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JOPC 2021 Vol.23 Number 3
2021, Vol.23 Num.3
Online: 2021-06-01
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
 
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
461 Mei Ming-Xiang
Radial ooids induced by photosynthetic biofilms: an example from the Cambrian Miaolingian Zhangxia Formation at Jiawang section in Xuzhou city of Jiangsu Province,North-China Platform
Recent continuous studies on the modern marine aragonite ooids in Bahama demonstrate that microbes and extracelluar polymeric substances(EPS)are very important in the formation of ooids,which results in an important scientific understanding,i.e. these ooids can be regarded as “laminated organic sedimentary structures”that own the formation characteristics of microbiolith systems. Nevertheless,the formation of ooids presents many mysteries and complexities caused by many reasons: (1)3.0 billion years’ development history;(2)diversified formation environments;(3)characteristic composition of minerals;(4)a variety of sedimentary structures. There are still many strong debates on where and how do these ooids form,and what kinds of biological and abiotic processes they record. The oolitic beach facies limestone found at the upper part of the Miaolingian Zhangxia Formation at the Jiawang section in Xuzhou city of Jiangsu Province are made of calcite,radiative oolites,which show radial,radial-concentric,and micritic sedimentary structures. Plenty of excellent Girvanella fossils are preserved in the core and cortex of these ooids,as well as the clump or clot among ooids,and the dark micrite that are composed of irregular agglomerate and clots. These dark micrite represent the characteristic photosynthetic biofilm,which provides the direct microbial evidence for the formation of radiate oolites in the Miaolingian calcite sea. Besides,the complex genetic relationships with the photosynthetic biofilm have been established because the Girvanella are the fossils of filamentous cyanobacteria that is similar with the recent calcified Plectonema and the modern Scytonema. Although the deposition of radial-fibrous calcite formed at the cortex of radiate oolites cannot be interpreted as the results of direct microbial precipitation,these radiate oolites present the important evidences that are possibly nourished by the photosynthetic biofilm which promotes the accretion of the cortex made up of radial and fibrous calcite in the Zhangxia Formation. Ultimately,our studies provide an important example for the further understanding of the “ooid dilemma”,which also provides an important evidence for the cayanobacterial bloom in the Cambrian Miaolingian calcite sea that is coincided with metazoan radiation.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 461-488 [Abstract] ( 539 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 24764KB] ( 377 )
489 Li Zeng-Xue, Li Ying, Liu Hai-Yan, Wang Dong-Dong, Wang Ping-Li, Song Guang-Zeng, Li Xiao-Jing, Jia Qiang, Zhao Hong-Gang
Method and application of lithofacies palaeogeographic dominant facies: also discuss the lithofacies palaeogeography in broad and narrow sense and some new research directions
This paper puts forward the idea and method of dominant facies in the research of lithofacies palaeogeography. The dominant facies division is connected by the depositional duration and depositional thickness,which are confined by isochronous interface. The dominant facies analysis shows both qualitative and quantitative characteristics. In other words,based on various qualitative and quantitative key factors or index data that reflect the characteristics of sedimentary environment in a certain period or stage,using the workflow from point to line,line to plane,two dimensions to three dimensions,the dominant sedimentary facies or lithofacies of the aimed stage or period are determined. The dominant sedimentary facies or lithofacies should provide the dominance of sedimentary duration,show the superiority of sedimentary material expression,and demonstrate the rationality and comprehensiveness of the overall background and environmental pattern of the basin or block. It is pointed out that the dominant factor(or the dominant parameter)is the basis and premise of determining the dominant facies. In this paper,concepts of lithofacies palaeogeography are divided into the broad sense and the narrow sense which are based on the aspects of research content,accuracy,theory depth,research area and application. However,the differences between these two concepts can only be distinguished by comprehensive comparison and analysis,rather than by one or two indicators. This paper also discusses seven newly emerged directions of lithofacies palaeogeography research,such as sequence stratigraphy-lithofacies palaeogeography,tectonic-lithofacies palaeogeography,quantitative lithofacies palaeogeography,biology-lithofacies palaeogeography,coal forming lithofacies palaeogeography,reservoir lithofacies palaeogeography,etc.,which show distinctive characteristics and are an important development of lithofacies palaeogeography. These new research directions can be used to analyze lithofacies palaeogeography in both broad and narrow sense according to the research purpose and the actual exploration target. Based on the division of Cenozoic isochronous strata and the establishment of isochronous stratigraphic framework,the lithofacies palaeogeography of Qaidam Basin in the key period has been restored by using the idea and method of dominant facies analysis.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 489-506 [Abstract] ( 581 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2327KB] ( 328 )
