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JOPC 2006 Vol.8 Number 3
2006, Vol.8 Num.3
Online: 2006-06-01


MINERAL RESOURCES
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY
NEW TECHNIQUES AND NEW METHODS
 
285 Gu Jiayu, Zhang Xingyang, Guo Bincheng
Characteristics of sedimentation and reservoir of the Donghe Sandstone in Tarim Basin and their synthetic analysis
The Donghe Sandstone was broadly deposited in the early stage of the marine transgression, but it is not an isochronous stratigraphic unit It was deposited from the late Late Devonian to the early Early Carboniferous with various depositional ages in different areas. It has an outstanding feature of filling and leveling up. Its sedimentary facies were controlled by the marine transgression speed, the sediments supply and the pre-transgression palaeotopography. In the northern Tarim Basin, which was blocked by the Tabei paleo uplift, the seawater stayed around the paleo uplift for a long period, combined with this, the coarse grained sediments supply, the shore beach deposits were developed. In the central Tarim Basin, however, the sedimentary facies are complex because of the complex topographic setting. Fluvial deposits were developed in the basal conglomerate member, and estuary and shore beach deposits in the massive sandstone member and the sandy conglomerate member. Different members have their own characteristics of composition, sorting and grain size While in other gentle slope and flat areas of the Tarim Basin, rapidly-deposited shore and shelf sediments were developed during the transgressive period Controlled by the sedimentary environments, the effective reservoirs of the Donghe Sandstone are distributed in certain zones. Besides the sedimentary factors, the low paleogeothermal gradient and the short-term deep burial history are the other two crucial factors controlling the development of the high-quality Donghe Sandstone reservoir.
2006 Vol. 8 (3): 285-294 [Abstract] ( 5 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 35860KB] ( 0 )
317 Lin Chunming, Li Yanli, Qi Binwen
Research status and exploration potential of biogenic gas
This paper summarizes the characteristics and research progress of biogenic gas, with an emphasis on the genesis, geochemical characteristics, exploration and research status, formation mechanism and controlling factors of biogenic gas. It introduces the concept and characteristics of the biogenic gas system, and finally describes the distribution of biogenic gas pools and prospectivity of biogenic gas in China. Biogenic gas is the final product of the degradation of organic matter by anaerobic microorganisms in the biochemical process zone of deoxidization environment. It mainly consists of methane, and also contains some carbon dioxide and tiny amounts of nitrogen and other trace gases. The δ13C1 values for the biogenic methane gas are generally lower than -55‰. Biogenic methane gas mainly results from acetate fermentation and carbon dioxide reduction. Formation of the biogenic gas is affinitive with depositional environment, paleoclimate, types and abundance of organic matter, water medium’s characteristics, geological process and depositional time Biogenic gas is shallowly buried and widely distributed. Biogenic gas pools are developed in delta, continental shelf and continental depositional environments. The geological ages of reservoirs are Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary. In terms of reserves, the Cretaceous is the most important and followed by the Paleogene and the Neogene. The Quaternary biogenic gas pools are generally of small sizes Exploration and study history of biogenic gas in our country is not long, but biogenic gas resources are abundant and their exploration potential is encouraging.
2006 Vol. 8 (3): 317-330 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 52861KB] ( 0 )
353 Shao Longyi, He Zhiping, Gu Jiayu, Luo Wenlin, Jia Jinhua, Liu Yongfu, Zhang Lijuan, Zhang Pengfei
Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Paleogene in Tarim Basin
The Paleogene is a period when the Tarim Basin transformed from a marine influenced to a non-marine influenced basin. The marine transgression in the basin was from the northern branch of the Tethy to the west. The sediment provenances were the old southern Tianshan to the north and the old Kunlun Mountains to the south, and the depocenters were located at the western Kuga Depression and the western Southwestern Tarim Depression. From the Paleocene to the Early Eocene (during the deposition of the Kumugeliemu Group and its equivalents), the Kuga Depression was developed with shoreline, lagoon, tidal flat and fan delta environments, and was lithologically dominated by conglomerates, sandstones, carbonates and gypseous rocks. The Southwestern Tarim Depression was developed with open platform, nearshore restricted platform, evaporate platform, and braided delta environments, and lithologically dominated by carbonates, gypseous rocks and coarse sand stones These two old depositional depressions were separated by an extensive palaeo-uplift which coincided with the current Northern Tarim Uplift and Northern Depression structural zones. From the Late Eocene to Oligocene (during the deposition of the Suweiyi Formation and its equivalents) , the entire Tarim Basin was mostly submerged and was developed with a wide coastal to shallow lake that received deposition of interbedded siltstones and mudstones. The marine successions were restricted to the west ern corner of the Southwestern Tarim Depression and marine influence became less evident than that in the Paleocene to the Early Eocene. The paleogeographic units of this period were mainly estuarine, lagoon, littoral shallow lacustrine, as well as braided deltas On the whole, during the Paleogene, the Tarim Basin experienced a shallow water environment dominated by fan deltas of the early phase and the littoral to shallow lacustrine environment of the late phase, with a tropical to subtropical arid paleoclimate Paleogene.
