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	JOPC 2018 Vol.20 Number 6
	2018, Vol.20 Num.6
	Online: 2018-12-01

	SPECIAL ISSUE OF "HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR CHARCTERIZATION OF CLASTICROCKS" SPECIAL ISSUE OF LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

SPECIAL ISSUE OF "HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR CHARCTERIZATION OF CLASTICROCKS"

	929	Tan Cheng-Peng, Yu Xing-He, Liu Bei-Bei, Xu Lei, Li Shun-Li, Feng Shuang-Qi, Tang Yu-Sheng

		Sedimentary structures formed under upper-flow-regime in seasonal river system: A case study of Bantanzi River,Daihai Lake, Inner Mongolia
		In contrast to Froude subcritical flows,understanding of the mechanism and genetic bedforms of upper-flow-regime,especially Froude supercritical flows,remains limited. Seasonal rivers have been considered as important proxy for the study of upper-flow-regime,since the highly potential of preservation and generation of bedforms produced under upper-flow-regime in this kind of depositional system. In this study,the definition,criterion and sedimentary characteristics of seasonal rivers have been summarized briefly according to literatures review. Upper-flow-regime sedimentary structures in the Bantanzi River,which is a typical seasonal alluvial system at the north margin of Daihai Lake,were identified and interpreted. Results show that low-angle and sigmoidal cross-stratifications were generated during the transformation period of dune to upper plane bed. At the initial stage of upper-flow-regime,planar laminations were formed by upper plane bed. As flow strength increasing,flow regime changed to supercritical flow and antidune cross-stratifications were produced. With consistent increasing in flow strength,hydraulic jumps arisen in sediment-laden flow,hence chute-and-pool occurred and produced related sedimentary structures. The upper-flow-regime sedimentary structures developed in the Bantanzi River correspond genetically to the climate features in this area,which infers that extensive upper-flow-regime structures produced and preserved in fluvial deposits could indicate strongly seasonal variation of paleoclimate.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 929-940 [Abstract] ( 705 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 24486KB] ( 390 )

	941	Yue Da-Li, Li Wei, Wang Jun, Wang Wu-Rong, Li Jian

		Prediction of meandering belt and point-bar recognition based on spectral-decomposed and fused seismic attributes: A case study of the Guantao Formation, Chengdao Oilfield,Bohai Bay Basin
		Sedimentary environment of the Guantao Formation in Chengdao Oilfield is meandering river. With the methods including the extraction and optimization of spectral-decomposed and fused seismic attributes,the guidance of reservoir architecture model,and dynamic response characteristics constraints,meandering belts and point bars under the condition of offshore sparse well network are characterized in detail. The result shows that: (1)the reservoir prediction method of spectral-decomposed seismic attributes improves the prediction accuracy of the meandering belt. The correlation between amplitude properties and sand thickness is the best,especially the maximum peak amplitude. Compared to the original seismic attributes,the maximum peak amplitude derived from the spectral-decomposed seismic attributes can characterize the boundary and thickness of the meandering sand-bodies much better. (2)The three important symbols of point bar are composite positive rhythms,thick sand-bodies,and being adjacent to abandoned channels. Corresponding to these features,point bars show the characteristics of seismic response with high maximum peak amplitude and high inversion properties,while abandoned channels show low amplitude attributes and low inversion properties with the characteristics of flat top and convex bottom. (3)Based on location prediction of the point bar by using seismic attributes,the span of the point bar is calculated through empirical formula,the scale of point bar is recognized,and the identification of subsurface point bar is effectively guided. The constraint of dynamic data also provides a basis for point bar identification. The methods proposed in this paper can provide implications to the oilfield with similar sedimentary characteristics and data condition.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 941-950 [Abstract] ( 480 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8245KB] ( 233 )

