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	JOPC 2013 Vol.15 Number 6
	2013, Vol.15 Num.6
	Online: 2013-12-01

	LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY TECTONOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOTECTONIC QUATERNARY PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	751	Ma Zhanrong, Bai Haifeng, Liu Baoxian, Wang Hongwei, Chen Tiaosheng

		Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Middle-Late Ordovician Kelimoli and Wulalike Ages in western Ordos area
		During the Middle Ordovician Kelimoli Age,a rimmed carbonate platform occurred in western Ordos area,with open marine platform,platform-margin shoal,slope,toe-of-slope,deep shelf and deep trough facies orderly distributed from east to west.Massive calcareous breccias packages in thin or thick lenticular shapes derived by debris-flow from east shallow water facies,accumulated along slope to toe-of-slope,and surrounded by in-site deep water micrite and mudstone.Strong tectonic movement happened during the Wulalike Age,faulting in the western margin and uplifting in the whole eastern Ordos Basin.Sediments restricted by border syn-sedimentary faults.As sea level rising,sedimentary setting changed to relative restricted deep slope-basin.Rocks of the Wulalike Formation are mainly composed of abundant graptolite bearing mudstone and shale,intercalated with several calcareous breccias which transported by debris flow from the early collapsed Kelimoli Formation limestone in the east uplift land.
		2013 Vol. 15 (6): 751-764 [Abstract] ( 1897 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2294KB] ( 786 )

	765	Lu Linlin, Ji Youliang

		Sequence stratigraphic framework and palaeogeography evolution of the Cambrian in Lower Yangtze area
		The Lower Yangtze area was a stable craton basin during Cambrian. It was uplifted in the Center Lower Yangtze area,and downwarped in both the south and the north areas. There were carbonate rock platform facies in the Center Lower Yangtze area,and mainly deep water clastic rock and carbonate rock deposition in the south and the north areas. Based on 12 outcrops observation including Nanjing,Chaohu, Hangzhou and other areas,2 second-order sequences and 14 third-order sequences were recognized,and the sequence stratigraphic framework of the Lower Yangtze area in Cambrian was established. Using second-order sequences system tract as time unit, lithofacies palaeogeography maps of the Cambrian were established.The sequence-palaeogeography evolution was controlled by 3 critical factors.The palaeogeographic framework was relatively stable,and open platform facies, restricted platform facies,platform edge slope facies,basin facies, etc., were successively developed in the Cambrian.
		2013 Vol. 15 (6): 765-776 [Abstract] ( 1750 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1709KB] ( 836 )

	777	Zhang Yunbo, Wang Genhou, Yu Zhengwei, Zhao Zongju, Wang Mingjian, Sun Yanpeng

		Milankovitch cycles and high-frequency sequences of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin
		The Maokou Formation was formed during the middle to late period of the Middle Permian in the Sichuan Basin.By analysing the outcrop lithology of the Maokou Formation and comparing the changes in the carbon and oxygen isotope levels to the sequence characteristics of the Changjianggou outcrop in Shangsi,Guangyuan area,Sichuan,we divided the Maokou Formation into two 3^rd-order type II sequences that can be tracked over the entire basin.The major controlling factors of these two sequences were analysed.Based on these,we carried out spectral analysis of natural gamma spectroscopy data from two typical wells that were drilled through the Maokou Formation. We identified a variety of high-frequency cycles that exhibited the characteristics of Milankovitch cycles and calculated out the average deposition rate and time,in addition to other parameters related to the Maokou Formation.To establish the high-frequency sequence division,we employed a digital filtering process to eliminate the effect of minor factors and only retain the information associated with the major controlling factors.Our research shows that the 3^rd-order sequences of the Maokou Formation were mainly controlled by tectonic movements and global sea-level changes during the formation process.The Maokou Formation shows the stratigraphic features representative of Milankovitch cycles,including long eccentricity cycles(413.0 ka)and short eccentricity cycles(123.0 ka),which control the formation of the 4^th- and 5^th-order sequences(parasequences). For the Well Long 17,the corresponding average cycle thicknesses for these two types of sequences are 13.44m and 4.31m,respectively.The thicknesses are 16.03m and 4.68m for the Well Anping 1. The Maokou Formation developed approximately 154^th-order sequences within approximately 6.11 Ma.By dividing the high-frequency sequences from the superimposed curve containing tectonic setting and long eccentricity data,we believe that the high-frequency interfaces are much closer to the actual development of the Maokou Formation.
		2013 Vol. 15 (6): 777-786 [Abstract] ( 2096 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4111KB] ( 856 )

