of the Upper Ordovician Lianglitage Formation in Tazhong area,Tarim Basin
		The fabric selective pore is an important pore type of reservoir in the platform margin of the Upper Ordovician Lianglitage Formation in Tazhong area,Tarim Basin. The distribution of fabric pores in the sequence stratigraphy framework is not clear. Based on the analysis of mass data of cores,thin sections,well logging and seismic data,the fabric selective pores in Lianglitage Formation in sequence stratigraphy framework were classified into seven types,including solution interparticle pore,solution intraparticle pore,moldic pore,interparticle pore,fenestral pore,biointraparticle pore and growth framework pore. Within the high￣frequency sequences, the fabric selective pores usually develop in the upper part of the reef-bank complex,which is interpreted to be exposed to the vadose zone and phreatic zone during the relative sea level drop. These fabric selective pores usually form a 10-40 m thick layer ,and each type of pores displays a distinct vertical distribution pattern. The development of fabric selective pores is controlled by the humid paleoclimate, frequent changes of relative sea-level, high deposition rate and the original high permeability in reef-bank complex in the platform margin. In the third order sequence,the layer of fabric selective pores mainly develop in the high stand system,and are distributed in the Member 3-Member 1 of Lianglitage Formation. Vertical distribution of fabric selective pore can be grouped into 5 stages,most of which are distributed in the progradational parasequence sets of 6, 8 and 9 followed by the aggradational parasequence sets of 5,7 and 10. From east to west,the amount, thickness and porosity of the fabric selective pore layers decrease across the study area,with the dominant types of fabric selective pores gradually changing from solution intraparticle pore,solution interparticle pores,moldic pores,biointraparticle pores into fenestral pores,solution intraparticle dissolved pores and solution interparticle dissolved pores.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 879-891 [Abstract] ( 653 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3256KB] ( 356 )

	892	Wang Yang, Liu Luofu, Li Shutong, Ji Haitao, Li Linze, Luo Zehua, Xu Tong

		Diagenesis and densification process of the Chang 8 Interval of Triassic Yanchang Formation, western Jiyuan area, Ordos Basin
		The mechanics of diagenesis and densification of the reservoir rocks from Chang 8 Interval,Triassic Yanchang Formation,western Jiyuan area,Ordos Basin were investigated through analyses of cores,cast thin sections,scanning electron microscope images,carbon and oxygen isotopes,and fluid inclusion. The reservoir rocks are mainly composed of lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite. The reservoir rocks went through diagenesis processes include compaction,pressure solution,cementation,alteration,dissolution and structural fracturing so that the reservoirs are considered to be at late middle-diagenetic stage A. The typical diagenesis sequence includes mechanical compaction,cementation of cholorite rim,cementation of early micritic calcite,cementation of quartz overgrowth,dissolution of feldspar and rock fragments,cementation of authigenic kaolinite,cementation of authigenic quartz and cementation of medium term(ferrous)calcite in choronological order. The results show that: (1)The close proximity towards provenance and rapid fluctuation of lake level contributed to sediment supply. Facies distribution is the main control of reservoir properties where distributary channel facies and interdistributary bay facies show favorable and low reservoir qualities,respectively. (2)The original porosity of Chang 8 Interval during early burial stage is 41.35% and decreased rapidly due to compaction,resulting in a 50.67 percent drop of original porosity. Cementation resulted in an additional 37.48 percent decrease of original porosity. Dissolution increase the porosity by 3.26%,howeverthe reservoir quality is still limited with this slight increase of porosity. (3)The sedimentary and diagenetic factors above lead to the densification of the Chang 8 Interval reservoirs in western Jiyuan area,and the densification process of Chang 8 Interval can be divided into four periods: Rapid porosity reduction through compaction,porosity reduction through early cementation,porosity increase through dissolution and densification through cementation. (4)The porosity of the reservoir is far below 10% during hydrocarbon accumulation,therefore,the reservoirs of Chang 8 Interval are interpreted to be densified through compaction prior to hydrocarbon accumulation.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 892-906 [Abstract] ( 722 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8379KB] ( 301 )