	951	Jin Jian-Li, Huang Qi-Zhi, Zhao Guo-Liang, Li Sheng-Li, Zhang Jin-Lin, Li Xian-Bing, Zhang Yu-Pan

		Evolution of fluvial pattern and analysis of dominated factors in the Paleogene Yabus Formation of Palogue Oilfield in Melut Basin,South Sudan
		Unique braided-meandering depositional systems were developed in the Yabus Formation of Palogue Oilfield. The vertical lithofacies sequences of braided and meandering rivers were thoroughly summarized by quantitative statistics and dynamic cause analysis method with introducing the variable index of microfacies sandbody. The differentiated depositional processes and fluvial pattern transformation between the braided and meandering rivers were elaborated from the perspective of spatial evolution. Subsequently,depositional models of the fluvial pattern transformation in different stages under the individual provenance system were established and the dominated factors were further clarified. The study indicates that evolution of the fluvial depositional system in the Yabus Formation experienced three stages. During the early stage,the braided river deposition were dereloped and the downstream accreting longitudinal bars were formed. In the middle stage,there was combined deposition between braided and meandering rivers with significant decrease of fluvial incision. Because of the lateral accretion,the diagonal bars were generated and the braided channel bars migrated to river bank to which transformed into meandering point bars. Eventually,it completely became meandering river with high sinuosity and small-scale depositional sandbody.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 951-962 [Abstract] ( 553 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2366KB] ( 235 )

	973	Gao Yang, Yu Xing-He, Zeng Da-Qian, Yao Zong-Quan, Liu Wen-Feng, Yang Xin-Tao

		Differences in sedimentary records of different coarse-grained deltas and their genesis in the Triassic Upper Karamay Formation,Hongshanzui area,Junggar Basin
		The recognization of fan delta and braided-river delta of the Upper Karamay Formation in Hongshanzui area in Junggar Basin has always been concerning the geologists in the field of hydrocarbon sedimentology. Depositional analysis based on lithofacies supplemented by the macroscopic distribution mode of sandbody is helpful for distinguishing the two kinds of deltas. Cross-bedded conglomerate lithofacies(Gi,Gt,Gp)and massive gravel lithofacies(Gmm,Gcm,Gcs)were developed in fan delta,with sandy lithofacies(St,Sp,Sm and Sh, etc.)developed in braided-river delta in Hongshanzui area. Debris flows and density flows were indicated by six lithofacies associations in fan delta system,with unobvious rhythm feature. Seven lithofacies associations in braided-river delta show that the traction currents and positive rhythm feature are more significant. Steep slope and abundant sediments contributed to a thick stacked sandbody with limited distribution in the fan delta system. Gentle slope,insufficient sediments supply caused a thin sandbody with board distribution in the braided-river delta,mainly showing isolated contacts between the sandbodies.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 973-988 [Abstract] ( 537 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 25946KB] ( 226 )

	1001	Hu Guang-Yi, Xu Lei, Wang Zong-Jun, Song Lai-Ming, Shang Zhi-Lei, Tian Nan

		Architectural analysis of compound point-bar sandbody in inner estuary of the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation in Kinosis area, Athabasca,Canada
		The estuary can be divided into widely outer estuary and narrowly inner estuary. The area of inner estuary was dominated by fluvial currents and influenced by tides,where the point bars and linear bars were developed. The tidal influenced compound point-bars were well developed in Kinosis area,Athabasca. Architecture of the compound point bars influenced the production effects of oilfield. Based on the log data and high quality 3D seismic(bandwidth 8-220Hz),a set of compound point-bar sandbody analysis method was put forward and the spatial distribution of compound bars were characterized. Through the core and analysis of seismic facies,internal sedimentary characteristics of the architectural units in different hierarchy were depicted. Using the dip log data,the size and occurrence of the lateral accretions were analysis and the anatomy of the internal point-bars were conducted. The results show: the inclined heterogenetic stratification (IHS),bioturbation and mud breccias were developed in inner estuary which were the marks of the tide. The mud plug breccias and seismic facies can help us to recognize the compound point bars. The dip angle of the lateral accretions are 8°-12° and the width are 55-200m.The results of the compound point-bars were applied in prediction of interlayer and intralayer water saturation, production plan design, and optimization.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 1001-1012 [Abstract] ( 499 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 11597KB] ( 211 )