	787	Zhuo Haiteng, Wang Yingmin, Xu Qiang, Li Dong, Wang Yongfeng, Zhou Chuan

		Sedimentary characteristics and genesis of lateral accretion packages in the Pliocene of Dongfang area of Yinggehai Basin
		Based on the interpretation of seismic profiles，slices and attributes，lateral accretion packages(LAPs) were found in Dongfang 1-1 area of the Yinggehai Basin in northern South China Sea. According to their sinuosity，LAPs can be categorized into high or low sinuous types，which are both characterized by a series of shingled reflections on seismic profiles. However，in the plan view，the high sinuous type is represented by a scrollbar pattern while the low sinuous type is ribbonlike.The LAPs are suggested to be formed by multiple stages of “cut-fill” as well as the subsequent lateral migration. The lower part of LAPs are consisted of coarsegrained reservoir resulting from the amalgamation of channel axis bottom deposits，which have good lateral connectivity and reservoir potential.However，it turns upwards into the combination of sandstones interbeded with mudstones，leading to a low lateral connectivity and quality.The discovery of the LAPs is significant to understand the nature of the deepwater gravityflow systems and also provides potential targets for the hydrocarbon exploration in the study area.
		2013 Vol. 15 (6): 787-794 [Abstract] ( 2069 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2544KB] ( 910 )

BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY

	795	Chen Zhimin, Sun Yuanlin

		*Discovery of color patterned Cranaena(Brachiopoda)from the Lower Carboniferous Huangjin Formation in Guilin of Guangxi with a brief comment on its geologicaland geographic distribution*
		Cranaena guilinensis is a new species of Cranaena from the lower part of the Huangjin Formation(Visean,Lower Carboniferous)of Guilin,Guangxi.It is characterized by a rectimarginate anterior commisure and a dorsal sulcus.Four specimens of this species show radiate color bands on shell surface,suggesting that it lived in a shallow water of warm marine realm.Preliminary study on the geological and geographic distribution and biodiversity pattern of 70 species of the genus indicates that this genus probably originated in area of the Old World Realm peripheral to the Euramerican Continent of the Early Devonian and experienced two times of radiation and dispersal during the Middle to early Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous,respectively,and a biodiversity crisis in the Famennian of Late Devonian.The genus reached to the zenith of its biodiversity during the Middle to early Late Devonian and its geographic distribution also expanded to plates of Siberia,Kasakstan and South China.Although the biodiversity of the genus in the Early Carboniferous is less than that in the Middle to early Late Devonian,the genus obtained the widest geographic distribution,not only in continents of North Hemisphere,but also in the peripheral areas of the Gondwana Continent.The Famennian crisis is obviously related with the F/F mass extinction event.After the Early Carboniferous the genus began to decline and was finally extincted in the beginning of Permian.
		2013 Vol. 15 (6): 795-808 [Abstract] ( 2586 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2617KB] ( 676 )

	809	Hu Bin, Hu Lei, Song Huibo, Yang Lianchao

		Ichnoassemblages and their sedimentary environments in limestoneof the Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation,southeastern Shanxi Province
		The abundant ichnofossils were found in the Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation of Lingchuan area,southeastern Shanxi Province,in which 10 ichnogenus and 14 ichnospecies were distinguished.Common ichnofossils include Zoophycos,Helminthopsis,Planolites,Nereites,Chondrites,Thalassinoides,Rhizocorallium,Ophiomorpha,Palaeophycus and Teichichnus,and the most common ichnofossil is Zoophycos.According to the composition,distribution and occurrence characteristics of ichnofossils,four ichnoassemblages were recognized:(1)Zoophycos-Thalassinoides ichnoassemblage;(2)Planolites-Helminthopsis ichnoassemblage;(3)Zoophycos-Teichichnus ichnoassemblage;(4)Nereites-Chondrites ichnoassemblage.By the analysis of sedimentary characteristics of the host rock of these ichnofossils,it is showed that these ichnoassemblages in the limestone of the Taiyuan Formation mainly distributed respectively in embayment-lagoon(ichnoassemblage 1),the upper shallow sea(ichnoassemblage 2),the middle shallow sea(ichnoassemblage 3)and the lower shallow sea(ichnoassemblage 4).Based on the synthesis analysis of the ichnoassemblages and sedimentary characteristics,this paper puts forward the sedimentary environmental model of ichnoassemblages in the Taiyuan Formation of Lingchuan area.The result will provide the biologic information and basic data for the study of coal and coalbed gas formation palaeoenvironment in the Taiyuan Formation of southeastern Shanxi Province in the future.
		2013 Vol. 15 (6): 809-818 [Abstract] ( 1925 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1457KB] ( 710 )

TECTONOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOTECTONIC

	819	Wang Ping, Liu Shaofeng, Zheng Hongbo, Wang Kai, Gao Tangjun, Pan Feng, Li Wangpeng, Jiang Chengxin, Chen Yuliang, Yang Xuesong⁷

		Late-orogenic arcuate fold-thrust belts in northern Yangtze area:Structural characteristics and basin evolution
		During the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous,the northern Yangtze area has evolved into a late-orogenic tectonic regime,which is characterized by the development of several thin-skinned foreland fold-thrust belts,including Dabashan,Dahongshan and eastern Sichuan-western Hunan and Hubei fold-thrust belts.They all show arc-shape geometries and generally trend parallel to the Qinling-Dabieshan Orogen and Xuefengshan Orogen.Synthesis of structural mapping,sedimentary facies and provenance analyses revealed that these arcuate fold-thrust belts not only deformed the original foreland sequence,but also controlled the basin evolution during the Late Jurassic through Late Cretaceous.Here we define the late-orogenic tectonic-paleogeography evolution into three phases as (1)From Late Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous: The Dahongshan and Dabashan fold-thrust belts initially propagated southwestwards and controlled the deposition of Penglaizhen Formation in northern Sichuan Basin and Zigui Basin.The original foreland basin was bounded by eastern Sichuan-western Hunan and Hubei fold-thrust belt to the southeast and Longmenshan fold-thrust belt to the west,leading to an intracratonic basin with foredeep subsidence which is also referred as “walled sedimentary basin”.(2)From middle Early Cretaceous to late Early Cretaceous: The propagation of the Dahongshan and Dabashan fold-thrust belts attenuated,while the eastern Sichuan-western Hunan and Hube fold-thrust belt continued the northwestward propagation and formed the structural lines trending northeast.On the front of the eastern Sichuan-western Hunan and Hubei fold-thrust belt,the depocenter of the basin was located near Yichang city where the Huangling anticline has yet been exposed.(3)During the Late Cretaceous: The eastern Sichuan-western Hunan and Hubei fold-thrust belt propagated northwestly with slight change of the structural trends from northeast to north-northeast.The Huangling anticline was initially formed during this period.The depocenter of the basin located on the two ends of the eastern Sichuan-western Hunan and Hubei fold-thrust belts with Yichang on the north end and Xishui on the south end.Meanwhile,there are also many wedge-top sediments developed inside the fold-thrust belt,leading to the formation of several piggy-back basins such as Enshi basin,Qianjiang basin and Laifeng basin.
		2013 Vol. 15 (6): 819-838 [Abstract] ( 2183 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7529KB] ( 846 )

QUATERNARY PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY

	839	Zhang Xia, Lin Chunming, Gao Shu, Robert W.Dalrymple, Qu Changwei, Yin Yong, Li Yanli, Zhou Jian

		Sedimentary sequence and distribution pattern of filling in Qiantang River incised valley
		The present day Qiantang River(QR)estuary is a worldfamous tidedominated estuary，and is one of the most sensitive areas for postglacial global sealevel changes in China.Filling of the QR incised valley was initiated by marine inundation during the transgression after the Last Glacial Maximum and has continued during the Holocene sealevel stillstand.From bottom to top it could be grouped into five sedimentary facies: Fluvial channel，floodplain，paleoestuary，offshore shallow marine，and presentday estuary.The QR incised valley deposits occur as a relatively complete type I sequence with the sequence boundary，initial flooding surface，maximum flooding surface，tidalravinement surfaces and tidalerosion surfaces welldeveloped.Filling of the QR incised valley consists of four longitudinal segments: Seaward segment，offshore segment，the third segment and innermost segment，each of which is characterized by a distinct stratigraphic succession，and different degrees of marine and fluvial influences.This is the first time the paleoestuary facies has been recognized，formed about 9000 a BP. It has a distinct sedimentary succession from the presentday estuary，and is characterized by a large number of tidalchannel sand bodies flanked by mudflats and saltmarshes in the landward part of estuary，passing headward into the tidalfluvial channel.The presentday estuary is mainly composed of baymouth sediments，as well as a complex of tidal sand ridges and channels at the mouth，followed headward by a silty bar，which passes landward to a single tidalfluvial channel.The sediments of paleoestuary present a coarse-fine-coarse seaward pattern.By comparison，the deposits of presentday estuary show a coarse-fine-coarse-fine pattern from land to the sea，which is in general similar to the grainsize distribution in tidedominated estuaries，but a significant difference exists in that the baymouth sediments of the presentday estuary are muddominated.
		2013 Vol. 15 (6): 839-852 [Abstract] ( 2278 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1780KB] ( 836 )

