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	JOPC 2012 Vol.14 Number 5
	2012, Vol.14 Num.5
	Online: 2012-10-01

	LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	553	Chen Shiyue, Wang Ling, Zhou Qingbo, Bai Jingbo, Li Wentao, Sun Tingbin, Han Min

		Characteristics and sedimentary evolution of the Member 1 of Paleogene Kongdian Formation of Weibei Sag in Shandong Province
		Based on the comprehensive analysis of cores， drilling well，logging and seismic data，the stratigraphic characteristics and sedimentary evolution in the Member 1 of Paleogene Kongdian Formation in Weibei Sag was analyzed.This study suggests that the Member 1 of Kongdian Formation was divided into 3 sub-members，containing 11 sand sets.Controlled by Tangwu-Gegou fault in the west and Changyi-Dadian fault in the east，the strata developed stably in the east and west，only in the northern sub-sag belt strata became thicker.Controlled by Gucheng-Weihekou fault in the northern Weibei Sag，the strata overlapped towards the south and thinned generally from north to south.Fan delta facies and lacustrine facies mainly developed in Member 1 of Kongdian Formation in Weibei Sag，and delta developed in small scale in the southern slope belt.During the development of the lower submember of Member 1 of Kongdian Formation，sediment supply was abundant，which formed the large-scale fan-deltas in northern sub-sag belt，Wacheng fault-step belt and Zaohu fault-nose belt.During the development of the middle submember of Member 1 of Kongdian Formation，the depth of water became shallower and sediment supply decreased，fan-deltas inherited the development in northern sub-sag belt，Wacheng fault-step belt and Zaohu fault-nose belt，which distributed in small scale.During the development of the upper submember of Member 1 of Kongdian Formation，the depth of water became the shallowest，the whole area developed shore-shallow lacustrine facies，and only small-scale fan-deltas developed in Wells Yangxie 4 and Chang 11.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 553-564 [Abstract] ( 2917 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4287KB] ( 887 )

	565	Song Guoqi, Wang Yanzhang, Lu Da, Yan Ruiping, Yang Jing

		Controlling factors of carbonate rock beach and bar development in lacustrine facies in the Chunxia submember of Member 4 of Shahejie Formation in south slope of Dongying Sag,Shandong Province
		The carbonate rock beach and bar is an important sedimentation type in rift lacustrine basin.This paper studies the control on the formation and distribution of carbonate rock beach and bar and studies the elements such as the palaeoclimate，palaeogeomorphology，palaeoprovenance，palaeowater depth，palaeosalinity，and puts forward the “five-palaeo” control model for the submember of Chunxia of Member 4 of Shabejie Formation in south slope of Dongying Sag, such as “the palaeoclimate is the background，palaeogemorphology and palaeoprovenance is the condition，palaeowater depth is the key，the palaeosalinity is the guarantee”.The evaporation in relatively dry and moderate temperature and thermal geologic climate environment is relatively powerful and is favourable for 　forming carbonate　rocks of lacustrine facies.The subaqueous uplift and slope are the favorable area of carbonate rock beach and bar sedimentary facies.The lower degree of clastic rock source providing is the favorable locality of carbonate rocks development. The palaeowater depth of 3-32m or so is the main area for the carbonate rocks development.The palaeosalinity offers the substance guarantee for the carbonate rocks development and it controls the distribution of the dolomite and limestone.Using the dominant factor analysis the authors make sequence array on the controlling factors.The palaeogeomorphology is the main factor， provenances and palaeowater depth is the secondly，and the palaeosalinity is the factor with the lowest control.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 565-570 [Abstract] ( 2749 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2876KB] ( 863 )