2006 Vol. 8 (3): 353-364 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 41617KB] ( 1 )
365 He Youbin, Gao Zhenzhong
Sedimentary facies of the Liushagang Formation of Paleogene in Fushan Sag of Hainan Island
The deposition of the Liushagang Formation of Paleogene coincided with the main basin forming period of the Fushan Sag. During this period, the subsidence was rather significant and the surface relief was rather steep. As a result, the deposits of deep lacustrine and braided delta were well developed. Based on the comprehensive analyses of the core and the well logs and seismic data, the sedimentary facies of the Liushagang Formation have been studied. The individual well sedimentary facies and the plane sedimentary facies analyses indicate that the braided delta and lacustrine facies are two major sedimentary facies in the Liushagang Formation, which can be further subdivided into seven sub-facies and thirteen microfacies. During the deposition of the member 3 of the formation, the braided delta deposit was most developed, and it covered half of the study area. The semi-deep and deep lacustrine sub-facies were restricted to the northern part of the study area During the deposition of the member 2, the maximum lake transgression occurred in the Fushan Sag. The deep lacustrine facies was most developed so that the semi-deep and deep lacustrine sub-facies nearly occupied the entire northern half of the study area After this stage, the areas surrounding the sag uplifted greatly. Thus the sedimentary area of the member 1 of Liushagang Formation was much smaller than that of the member 2, but its pattern of sedimentary facies distribution was similar to that of the member 2. Based on the analyses of the isoline maps of ZTR index, the percentage of sandstones (and conglomerates) , and the distribution pattern of sedimentary facies, we conclude that the source of sediments are mainly from the Hainan Uplift, south part of the Fushan Sag. In addition, there are two secondary source areas that are located in the east and west.
2006 Vol. 8 (3): 365-376 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 42812KB] ( 0 )
377 Jin Zhenkui, Qi Congwei, Xue Jiangin, Wang Chunsheng
Sedimentary facies of the Paleocene Miocene in Jieli su Hongshan area in north margin of Qaidam Basin
On the basis of all kinds of stratigraphic and petrologic data of outcrop and well sections, the maps of single factors and sedimentary facies of the Paleocene Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene were compiled with the single factor analysis and multifactor comprehensive mapping method proposed by Professor Feng Zengzhao. It is the first time to apply this method to study sedimentary facies of the Paleocene Miocene in the Qaidam Basin. There are two types of sedimentary facies in this region: the alluivial fan and the braided fluvial river. The latter is further sub-divided into gravelly and sandy braided fluvial facies. The sedimentary systems were alluvial fan braided fluvial river-lacustrine depositional systems during the Paleocene-Eocene, and braided fluvial river-lacustrine depositional systems during the Oligocene-Miocene. From Paleocene to Miocene, the sedimentary facies evolved from the extensive alluvial fan to the braided fluvial river environment.
2006 Vol. 8 (3): 377-388 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 36566KB] ( 1 )
389 Wang Guanmin, Dong Chunmei, Zhao Yongsheng, Gao Yufei
Shell sediments on tidal flat near Dongying Harbor of Yellow River Delta
Abundant shell sediments are developed on the muddy tidal flat near the Dongying Harbor of Yellow River Delta. Shells can be easily transported by water due to their special shapes. Many factors can lead to the formation of shell sediments such as winnowing of wave, barrier of eroded crater and plant, block of bank, decline of flood current speed related to topographic and geomorphologic features and shape of flood current. These shell sediments show many different depositional configurations, including some configurations related to flood current such as pit, glomerate socket, steep chimb, groove, sheet, zone, and mixing deposition of tidal channel and some configurations related to wave such as bank, obstructed deposit by mound Shelly depositional configurations change greatly with the declining manner of flood current speed Small fluctuation of tidal flat surface, sediments of tidal flat surface and its cohesiveness all can influence the depositional configuration of shell sediments, especially the glomerate socket and steep chimb. Depositional hydrodynamic force of shell sediments on the tidal flat is obviously different from the normal sandy conglomeratic beach, oolitic shoal and intraclastic beach. Thus, the abundance of shell sediments can not generally be grouped to beach or bar sediments.