	853	Wang Yangyang, Fan Daidu

		Provenance characteristics of the late Quaternary in the Yangtze River Delta and its response to monsoon climate change
		River systems are particularly sensitive to tectonic movements,climate and sea-level changes,and the history of these processes can be decoded by provenance analysis. Samples of modern surface sediments,the Mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM)core sediments in the Yangtze River Delta were analyzed with heavy-mineral composition and zircon U-Pb age spectra,aiming to decode the variation in estuarine sediment provenance in response to different climate conditions. In comparison with the LGM sediments,the Mid-Holocene sediments have less sphene and zircon content,higher GZi value,fewer zircons from the Cretaceous and Neoproterozoic but more zircons from the Paleoproterozoic. It was suggested that there were more sediments sourced from the upper reach in the Mid-Holocene than in the LGM, and this phenomenon may be linked with variations of summer monsoon precipitation in the catchment. Less sediments from the upper reach were transported into the sea during the LGM weak monsoon period because of the sharp decrease in precipitation and runoff,while they significantly increased in the Holocene with the strengthening monsoon and the consequent precipitation and runoff,typically during the Mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum with the strongest summer monsoon.
		2013 Vol. 15 (6): 853-864 [Abstract] ( 1654 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1898KB] ( 861 )

	865	Shi Changxing, Qi Deli

		Geometric characteristics of valley and basin of Suoshui River in Zhangjiajieof Hunan Province and their implications in landform evolution
		Using data of DEM,landform and geologic maps and surveys in fields,this study investigated the characteristics of valley geometry,hypsometry and the stage of landform evolution of the Suoshui River basin,in which most of the sandstone forests or pillars,the typical Zhangjiajie landform,are located.Results show that the mainstream of the Suoshui River has a concave longitudinal profile with a slope declining downstream and a concavity value of 0.70,and the principal tributaries of the river have a gradient much higher than that of the mainstream and a concavity in the range of 0.12-0.98.Along the mainstream downstream,the width and the width/depth ratio of the river valley increase and the depth decreases gradually.The cross-sectional concavity of the mainstream of the Suoshui valley is lower in the upper and lower reaches and higher in the middle reaches,and that of all the sampled sections is over 0.5 with an average of 0.63.The valleys of main tributaries in the upper and middle reaches are narrower than those in the lower reaches.They have a wide range of cross-sectional concavity but with an average larger than 0.5.The high cross-sectional concavity of the mainstream and tributaries is a reflection of the formation of U-shaped valleys with strips of floodplains along the valleys by lateral erosion during a long period of weak tectonic uplifting between two tectonic active periods,which are the characteristics of landforms in the middle and late mature stage.The lateral erosion and a higher value of cross-sectional concavity of valleys should be a favorable condition for the formation of the isolated sandstone pillars in Zhangjiajie.In the Suoshui basin,the hypsometric integral is higher in the lower part of the upper reaches and in the middle reaches with the highest values occurring around the Tianzishan peak.No relation of the hypsometric integral with relief and rock property is detected in the basin.The sandstone forests and pillars in Zhangjiajie concentrate in the areas with Devonian sandstone as the bedrock in the lower part of the upper reaches and upper part of the middle reaches,where the fluvial-erosional landforms are in their mature stage indicated by a mean hypsometric integral of 0.46.
		2013 Vol. 15 (6): 865-874 [Abstract] ( 1540 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2419KB] ( 712 )

	875	Wei Jun, Bi Shuoben, Qian Yujun, Yan Tingxia, Li Xiliang

		Reconstruction and characteristics of series of level of cold and warm in winter of Jiangsu Province during Qing Dynasty
		In this paper,the series of level of cold and warm in winterof Jiangsu Province during Qing Dynasty was reconstructed based on the historical documents. The integrated analysis of multiple timescale features of series was conducted using the Morlet complex wavelet transform method.The result indicated that: (1)The winter climate change of Jiangsu Province in the Qing Dynasty could be divided into two cold periods(1644-1730 AD,1821-1900 AD)and one warm period(1731-1820 AD);(2)The reconstructed series of level of cold and warm displayed a periodic variability in multiple scales,and the obvious ones were on the timescale of 38～42 a,18～20 a,13～15 a and 8 a,in which 8 a and 38～42 a were relatively dominant,and 18～20 a was more significant during 1690-1790 AD, while 13～15 a was more significant before 1720 AD and after 1830 AD;(3)The first to fourth primary periods of the reconstructed series were 42 a,20 a,8 a and 3 a respectively. In 42 a timescale, the climate of Jiangsu Province during Qing Dynasty could be divided into six cold periods and six warm periods.
		2013 Vol. 15 (6): 875-882 [Abstract] ( 1379 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 969KB] ( 661 )

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