	571	Cui Xiaozhuang, Jiang Xinsheng, Wu Hao, Xiong Guoqing, Zhuo Jiewen, Lu Junze

		The Paleogene aeolian dunes and their palaeogeographic significance in Yanyuan Basin，eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
		Red sandstones with large-scale cross-beddings in high dip angles were developed in Yanyuan Basin during the sedimentary period of Eocene Lijiang Formation.Its exact origin is significant for revising the Paleogene palaeogeographic pattern in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and reconstructing the evolutionary process of the Cenozoic arid belt and palaeoclimate in East Asia.Sedimentary characteristics of these red sandstones from the Eocene Lijiang Formation in　Yanyuan Basin were systematically analyzed in this paper.The results show that their lithology，grain size distribution，surface features of quartz grains and sedimentary structures are clearly different from aqueous deposits，but perfectly consistent with the corresponding sedimentary characteristics of typical aeolian dunes，indicating that these red sandstones should be attributed to aeolian dunes.Combined with the Paleogene palaeoclimate state，atmospheric circulation pattern and geotectonic setting of the study area，it is further inferred that the Eocene aeolian dunes in Yanyuan Basin could be deposited in the desert environment，which was located in the Chinese Paleogene arid belt.Furthermore，on the basis of existing relevant research data，it is also confirmed that there was an aeolian dune enrichment zone in eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau during the Early-Mid Paleogene epoch.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 571-582 [Abstract] ( 3243 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2776KB] ( 982 )

	583	Shi Zhensheng, Xie Wuren, Ma Shiyu, Li Guoxian

		Transgression sedimentary records of the Members 4-6 of Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin
		In recent years，the controversy about whether continental facies or marine facies of the upper Triassic in Sichuan Basin is increasingly attracting attention.Correct understanding of this problem is not only the key to our interpretation of the formation and evolution of Sichuan Basin，but also the key to natural gas exploration of the Xujiahe Formation.Based on comprehensive investigation of provenance，sedimentary structures，clay minerals，boron and organic geochemical analysis of potassium and other evidence，it is believed that Member 1，Member 2 and Member 3 of the Xujiahe Formation were deposited in marine environment，while Members 4， 5 and 6 were effected by transgression because of uplifting of the southern section of the Longmen Mountain and gradually lost contact with the open sea of Sichuan Basin.Five aspects showing transgression exists: ①Petrographic thin section analysis of 1000 wells shows that the southern section of Longmen Mountain was not lifted or not lifted completely out of water in the Late Triassic，and Sichuan Basin was still connected to the open sea;② There exists a large number of plumes and bidirectional cross-bedding，double-clay layer structure，layer and fold the whole vortex structure in the Members 4-6，indicating tidal influence during this period;③ After deposition of the Member 4，kaolinite began to appear along with predominant presence of illite and chlorite，indicating that acidic water body has started to appear，but it was still contaminated by alkaline water body;④Boron-potassium ratio analysis shows that the ancient water salinity decreased after depositional period of the Member 3，but it was still significantly higher than normal salinity of freshwater lakes(mean 0.5‰)，which manifested there was still a lot of salt water injection during this period;⑤ Organic geochemical analysis indicates that source rock of the Xujiahe Formation has distinct specificities，showing obvious influence of transgression.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 583-595 [Abstract] ( 2637 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2985KB] ( 911 )

	596	Li Fengjie, Meng Lina, Fang Chaogang, Li Lei, Lin Hong

		Palaeogeographic evolution of the Paleogene and Neogene in north margin of Qaidam Basin
		Based on description of outcrop section and cores，drilling well and logging and seismic data，the types of sedimentary facies and their characteristics of the Paleogene and Neogene were studied in the north margin of Qaidam Basin.The research showed that alluvial fan，fan delta，braided fluvial，braided fluvial delta and lacustrine facies were developed in the Paleogene and Neogene.The sedimentary spatial-temporal distribution was affected by the structural framework of basin base，the growth thrust faults of altun slope，the thrust fault in the north margin and palaeo-high land，bringing about the sedimentary system with diversity.By the effect of thrust faults and palaeo-high land，alluvial fan，fan delta and lacustrine facies were present in Lenghu-area，and alluvial fan-braid braided river delta were present in Mahai-Nanbaxian area.The systematic analysis about palaeogeographic evolution was achieved based on the sedimentary facies analysis，and more reliable geological information was provided for the further exploration.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 596-606 [Abstract] ( 2885 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2058KB] ( 766 )