	1013	Chen Bin-Tao, Shi Zhong-Sheng, Ma Feng-Liang, He Wei-Wei, Xue Luo, Ma Lun, Jia Yi-Rong

		Cretaceous sequence stratigraphic hierachies and the sedimentary response of sandy beach-bar in Ruman sag, Melut Basin, South Sudan
		As a widely developed oil & gas reservoir in continental lake basin,lacustrine sandy beach-bar is an important target for lithological oil & gas reservoir exploration. Based on the identification and demarcation of sequence boundaries,palaeogeomorphic reconstruction,analysis of provenance system,sand-body distribution and reservoir-forming conditions,it can be found that the sequence evolution of the Cretaceous Gayger-Galhak Formations controlled the deposition of beach-bar in Ruman area,Melut Basin. Result shows that:(1) One 2^nd-order sequence,three 3^rd-order sequences(SQ1,SQ2 and SQ3)were developed in the target horizons,where SQ3 can be further divided into six Parasequence sets(corresponding to 4^th-order sequences). (2)Different hierachies of sequences controlled the location and lateral distribution of sandy beach-bar,and reservoir-forming factors for lithological traps of beach-bar in different ways. The 2^nd-order sequence controlled the vertical development position of beach-bar,where sand-bodies of beach-bar were mainly developed in the descending stage of relative base-level. The 3^rd-order sequence controlled the lateral distribution of beach-bar,in the transit point between the descending and ascending semi-level of the 3^rd-order sequence,beach bar developed around the Ruman burial hill,with large area(about 10km²),large thickness(10~20m)and high porosity(20%~25%). During the ascending stage of the 3^rd-order sequence,subaqueous burial-hill platform deposition model was developed,with small area(1~4km²),thin thickness(2~3m)and relatively low porosity(15%~20%). The flooding surface of the 4^th-order sequence controlled the distribution of sandy beach-bar reservoir-seal assemble,the flooding mudstone can be considered as local seal,determines the effectiveness of beach-bar lithological trap.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 1013-1022 [Abstract] ( 528 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7511KB] ( 221 )

	1023	Li Shun-Li, Xu Lei, Yu Xing-He, Hou Guo-Wei, Hu Yong, Gao Zhao-Pu

		Marine transgressions and characteristics of tide-dominated sedimentary systems in the Oligocene,Xihu sag,East China Sea Shelf Basin
		The Xihu sag is located in the eastern depression of the East China Sea Shelf Basin,which is the largest hydrocarbon-bearing sag. This study was mainly based on well-log,seismic,and core data,combining with geochemical parameters. Characteristics of sterane in mudstone and autogenous glauconites indicate that the southern Xihu sag was in a transitional environment between marine and terrestrial in the Oligocene,which experienced five major marine transgressions. The Oligocene in the Xihu sag was characterized by thick-bedded sandstone and thin-bedded mudstone,developing typical bidirectional cross-beddings,double mud layer,flaser beddings,and mud drapes. Four types of lithofacies were identified: Structureless medium-to-coarse grained sandstone with mudclasts,cross-bedded fine-to-medium grained sandstone,rippled siltstone and fine-grained sandstone,laminated mudstone. During the Oligocene,tide-dominated estuary systems were mainly developed in the southern Xihu sag,which was comprised of sedimentary units of tidal channel,tidal bar,sand flat,and mud flat. The estuary systems widened toward SW,which suggests feeding fluvial systems were from northeast,and the tidal currents were from southwest. In the Oligocene,the southern Xihu sag was connected with the open marine,strongly reworked by tidal currents on the gentle slope gradients without large volume of fluvial sediment flux during marine transgressions,forming tide-dominated estuary systems.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 1023-1032 [Abstract] ( 512 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5327KB] ( 254 )

	1043	Zhang Shou-Peng, Li Bo

		Diagenesis and evolution characteristics of hydrocarbon-traced minerals in Dongying sag, Bohai Bay Basin
		A series of diagenetic reaction will occur after hydrocarbon-bearing fluid,which is rich in organic acids,entered the reservoir from source rock. The study indicates that six diagenetic phenomena were closely related to hydrocarbon activities,namely dissolution of acidic hydrocarbon fluid,montmorillonite dehydration and illitization,iron ion impregnation of carbonate mineral,track of asphalt and iron-concretion,the formation of authigenic kaolinite and water consumption,bottom interlayer distribution of carbonate cementation layer. These special diagenetic phenomena were characteristic identification signals in petroleum-bearing basin which indicate the degree of first invasion,the direction and trajectory of hydrocarbon migration,and the industrial concentration. Those have great reference value for finally confirming the accumulation place. Based on the hydrocarbon-traced diagenetic minerals in petroleum-bearing basin,a clastic diagenetic evolution pattern was established. The evolution pattern can guide the exploration of complicated reservoirs in Shengli oil-field,and can also provide reference for determining the effectiveness of reservoirs in the future.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 1043-1052 [Abstract] ( 505 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3634KB] ( 216 )