507 Gao Zhi-Yong, Shi Yu-Xin, Feng Jia-Rui, Zhou Chuan-Min
Role of gravel in analysis on migration of source area and lake shorelines in lacustrine basin
Low-resolution drilling and seismic imaging in the low-exploration area of the orogenic-basinal regions in the central and western parts of China is complicated. It is difficult to use traditional seismic facies, logging facies or core data to study the palaeogeographic features of the archetypal basin. We established the relationship both between gravel and transport distance, and between gravel development and shoreline migration in the pre-modern alluvial fan, fan delta plain, river and other sedimentary facies. The distance between several outcrops and shorelines from Jurassic to Cretaceous in the Junggar Basin was quantitatively calculated. The evolution process of source area and shorelines of the Junggar Basin in Jurassic to Cretaceous was reconstructed. The palaeogeographic features of the sedimentary archetypes of the basin in the lower-resolution exploration area of the southern and other regions are predicted to provide the basis for predicting the distribution range of the favorable reservoir. The establishment of the delineation of the source area and the quantitative evaluation parameters of the shorelines migration are an important and beneficial supplement for the innovation of traditional sedimentology.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 507-524 [Abstract] ( 486 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 24354KB] ( 519 )
525 Yang Ren-Chao, Li Yang, Wang Yong, Li Wen-Hou, Zhao Yong-Fu
Sedimentary facies of the Carboniferous-Permian residual strata in northern Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin
The Carboniferous-Permian residual strata in the northern Jiyang Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin has become one of the key areas for oil and gas exploration in recent years. In order to clearly understand the distribution characteristics of sedimentary facies and sand body in ancient buried hill reservoir,the sedimentary characteristics of the Carboniferous-Permian in the northern Jiyang Depression of Bohai Bay Basin have been systematically studied based on the stratigraphic division and correlation,well logs,sedimentary structures,lithology and sedimentary sequences. Results show that the thickness of the Carboniferous-Permian strata in the buried hill area has changed rapidly,and the Shiqianfeng Formation have been almost eroded. During the Carboniferous-Permian period,the study area underwent the evolution process of alternating continent-marine facies,continent-marine transitional facies and river facies. During the Benxi and Taiyuan Formations depositional period,the lagoon,tidal flat and barrier island facies developed in the study area. The delta facies developed in the Shanxi Formation depositional period,and it was mainly characterized as the delta plain deposits,which can identify the detailed facies such as distributary channel,interdistributary channel,natural levee and peat swamp. During the Upper and Lower Shihezi Formations,braided river facies was the dominated sedimentary facies and it was divided into channel bar,channel lag deposits and floodplain microfacies. The sand bodies in the Benxi and Taiyuan Formations are spotted distributed under control of the evolution of sedimentary environment. The sand bodies of Shanxi Formation,the Lower and Upper Shihezi Formation are distributed in a banded strip near NE to SW direction. The studies on the sedimentary facies and distribution law of sand bodies in the buried hills of the northern Jiyang Depression can provide key geological basis for oil and gas exploration in the ancient buried hills.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 525-538 [Abstract] ( 538 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 9491KB] ( 290 )
539 Li Rui-Jie, Wang Qiang, Zhao Yong, Wei Bo, Sun Yong-Hua
Stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of Borehole ACX03 at Langgu sag in Hebei Plain since the Late Pliocene
Base on the 14C age and magnetic stratigraphy of Borehole ACX03 with the depth of 300.0 m,and is located in the northeast part of Langgu sag,Hebei Plain,the Quaternary stratigraphic framework of borehole was established. Based on the core sediment, logging curves and micropaleontological characteristics,the paper divided sedimentary intervals and analyzed sedimentary environment of Borehole ACX03. The results show that: the B/M and M/G polarity boundaries of Borehole ACX03 are located at 83.8 m and 220.2 m,the age of the hole bottom is about 3.2 Ma,13 sedimentary intervals was divided. The Pliocene(220.2~300.0 m)in Borehole ACX03 was river and floodplain deposit which mingle Lakes deposit,the Lower Pleistocene(85.2~220.2 m)was river,lake and floodplain deposit,the middle Pleistocene(61.5~85.2 m)was branched channel deposit which mingle floodplain and interfluvial-limnetic deposit,the Upper Pleistocene(23.2~61.5 m)was floodplain and branched channel deposit,and the Holocene(0~23.2 m)was flood plain and curved-oxbow lake deposits. Comparison of the Quaternary strata of Borehole ACX03 and adjacent boreholes shows that the differential subsidence of the early Pleistocene is strongest,and then it gets weaker and weaker until the Holocene in Langfang-Gu’an area of Hebei Plain.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 539-554 [Abstract] ( 475 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 9746KB] ( 217 )