	607	Yang Yuqing, Cui Weiping, Cai Jun, Xu Yueming

		Sedimentary facies of the Member 1 of Paleogene Liushagang Formation of WZ Oilfield in Weixinan Sag，Beibuwan Basin
		The Member 1 of Paleogene Liushagang Formation is the major oil-bearing formation of WZ Oilfield in Weixinan Sag of Beibuwan Basin.The actual drilling results demonstrated its complex origin types，obvious change of sandbody thickness and strong heterogeneity of the reservoir which resulted that not only forecast of sandbody distribution is very difficult，but also the development result is greatly restricted.Sedimentary facies of the Member 1 of Liushagang Formation of WZ Oilfield is finely studied based on cores observation and analysis，in combination with the data of well logging and masterlog，the results show that it is dominated by steep slope fan delta of fault-depressional lacustrine basin，which is mainly the fan delta front subfacies containing abundant gravity flow sediments.The fan delta front subfacies can be subdivided into subaqueous distributary channel，mouth bar，distant bar and interchannel microfacies.The gravity flow sediments include gravity slump，debris flow，turbidity flow and fluidized flow，which are all generally small scale.The sedimentary microfacies maps of the key oil units of Ⅳ interval and Ⅱ interval of the Member 1 of Liushagang Formation are made by ingoing interpretation of the sedimentary microfacies on a single-well section and fine multi-well correlation.According to the maps the whole sedimentary framework of the area is a stable fan dela front and the provenances are from north and northwest.The gravity flow deposits are common from fan delta front to prodelta areas because of steep slope.Moreover，the depositional model of deeper water of steep slope fan delta is established based on characteristics and distribution of microfacies.Analysis of physical property and oil potential of the different microfacies sandbody shows that the subaqueous distributary channel is the best，mouth bar is better，distant bar and distant turbidite are bad.A favorable development area and an adjustment well are proposed which achieves several dozens of meter oil beds and play an important role in production and increasing reserves.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 607-616 [Abstract] ( 2862 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2147KB] ( 746 )

BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY

	617	Liu Yongqing, Kuang Hongwei, Peng Nan, Xu Huan, Chen Jun, Xu Jialin, Liu Hai, Zhang Peng

		New discovery of dinosaur footprints in the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Houcheng Formation at Shangyi， northwestern Hebei Province and its biogeographical implications
		A number of dinosaur footprints have been discovered recently from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Houcheng Formation in Shangyi，Zhangjiakou，northwestern Hebei Province.The trackways and footprints display a east-west trend on the rock surface of the top of the Houcheng Formation.The preliminary research indicates that these trackways comprise theropod and probably swimming sauropod footprints.One trackway consisted of fifteen sauropod footprints and the other footprints cluster including more than seventy theropod footprints were both recognized.The Tuchengzi/Houcheng Formation was deposited in the transitional period from the Yanliao Biota to the Jehol Biota，which was previously considered as poor palaeogeography and palaeoecology and rare dinosaur bone fossils have been found.Frequent discoveries of dinosaur footprints from the Tuchengzi/Houcheng Formation in northern areas of North China suggest that vertebrate of dinosaur mainly was the survival in the transitional period from the Yanliao Biota to the Jehol Biota in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous，and greatly enrich the knowledge on the diversity of dinosaur species and biogeography of the Tuchengzi/Houcheng Formation.Study on the palaeogeography，palaeoecology and dinosaurs in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous is beneficial to reveal the enigma of replacement of terrestrial biotas and environment.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 617-627 [Abstract] ( 3285 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2749KB] ( 881 )

	628	Hu Bin, Wang Yuanyuan, Zhang Lu, Shan Tingting

		Biogenic traces in modern point bar deposits of the Middle-Lower Reaches of Yellow River in Jiaozuo area，Henan Province
		Biogenic traces records are the results of the interaction of organisms and environment and the good indicator of sedimentary environment，climate and the ecological environment.The composition and distribution characters of biogenic traces and their makers in modern point bar deposits of the Middle-Lower Reaches of Yellow River in Jiaozuo area，Henan Province， are as follows:(1)The main trace-makers on point bar near riverbed are birds and Coleptera.The main traces are the feeding traces of Coleptera and birds on the bedding plane.(2)The main trace-makers on distal point bar and temporal channels are insects as mole crickets，crickets and worms.The main traces are the U-shaped，Y-shaped，W-shaped and vertical feeding burrows of mole crickets，crickets and worms in intrastratal bedding as well as F-shaped and Y-shaped feeding and crawling traces developed on bedding plane.(3)The main trace-makers on flood plain are ant lion，cricket，field mouse and spiders.The biogenic traces are characterized by the J-shaped and funnel shaped feeding and dwelling burrows.By means of grain size analysis，admeasurements of total-organic-carbon，plant bacteria colony counting,the abundance and diversity of traces increase with decreasing grain size and increasing TOC in this study area.The depth of traces below the sediment surface is closely related to the food source and amount of bacteria in the sediments.This study is not only significant to identify the biogenic structures and can be applied to the study of fluvial sedimentary environment，ecology，palaeoichnology research，but also is available to the palaeoclimate，palaeoenviroment and palaeoecology reconstruction.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 628-638 [Abstract] ( 2325 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7935KB] ( 704 )