	907	Sun Jing, Wu Aicheng, Wang Ran, Zeng Delong, Wang Feng, Xue Jingjing

		Characteristics and origin of deep tight sandstone gas reservoirs of the Jurassic Sangonghe Formation, Mosuowan area, Central Depression,Junggar Basin
		The characteristics and origin of densification of the tight gas reservoirs from the Member 1 of Jurassic Sagonghe Formation,Junggar Basin were investigated through analyses of cores,thin sections and scanning electron microscope images,and well logging data. The results show that: (1)The studied reservoirs can be categorized as typical deep tight sandstone gas reservoirs that show ultra-low porosity and permeability with average burial depth lower than 4500 m. (2)The reservoir sandstones are interpreted to be subaqueous distributary channel sandstones that were formed in a shallow-water deltaic to lacustrine environment. (3)The lithology of the reservoir rocks is dominated by fine- to silty-fine-grained sandstones with high components of lithic grain and ductile lithic grain and low components of cement. (4)The pore space of the reservoir is mainly characterized by a mixture of pore types with middle to fine pores and fine throats. The throats and pores are highly heterogeneous with poor connectivity and percolation. Finally,lithological composition,compaction and cementation are considered to be the main controls of the formation of the studied tight gas reservoirs.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 907-918 [Abstract] ( 432 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5660KB] ( 281 )

BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY, PALAEOECOLOGY AND PALAEOCLIMATE

	919	Fan Ruoying, Gong Yiming

		Focus and frontiers of ichnology in the 21st century: Outline of the 14th International Ichnofabric Workshop
		The 14th International Ichnofabric Workshop was held successfully in Taiwan University of China from April 29th to May 2nd. From the oral presentations,posters,intra- and post-workshop field trips,and workshop discussions,a few promising aspects of ichnological study can be outlined: (1)Ichnotaxonomy is,and will be the major endeavour of ichnologists,supplying important behavioural information for palaeontological studies,and also providing reasonable,objective,and convenient taxonomical framework for further sedimentological and palaeoecological exploits;(2)Ichnofabric analysis is widely applied to in-depth sedimentological studies,offering a wealth of biological information that cannot be properly obtained from traditional sedimentological and geochemical analyses;(3)Study of trace fossils in the context of evolutionary palaeoecology sheds light on some intriguing issues in the biological responses during certain critical events in Earth’s history;(4)Work on combining geomicrobiology and ichnology is under way;(5)Particular fossil behaviour such as stalking is first reported,expanding the range of fossil behavioural patterns;(6)Quantitative morphological characterisation and statistic approaches have become increasingly useful in grasping the finer ingredients of functional morphology, and it is urgently needed that quantitative description and analysis of environmental parameters based on ichnofabric analysis be proposed in the near future.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 919-926 [Abstract] ( 470 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 6262KB] ( 327 )

	927	Ma Yaling, Ye Yu, Wan Jinhong, Fang Xiuqi

		Analysis of heavy rain-flood-disaster process of the flood disaster in Hai-he River basin in 1939
		The year 1939 was one of the extreme flood years in the Hai-he River basin in the 20th Century. Based on historical records and hydrological observation data,we analysed the process of rainfall,the route of flood and the damages of the flood disaster in 1939 in Hai-he River basin. Results are as follows: (1)The flood disaster that was caused by three large-scale concentrated torrential rain in July and August happened in July 9-15,July 23-29 and August 11-13 respectively. The centers of the three storm were in Changping-Zijingguan-Zhongtangmei area,where the rainfall reached over 1000 mm and gradually decreased from the center to eastward and westward. (2)The water levels of the rivers in Hai-he River basin rose and fell following with the change of the rainfall in July and August by lagged one to two days. All rivers reached their maximum flow and the highest water level,and began to overflow and burst,after the rainfall in July 23-29. The water levels began to fall lowly up to the end of August,when the rain season stopped in the upper reaches of the Hai-he Rivers. The water levels of rivers in Tianjin municipality dropped rapidly in mid-September,but the flood did not ended until October. However,the waterlog lasted to 1940. (3)The flood disaster in 1939 occurred both in the north part and the south part of the Hai-he River basin. More than 150 counties were in the flood area. In most of the counties,the harvest was reduced or even no harvest production. The counties with more than 80% damaged cropland were along the lower reaches of the Daqing River and Yongding River,and the area of the lower reaches of the South Canal near by Tianjin municipality.
		2017 Vol. 19 (5): 927-934 [Abstract] ( 526 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5536KB] ( 340 )

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