555 Tai Zi-Han, Xiang Fang, Chen Zhuo-Hua, Li Lei, Yu Xian-Tao
Early Paleogene climatic features in Emei area,western Sichuan: evidence from geochemistry and magnetic susceptibility in the lower part of the Mingshan Formation
The Early Paleogene is a typical “greenhouse climate” period of the Phanerozoic,and also the last warm period prior to the Cenozoic “icehouse climate”. There is a complete set of lacustrine strata of the Paleogene Mingshan Formation in the Emei area,western Sichuan,which can provide useful information about the Cenozoic major geological events and evolution of palaeoclimate. On the basis of previous studies,element ratio,magnetic susceptibility and macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of rocks are used to study the Early Paleogene climate evolution and the formation mechanism of magnetic susceptibility in the Emei area. The results show that the study area had a tropical-subtropical hot and arid climate during the early Paleogene,which was a continuation of the late Cretaceous hot and arid climate,but the dry and heat degree significantly reduced compared with that in the Late Cretaceous. Moreover,there were some cycles of hot and arid-warm and humid climate,and severe climatic fluctuation stage during the Early Paleogene. The dry and wet change of the climate is the main reason for the variability in the magnetic susceptibility of the strata in the study area. Its high values reflect the humid climate,and low values reflect increase of drought. The position where the magnetic susceptibility fluctuates obviously in the strata may correspond to the period when the East Asian monsoon began to affect the Emei area.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 555-564 [Abstract] ( 473 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 6028KB] ( 221 )
 
BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY
565 Deng Zhen-Zhen, Xiong Cong-Hui, Huang Pu, Xue Jin-Zhuang
Studies of diversity of the Late Devonian-Early Triassic sphenophytes from China
Taxonomic and morphological diversities of fossil groups are two fundamental aspects in studying macroevolution of life,but previous studies have paid little attention to the latter. Late Paleozoic sphenophytes are easily to be recognized and have a rich fossil record,but their diversity pattern remains little known. Based on a compilation of the genera and species record of the Late Devonian-Early Triassic sphenophytes from South China and North China blocks,and a compilation of leaf morphological characters of some selected leafy species,the macroevolution pattern of early sphenophytes is studied with respect to their taxonomic and morphological diversity. The genus/species richness of the sphenophytes from China shows continuous but uneven increase during the Late Paleozoic,including the initial diversification during the Late Devonian,a slow rise from Visean to Sakmarian,and a rapid rise from Sakmarian to Wuchiapingian;and then,the richness sharply declines at the end of the Permian. The diversity per million years also shows significant decease at the Permian-Triassic transition. Sphenophytes from South China are less diverse at both the generic and specific levels than those from North China,and their diversity reaches the peak during the Capitanian-Wuchiapingian;genus diversity of sphenophytes from North China reaches the peak during the Kungurian-Roadian. Leaf morphological diversity of sphenophytes from China,decoupled from the taxonomic richness,is smaller in the Famennian and early Carboniferous,reaches the peak in the Pennsylvanian,and then slightly declines and remains stable in the Permian. Leaf morphologies of the Late Paleozoic sphenophytes show evolution in the following aspects: increase of leaf area;leaf lamina varying from divided to undivided;leaf tip varying from split to round or obtuse round;same-sized leaves to different-sized leaves in the same leaf whorl,and showing leaf mosaic. These changes might be related to variations of light intensity at the understory levels of the Paleozoic plant communities.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 565-580 [Abstract] ( 479 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4404KB] ( 344 )
581 Wang Rui, Jiang Bao-Yu
Reconstruction of the Late Cretaceous paleoriver systems in China and their effects on distribution of hadrosaurs