	639	Guo Meie, Jie Dongmei, Ge Yong, Wang Ting, Li Ronglin, Wang Liukui,Wang Peiming, Liu Hongyan, Liu Lidan, Li Nannan

		Phytolith characteristics and their significance of environment in surface soils from wetlands of Changbai Shan area
		Wetlands play an important role in the global environmental change，and phytolith analysis in surface soil of wetlands is a basis for reconstructing the palaeoenvironment in the Quaternary.In this paper，surface soil phytoliths were analyzed in six wetlands from Huanan to Hani in Changbai Shan area.The results show that the phytolith assemblages in all wetlands surface soil samples except for Shalan are similar.Elongate，crenate，rondel and point-shaped phytoliths are dominant，which reveals the cold climate.PCA and cluster analysis are used to find the environmental significance of the phytoliths assemblages in different wetlands surface soils.The results indicate that temperature is the chief factor to control the otherness of phytoliths assemblages in wetlands in Changbai Shan area，at the same time，the types and percentages of phytoliths are closely related to the plants，humidity and elevation in the sample sites.Combining difference analysis with the change trend analysis in phytolith dimension，we can find that the width and length of bicrenate，polycrenate and crenate sinuate as well as the length of elongate psilate，the length of ridge and the height in rondel hipped and width of the point-shaped phytoliths exist significant difference and increase with the temperature.In sum，the phytolith morphotypes in all the sites are similar，but differences in the warm index and the size of the phytoliths are obvious.The result reveals that the phytolith assemblages and the size are sensitive to temperature change.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 639-650 [Abstract] ( 2599 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1524KB] ( 965 )

GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS

	651	Yu Wenchao, Du Yuansheng, Zhou Qi, Jin Zhongguo, Wang Xiaomei, Qin Yongjun

		Biomarkers of bauxite-bearing strata and its geological significance in Wuchuan-Zheng′an-Daozhen area，northern Guizhou Province
		The bauxite deposits between the Carboniferous Huanglong Formation and Permian Liangshan Formation in Wuchuan-Zheng′an-Daozhen area，northern Guizhou Province mostly belong to sedimentary bauxite.Abundant biomarkers including n-alkanes，isoprenoid，terpenoids and steroids in drilling core samples are detected by GC and GC-MS.The results of GC reveal that most of n-alkane in ten samples are composed of n-C₁₄～n-C₃₅ and characteristic of double-peak distribution.CPI ranges from 0.90 to 3.45，indicates obvious odd-even carbon number predominance.Pristane to phytane ratios（Pr/Ph）vary from 0.38 to 0.77.According to the results of GC-MS，the relative abundance from higher to lower is pentacyclic triterpanoids,tricyclic terpane,tetracyclic terpane，and C₃₀ hopane is most abundant in the terpanes，meanwhile，small quantities of gammacerane are detected.Regular steroids distributed in “L” or “V” shape includes a small amount of 4-methyl sterane.Combined with petrographical characters of samples，the biomarker parameters indicate a reductive sedimentary environment which shows slant acidity，the organic matter in bauxite deposit originate from both terrestrial plant and bacteria/algae.It clearly shows double influences from terrestrial and aquatic palaeoecosystems during bauxite forming process.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 651-662 [Abstract] ( 2809 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1428KB] ( 761 )