	1053	Yu Yi-Chang, Song Xin-Min, Guo Rui, Gao Xing-Jun, Lin Min-Jie, Yi Li-Ping, Han Hai-Ying, Chen Jun, Deng Ya, Li Feng-Feng, Liu Hang-Yu

		Differential diagenesis and reservoir characteristics of bio-clastic limestone: A case study on the Cretaceous Mishrif Formation in HF Oilfield,Iraq
		The Cretaceous Mishrif Formation in the Middle East was developed in a warm and humid environment,mainly consisting of bio-clastic limestone deposits. Based on core observations,cast thin sections,whole rock analysis,petrophysical properties,and high-pressure mercury injection tests,bio-clastic types,distribution,composition,differential diagenesis and reservoir characteristics of the Mishrif Formation in HF Oilfield were systematically studied to clarify the relationship between bio-clastic and intrinsic heterogeneity. The Mishrif Formation is mainly composed of benthic foraminifera,non-fixed bivalves,thick crustaceans,and echinoderms,containing a small amount of bryozoans,algae and sponge animals. The distribution characteristics of biological debris are consistent with the living environment. The content,type,composition and size of biological debris are important signs of the depositional environment. The original composition of these bio-clastics includes unstable aragonite,high-magnesium calcite, and relatively stable medium-low magnesium calcite,which mainly experienced various degrees of soft decay,micritization, and biological drilling in the seawater environment,dissolution and cementation in the atmospheric fresh water environment,compaction pressure dissolution and particle disruption in the buried environment. The differences in sedimentary environment,particle size,morphological characteristics,and composition of various types of bio-clastics have led to differential diagenesis,which controlled pore type,physical properties,and pore-throat structure of bio-clastic limestone,forming a complex pore-penetration relationship. As the content of bio-debris increases,the physical properties of the reservoir become better.The low-energy depositional environments mainly developed benthic foraminifera and non-fixed bivalve detritus are characterized by weak dissolution and strong cementation. Micropores,intercrystalline pores, and intragranular pores were mainly developed. The physical properties are poor,and pore throat distribution shows a fine micro-throat single peak pattern. The high energy sedimentary environment with rudist and echinoderms debris is characterized by strong dissolution and weak cementation. The main development of mold pores,intergranular pores, and intergranular dissolution pores with good physical properties,pore throat distribution shows a very broad range mainly with coarse pore throat,which is the most favorable reservoir type in the study area. The Cretaceous bio-clastic limestone,represented by the Mishrif Formation in HF Oilfield,was widely developed in the Middle East. The above study is of great significance to the development of bio-clastic limestone oil and gas in the Middle East.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 1053-1067 [Abstract] ( 532 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 15314KB] ( 206 )

SPECIAL ISSUE OF

	963	Li Sheng-Li, Li Xian-Bing, Jin Jian-Li, Cui Gang, Liu Sheng, Lv Jun-Ping, Cao Rui, Liu Teng-Guo

		Classification and sedimentary distribution pattern of subaqueous fan in fault lacustrine environment
		As one of important sedimentary facies in fault lacustrine environment,subaqueous fans have been getting increasing concern in recent years. Although there are many terms for various types of fans associated with gravity flow in oceans and lakes,such as deep-water fan,basin flow fan,lacustrine fan,slope fan,slump fan,turbidite fan,etc,they are different types of subaqueous fans. It is controversial about the rationality of the term “subaqueous fan” in domestic sedimentology community. Terms related to it include subaqueous alluvial fan,near-shore subaqueous fan,and distal turbidite fan delta etc. In this paper,the similarities and differences of some terms related to subaqueous fan are clarified,and the basic types of subaqueous fan in fault lacustrine environment are defined. Based on the proposed concept of internal- and external-sediment source system of lacustrine environment,the conceptual sedimentary distribution pattern of subaqueous fan of fault lacustrine environment is established. The sedimentary differences among subaqueous fan,alluvial fan and fan delta are also discussed,in order to provide a reference for the further study of this type of sedimentary facies.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 963-972 [Abstract] ( 596 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1768KB] ( 356 )