The Upper Cretaceous in China is featured by fluvial deposits,such as channels and floodplains,in which abundant hadrosaur-dominated dinosaurs and dinosaur trace fossils are preserved. Whether these Late Cretaceous fluvial deposits belonged to certain large-scale paleoriver systems or not,and how the distribution pattern of paleoriver systems affected the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems,have not been well studied. In this paper,U-Pb ages of 2357 detrital zircons from nine Late Cretaceous terrestrial basins in China are collected. Based on provenance analysis on these detrital zircons,the distribution pattern of the Late Cretaceous paleoriver systems and provenance directions are discussed. The results show that there existed SW-NE oriented,large-scale river systems in southern China in the Late Cretaceous. Contrary to the eastward and southeastward drainage directions of modern river systems,the Late Cretaceous paleoriver systems drained from an inferred coastal plateau in eastern China to the west and southwest,and resulted in widespread web-like riverbank and floodplain deposits in southern China. In contrast,basins in northern China were separated by paleo-uplifts,from which most of the sediments were derived. The drainage systems of the studied basins in northern China were largely independent from each other. These complex drainage basins in northern China created many isolated habitats where a unique East Asia hadrosaur fauna evolved. In contrast,the riverine deposits of the river systems in southern China are featured by fossils of dinosaur eggs and footprints,and only few dinosaur skeleton fossils. This feature probably resulted from the hot and arid climate in southern China,which was not suitable to hadrosaur-dominated dinosaurs as a perennial habitat. They instead may have migrated through or laid eggs along the river systems seasonally.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 581-599 [Abstract] ( 554 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 21609KB] ( 577 )
600 Zhou Xiao-Mei, Jin Xin, Wu Qiang-Wang, Ge Yu, Shi Zhi-Qiang
Enlightment of fish coprolites characteristics on lake ecosystem in Early Jurassic Toarcian: taking the Da’anzhai Member in northeast Sichuan Basin as an example
The Toarcian oceanic anoxic event(T-OAE,Early Jurassic)was an episode of profound environmental changes marked by a global carbon-cycle perturbation,marine mass extinctions,and black-shale deposits. Morphological description and inclusion analysis of fish coprolites collected from the Da’anzhai Member of the Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation in the northeast Sichuan Basin were carried out in this paper. We found that the interior of coprolites is composed of abundant organic matters,silts,incomplete clay minerals,phosphorous fossils,undigested fish bone,and a large number of ostracods. According to the morphology and microscopic examination of the coprolites,we speculate that they originated from lungfish. The fish coprolites were deposited in an intermediate to deep lake. During the Da’anzhai depositional period,the surface water of the Sichuan lake was enriched in oxygen,and the lake ecological system was healthy. The bottom of the lake was characterized by deposits of black shale,which implies an anoxic and reducing environment. The T-OAE fish coprolites may suggest a stratified water column in a Toarcian lake. The above results may provide a basis for the study of sedimentary response and ecological impact in the lake of Toarcian oceanic anoxic events of early Jurassic.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 600-609 [Abstract] ( 469 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7563KB] ( 230 )
 
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
610 Wang Ze-Peng, Wu Wen-Ming, Liu Jian-Zhong, Du Yuan-Sheng, Zhang Ya-Guan, Fu Yong, Chen Guo-Yong, Li Lei, Tan Dai-Wei, Wang Da-Fu, Pan Qi-Quan, Wang Xiao-Yong, Huang Yi, Wan Da-Xue
Geochemical characteristics of the Sinian Yangshui Formation and their implications for palaeoceanographic environments in central Guizhou Province
To reconstruct the palaeoceanographic environments during the Ediacaran Doushantuo period,this study focused on the phosphatic sequences of the Xiaohe(XH)and Xifeng(XF)phosphorite orefield to reveal the interaction between deposition of phosphorites and their sedimentary environments,by means of identification of rock and minerals,SEM,trace and rare earth elements analyses on phosphatic samples. Research results show that deposition of phosphorite was controlled by palaeo-morphology of shallow shoals around the Qianzhong Oldland. The ratio of Sr/Ba in phosphatic samples in Yangshui Formation is commonly larger than 1,and the average value is 1.90(XH)and 0.95(XF),respectively. The Sr/Ba ratio of samples in the Chenjiang Formation is less than 1 with average values of 0.11(XH)and 0.18(XF). The different results of the Sr/Ba ratio suggest transformation from lacustrine environments in the Chengjiang period to marine environments. The ratios of V/Cr and Ni/Co in phosphatic deposits in the Xiaohe Yansgshui Formation are 1.77 and 2.17,respectively,and 1.26 and 2.83 in the Xifeng section,collectively indicating suboxic to oxic environments. The values of δCe in the Xifeng phosphorites are limited between 0.75 and 0.95 with a mean value of 0.85,and those in the Xiaohe phosphorites are 0.74 to 1.09(mean value of 0.88). Increase of negative Ce anomalies from the bottom to the top of the Yangshui Formation shows that sedimentary environments transferred from suboxic to oxic. The change of paleo-ocean geochemical values suggests the increase of the ocean productivity in coastal environments,stimulating deposition of biological action induced phosphorite,and the life evolution also changed the oxygen content and distribution in ocean. Therefore,the transformation of phosphogenesis environments is a positive response to the Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event and life evolution.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 610-624 [Abstract] ( 528 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 17603KB] ( 277 )