2006 Vol. 8 (3): 389-396 [Abstract] ( 2 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 26286KB] ( 1 )
397 Ji Youliang, Du Jinhu, Zhao Xianzheng, Zhang Yiming, Zhang Ruifeng
Sequence stratigraphy and evolution models of the Paleogene in Raoyang Sag, Jizhong Depression
Based on the identification features of continental stratigraphic sequences on seismic profiles and wire line logs, the characteristics of lithologic combination and palaeontology, the Paleogene in the Raoyang Sag is divided into three second order sequences and ten third order sequences. Third order sequences Ⅰand Ⅱ are lacustrine sequences developed in the initial rifting phase of basin formation, while sequences Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅵ and Ⅶ are lacustrine sequences developed in the strong rifting phase, and sequences Ⅷ,Ⅸ and Ⅹ are fluvial sequences. Lacustrine sequences can be divided into three system tracts: low stand, transgressive and high stand system tracts. Fluvial sequences can be divided into base level rising and base level falling system tracts. Based on the identification and correlation of sequence stratigraphic units, sequence stratigraphic models of the target strata in the study area are established according to the characteristics of the stratigraphic sequences, the tectonic evolution history and paleontography reflected by the variation of strata thickness. A preliminary analysis is made on the relationship between sequence stratigraphic models and oil gas exploration potentials, and the stratigraphic oil pools in each sequences are predicted/
2006 Vol. 8 (3): 397-406 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 35320KB] ( 2 )
407 Qi Jiafu, Yang Qiao, Cheng Xiushen, Neng Yuan, Xie Chen, Xu Zhengqiang
Distribution of original stratigraphic thickness of each member in the Paleogene and its tectonopalaeogeographic implication in Dongpu Sag, Henan Province
The Dongpu Sag is located in eastern Puyang County, Henan Province, i. e. in the southern Linging Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin. The Paleogene consists of members 1 to 4 of Shahejie Formation and the Dongying Formation. The distribution of original stratigraphic thicknesses shows that the Dongpu Sag was a rifted basin in the Paleogene, while the characteristics of different periods were obviously different. During the deposition of Member 4 of Shahejie Formation, a rifted basin with multi subsiding depocenters was developed and its depocenters were not fixed. During the deposition of Member 3 of Shahejie Formation, the Lanliao fault was the main boundary fault controling the Dongpu Sag. A rifted lake basin constructed by complex half graben was developed and it was characterized by two NNE subsiding depositional belts. The differential throw of the fault controlling the sag along the strike direction caused the migration of local subsiding depocenters along the axis in the subsag. During the deposition of members 2 and 1 of Shahejie Formation and Dongying Formation, an anti-S shaped subsiding depoaxis was developed in the Dongpu Sag, which reflects that the vertical displacement in the southern Lanliao fault is obviously smaller than in its middle segment, and the throwments of the Changyuan and Huanghe faults in the southern basin apparently increased. The tectonopalaeogeography in the Paleogene probably resulted from the change of lithospheric dynamic mechanism which led to the development of the rifted basin.
2006 Vol. 8 (3): 407-414 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 25600KB] ( 1 )
415 Fan Junxia, Li Hongwei, Zhu Xiaomin, Tian Shicheng
Characteristics of strike-slip structure and rules of hydrocarbon accumulation in northern Liaodong Bay
The dextral strike-slip structure styles were typically developed in the northern Liaodong Bay. The characteristics are as follows: echelon faults are developed along the strike-slip fault zone, flower structures can be seen in the sections, strike-slip faults are distributed as S-shape and fault troughs and fault noses are alternately distributed along the strike-slip fault zone. Studies show that the dextral strike-slip structures were controlled by the stress field of south north extension and west east compression in which the fault troughs and the fault noses were alternatively distributed due to the changes of the local stress field along the strike-slip fault zone. The stress concentration and the strata compression occurred at the S-shaped constraining bends, while the stress relaxation and strata extension happened at the anti-S-shaped releasing bends. Therefore, the fault noses are generally formed near the constraining bends while the fault troughs near the releasing bands of strike slip structures. Hydrocarbon migrated from fault troughs to fault noses and petroleum were finally accumulated along the constraining bends. It is significant to study the characters of the strike-slip structures for trap prediction and prediction of rules of hydrocarbon accumulation along the strike-slip fault zone.
2006 Vol. 8 (3): 415-418 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 15177KB] ( 1 )
 