	663	Zhao Qian, Hu Fangen, Li Zhizhong, Chen Xiuling, Jin Jianhui, Zhang Hui

		Climate change during the Late Pleistocene indicated by major elements of “old red sand” in Keren section at Jinjiang， Fujian Province
		This paper focuses on the research of “old red sand” section of Keren in southeast coast of Fujian Province. We analyzed the content of major elements and ratios of oxide in Keren section，and found that：（1）The old red sand was mainly composed of wet-type elments such as SiO₂，Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃，and their content range change as 68.88％～93.77％，9.03％～19.1％，and 2.14％～5.32％，respectively.Dry-type elements such as CaO、Na₂O and MgO，whose content are all below 0.5％，only the content of K₂O is a bit higher than 2％，showing intensely eluviated.（2）Since the Late Pleistocene，the history of climate change recorded by Keren section can be divided into 4 stages，they are cold-dry，warm-wet，colder-dryer and warm-wet climates.And the major deposition phases of coast eolian sand took place under cold-dry climate during 55.9-43.9 ka BP and 27.0～10.8 ka BP，which had a lower sea level and strong winter monsoon environment.However，during 43.9～27.0 ka BP and since 10.8 ka BP，the climate significantly became warm and humid，also，which had a higher sea level.So，in these phases，the earlier deposition of coast a eolian sand experienced a strong weathering and reddening process.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 663-672 [Abstract] ( 2550 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1233KB] ( 904 )

	673	Gao Xiaoqin, Wang Zhanghua, Li Lin, Wu Xuxu

		Magnetic properties of surficial sediments and distribution of authengenic iron sulfide in modern tidal flat at Yangtze estuary
		The present paper measured grain size and magnetic parameters to examine magnetic properties and the distributions of magnetic minerals，especially the authengenic greigite(Fe₃S₄)along the tidal flat sections from the northern coast of Chongming island，Yangtze estuary.The results revealed that ferromagnetic minerals and superparamagnetic(SP)minerals are predominant in the surficial sediments.Single-domain(SD)and superparamagnetic(SP)grains prevail in the sediments of high to middle tidal flat from progradational coast.By contrast，the major magnetic feature of middle and lower tidal flat sediments from the regradational coast is dominated by pseudo-single domain/multi-domain(PSD/MD)grains，reflecting the hydrodynamic sorting and dissolution of fine-grained magnetite during the early diagenesis.Moreover，authengenic greigite occurs generally in the reed zone of supra and high tidal flat of Beisiyaogang section which is located easternmost，while it also exists locally in the high tidal flat of Beipugang and Xinwei sections，reflecting that organic matter and fine-grained sedments can generate greigite with the limited inundation time of sea water in the study area．
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 673-684 [Abstract] ( 2892 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 755KB] ( 771 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	685	Chen Zhonghong, Wang Shunan, Wang Li, Zha Ming

		Characteristics of formation water chemical fields and its petroleum significance of the Neogene in Dongying Sag， Shandong Province
		On the basis of calculation and analysis of abundant testing data，the characteristics of formation water in the Neogene of Dongying Sag was investigated to show the response of formation water fields of the Neozoic shallow strata in the eastern China.The results showed the obvious differences of the characteristics of the sealing and stagnating formation water chemical field in the Members 3 and 4 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation of Dongying Sag.The Neogene including the Guantao and Minghuazhen Formations is dominated by NaHCO₃ type of formation water with low total salinity(generally less than 5 g/L). According to the vertica1 characteristics of the formation water，three hydrological environments can be classified: Strongly opening formation water alternation belt(0～0.7km)，weak-opening formation water alternate blocking belt(0.7～1.1km)and relatively closing formation water alternate tardy belt(>1.1km).In every belt the total salinity，ions and ion composition ratio had different responses.Comparative to sea water the quantitative relationship between the enrichment of Ca(Ca_excess)and the losses of Na(Na_deficient)of the Neogene in Dongying Sag(Ca_excess≤0.2367Na_deficient-0.6261)shows the obvious characteristics of Na losses，and the enrichment of Ca(Ca_excess)is far lower than the Basinal Fluid Line established by Davisson(1996).This response is obviously different to the Na enrichment in the formation water of the Members 3 and 4 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation closing hydrological-geological system in the same sag.The response of the Neozoic formation water field in Dongying Sag reflects weak evaporation and concentration effect of formation water and strong alternate activities with surface water.Affected by the response of formation water field，the distribution of the relative density of crude oil and natural gas in burial-depth profile has good consistency with vertical zonation of formation water.
		2012 Vol. 14 (5): 685-694 [Abstract] ( 2413 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 727KB] ( 768 )

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