625 Wu Wen-Ming, Yang Rui-Dong, Liu Jian-Zhong, Wang Ze-Peng, Luo Chao-Kun, Ye Tai-Ping, Feng Kang-Ning, Yang Guang-Hai, Wang Long-Bo, Liu Song, Wang Da-Fu, Huang Yi, Pan Qi-Quan, Zhang Cheng
Sedimentary characteristics and biophosphorization of the Sinian Yangshui Formation in Longshui, Kaiyang, Guizhou Province

The Kaiyang phosphate mine has attracted much attention due to its thick and rich phosphate ore resources. In this paper,stratigraphy,petrology and sedimentology are studied for the phosphorous-bearing Yangshui Formation in Longshui,Kaiyang,and the sedimentary environment and phosphorus formation are discussed. The lithologic assemblages of the phosphorous-bearing rock systems in the area are clay rock-dolomite-clastic phosphate rock-siliceous rock-micritic phosphate rock-stromatolite phosphate rock. In the Doushantuo age,the Longshui area was a coastal tidal flat close to the old landmass,and experienced transgression-regression twice. The sedimentary environment of the Doushantuo age changed from the barrier-free beach in the early stage to the tidal flat in the late stage,indicating a relatively dynamic environment with frequent sea-level fluctuations. The dense micritic phosphate rock,cylindrical stromatolite and phosphate biological aggregates rich in biological fossils belong to the original phosphate rock. The phosphate content of the three lithofacies is high,belonging to the high grade phosphate block rock. The depositional environment was likely a low-energy subtidal zone with medium-acidity to weak alkalinity. The close relationship between organisms and high grade phosphate rock suggests that organisms played an important role in the formation of high grade phosphate rock. Its formation has three prerequisite conditions: seawater rich in phosphorus,biological mass reproduction and conducive to biological reproduction and phosphate crystal environments.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 625-638 [Abstract] ( 508 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3435KB] ( 228 )
639 Chen Guo-Song, Meng Yuan-Lin, Huan Jin-Lai, Dai Tian-Jiao, Xiao Li-Hua, Zhou Wu
Quantitative evaluation of impact of authigenic chlorite on reservoir quality: a case study of the Member 3 of Weizhou Formation in Weixinan sag, Beibu Gulf Basin
In order to quantitatively study the impact of authigenic chlorite on reservoir property, different analytical results, including conventional core analysis, scanning electron microscopy, thin section identification, laser particle size analysis and clay mineral X-ray diffraction, were used to illustrate the impact of authigenic chlorite on quartz overgrowth, pore structure and reservoir property under the limited controlling factors of reservoir,taking the reservoir of the Member 3 of Paleogene Weizhou Formation in Weizhou-12-X oilfield in Weixinan sag, Beibu Gulf Basin as an example. The comprehensive score evaluation method is put forward to quantitatively evaluate the controlling effect of authigenic chlorite on reservoir physical property. The results show that the “controlling pore throat” effect in fine sandstone with low chlorite content(20%~30%)and high quartz overgrowth and calcite content(7.3%)is equivalent to that of fine sandstone with high chlorite content(30%~40%)and low quartz overgrowth and calcite content(2.4%)when the rock dissolution is stronger than the chlorite precipitation, and their “controlling pore throat” effects are complementary. The “controlling porosity and permeability” effect of authigenic chlorite restrict with other factors (e.g., grain size, sorting, contents of cement and clay), which shows complementarity and difference. The “controlling porosity and permeability” effect of medium-grained sandstone with relative low chlorite content is equivalent to the fine-grained sandstone with relative high chlorite content. The “controlling porosity and permeability” effect of authigenic chlorite in the fine-grained sandstone with low clay content is weaker than that of the fine-grained sandstone with high clay content. In short, for a given lithofacies, there is a positive correlation between the contents of coated or lined chlorite and porosity and permeability, while it shows a negative correlation between the content of pore filling chlorite and porosity and permeability.
2021 Vol. 23 (3): 639-650 [Abstract] ( 580 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1590KB] ( 191 )
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