MINERAL RESOURCES
295 Zhu Xiaomin Mi Lijun Zhong Dakang Zhang Qin Zhang Shanwen Lv Xixue
Paleogene diagenesis and its control on the reservoir quality in Jiyang Sag

It is demonstrated that the Paleogene reservoir came through compaction, cementation and other diagenesis by the analysis of lab data.The mechanical compaction was main one, not the compaction-dissolution. The cementaion involved quartz growth, carbonate and clay mineral formation.The carbonate cements formed in two fifferent phases,the clay calcite was developed in the early phase on the shallow strata, but the crystal calcite on the middle-deep strata.The dissolution of calcite and feldspar was obvious.The pore evolution went through primary to secondary pores.The pore size was affected by the dissolution of calcite and feldspar,as well as cementation of carbonate.The early cementation of calcite was favorable for the late the development of secondary pores.There was a different depth of secondary pore development in different regions in Jiyang sag.From the west to the east in Jiyang sag, the depth of secondary pore growth was increased,that was 1500-2400m in western Huimin depression, 1650-2450m in middle Dongying depression,then 2200-2700m in Chezhen depression and 2300-3500m in Zhanhua depression ,the characteristics of secondary pore distribution was influnced by the migration of sedimentation center.

2006 Vol. 8 (3): 295-305 [Abstract] ( 2217 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 665KB] ( 728 )
307 Yue Laiqun Li Yongtie Shi Xiaoying
Geologic characteristics  of black shale in the Lower Cretaceous and its resource significance of oil and gas in Kuco-Gamba Basin, Tibet

The Kuco-Gamba basin with east-west direction of apical axis is located at the Nyalam and Gamba Counties in Southern Tibet. This area belongs to the northern Himalayas tectonic district. The major sedimentary materials were clastics in Lower Cretaceous and black shale mainly concentrates to the Fourth-Fifth Kuco Formation and Dongshan Formation. The sedimentary materials of black shale were very fine-clastic and they were mainly composed of argillaceous and douke sedimentary. The ratio of sand/mud when the sedimentary process finished was low. There were some rhythmic layering which was composed by fine grained sandstone and siltite in submarine fan. The black shale richly contains lot of siderite and calcareous aerites produced under a reduction special marine condition. There are a few ammonite fossils and so on in it. The sedimentary face changed slowly and the seawater was in a low-energy and strong reduction environment. The rare earth assemblage pattern of douke in black shale extremely approach the basalt standard pattern and this demonstrated that the sedimentary possibly accompanied by the volcanic activity even involved with mantle materials. The thickness of Lower Cretaceous black shale in this
basin is huge and the structure is simple. Its comprehensive geological characteristic demonstrated there are good conditions for hydrocarbon producing. Some positive factors will be worth taken in the future potential appraisal of oil gas resources in northern Himalayas.

2006 Vol. 8 (3): 307-316 [Abstract] ( 2019 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 513KB] ( 638 )
 
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY
331 Gao Zhenzhong He Youbin Liu Chengxin Xing Fengcun Wang Changyong
History, present state and prospect of the study of deep-water traction current deposits

Deep-water traction current research is a comparative new domain of sedimentology. China scholars did contribution in this domain and have advantage and peculiarity in it. Deep-water traction current deposits mainly include two types, contour current deposits, internal-wave and internal-tide deposits. Contour current has been studied since the early and middle part of 1960’s. Early research was mainly refers to fine, lamina and small-scale contour current deposits. Now the advanced development have related to broad scale contour lithohermic body of lithoherms research. Internal-wave and internal-tide research began in 1990’s. Early research start with discriminating internal wave and internal tide deposits of small magnitude and now is the stage of study of large-scale sediment waves on deep-sea bottom. The main effort of future contour current research should put on the contour lithoherms in the stratigraphic record, particularly discovering and studying of contour lithoherms made of clasolite. The geologic body of inter-wave and inter-tide that have most mineral value is made of large sedimentary-waves. The first large sedimentary-wave has been discriminated in middle Ordovician system in Tarim Basin and find out it is hydrocarbon potential. View the situation of internal-wave and internal tide, China is likely keep leading in international in this domain.

2006 Vol. 8 (3): 331-338 [Abstract] ( 2169 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1278KB] ( 979 )
339 Gu Jiayu Zhang Xingyang Guo Bincheng
Characteristics of sedimentation and reservoir and synthetic analysis of the Donghe Sandstone in Tarim Basin

 Donghe Sandstone was deposited in the early stage of sea transgression from the end of Devonian to the early stage of Carboniferous, Donghe sandstone is not an isochronous stratum with various depositional ages in different areas. As a kind of broadly-developed deposits in the early stage of transgress, Donghe sandstone has an outstanding feature of fill and level up. The important controls of the development of depositional facies are the transgress speed, the sediment supply and the pre-transgression paleo-relief. In northern Tarim Basin, blocked by the Tabei paleo-uplift, seawater stayed around the paleo-uplift for a long period, which, combined with the coarse-grained sediment supply, promoted the development of shore beach deposits. In central Tarim Basin, however, the deposit types are diversiform with the complex topography background. Fluvial deposits developed in the bottom conglomerate section, and estuary and shore beach deposits in the massive sandstone section and the sandy conglomerate section. Different section has its own characteristics of grain component, grain selectivity and grain size. While in the other gently-slope and flat areas, rapidly-deposited shore and shelf sediments developed during the transgressive period. Controlled by the depositional environment, the effective reservoir of Donghe Sandstone distribute regionally. Beside the depositional factor, the low paleo-geothermal gradient and the short-term deep-burial history are the other two crucial controls of the development of the high-quality Donghe Sandstone reservoir.

2006 Vol. 8 (3): 339-352 [Abstract] ( 2377 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 491KB] ( 1144 )
 
NEW TECHNIQUES AND NEW METHODS
419 Sun Hongjun
Application of information technology to enhance palaeogeography research

Palaeogeography is a branch of geosciences that studies natural geographical features in the geological history. The research targets are the variance history of ocean and continent, and the distribution and characteristics of the internal palaeogeographic unit. Palaeogeography research in China mainly comes from stratigraphy, tectonics, palaeontology, sedimentary petrology, Quaternary geology, etc. Thus branch disciplines are originated and developed. There are many types of palaeogeographic maps, including tectonic palaeogeographic maps, palaeonotological palaeogeographic maps, lithofacies palaeogeographic maps, qualitative palaeogeographic maps, quantitative palaeogeographic maps, palaeogeographic maps in different geological time and on different scale, etc. maps are the concentrated expression of the study of palaeogeography. The development of modern computer and information technology provides a series new method for palaeogeography research. Palaeogeography database can be established with various information acquisition and management methods. Palaeogeography information of multi-source and multi-scale can be organized with spatial data model. Palaeogeography environment can be reconstructed with 3D modeling and virtual reality technique. Palaeogeography research achievements can also offer better service with Internet development. The syncretism of palaeogeography research and information technology can advance the research method and level, also can supply effective technology supports for sedimentary mineral deposits in geological history.

2006 Vol. 8 (3): 419-426 [Abstract] ( 2031 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 500KB] ( 418 )
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