	989	Yang Zhi-Hao, Li Sheng-Li, Yu Xing-He, Wang Bing, Feng Xian-Ru

		Sedimentary characteristics and facies model of deep-water fan in sand-rich lake of the Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in southern Junggar Basin
		The Jiucaiyuanzigou section at the southern Junggar Basin which exposes the Lucaogou Formation in the Middle Permian is the objective of this study. Based on sedimentary characteristics of the Lucaogou Formation in the depression lake basin and development background of the thick dark-grey oil shale,sedimentary characteristics of the sand bodies in the Upper Lucaogou Formation have been described and analyzed. The Lucaogou Formation mainly consists of dark-grey oil shale. A set of sandbodies with thickness of 60m was initially discovered at outcrop section,which presents conformable contact with the overlaid oil shale of the Hongyanchi Formation,indicating sedimentary background of deep-water. By using lithology subdivision and analysis of sedimentary characteristics,the sand and mudstone were classified into 10 kinds and 2 groups,and the thick sandbody was developed by traction and turbidity flows. Three kinds of sub-facies and their microfacies were subdivided by using identification of sandbody microfacies. The sand body was comprised of three stacked,sand-rich deep-water fans in lacustrine. On the basis of understanding deep-water reservoir origin and architectures,evolution from the thick sandstone to interbedded sandstone and mudstone were analyzed mainly based on outcrop observation and description. The sand-rich,deep-water fan in lacustrine basin of the Lucaogou Formation has been established,which provides implications for study of deep-water systems in the Lucaogou Formation at southern Juggar Basin.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 989-1000 [Abstract] ( 656 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 11164KB] ( 289 )

	1033	Liu Wen-Chao, Zhang Guo-Kun, Yang Hong-Fei, Liu Jia-Qi, Lv Shi-Cong

		Characteristics and development model of mixed deposits of the Paleogene in southern Laizhou Bay sag,Bohai Sea
		Mixed clastic-carbonate deposits were widely distributed in the Lower part of Paleogene E₂s₃ Formation,Laizhou Bay sag,Bohai Sea. This paper studied the characteristics,facies and development model of the mixed deposits in this area based on sidewall coring,well logging data and laboratory sample analysis.Results show that the characteristics of deposits were mixing deposited between terrigenous fragments and carbonate constituent in one layer, and interbedded strata between terrigenous fragment and carbonate in the study area. Mixed rocks developed in lacustrine shore zone with input from two large provenances,and can be further classified into the following types: Mud flat subfacies of mixed deposits,sandy beach-bar subfacies of mixed deposits,shoal subfacies of mixed deposits, and semi-deep lake subfacies of mixed deposits. The mixed deposits were both controlled by wave actions and lake currents. According to the seismic,drilling,logging and paleontology data,it showed a regressive sequence feature for the lower part of the E₂s₃ Formation which contains lacustrine transgressive system tract(mainly includes mud flat subfacies of mixed deposits and sandstone bank subfacies of mixed deposits)and high-stand system tract(mainly includes bar subfacies of mixed deposits). The mixed deposits were controlled by palaeogeomorphology,palaeoclimate,palaeosource and lake level changes. The study showed that sandy beach-bar subfacies of mixed deposits and shoal subfacies of mixed deposits are dominant facies belts providing implications for researches on high-quality development reserves and direction of further exploration.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 1033-1042 [Abstract] ( 507 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1217KB] ( 248 )

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	1068	Li Meng, Zhao Hong-Ge, Li Wen-Hou, Ren Zhan-Li, Zhuo Yu-Zhou, Fu Xing-Hui

		Provenances of the Middle-Late Triassic in the Helan Mountain and its temporal-spatial evolution
		Combined with conglomerate composition,strata thickness and sedimentary facies,heavy mineral compositions were firstly used to study the provenances of the Middle-Late Triassic in the Helan Mountain. Results showed that the provenance of the Middle-Late Triassic sediments in the Helan Mountain were characterized by multiple and mixed sources,and were varied greatly. Sediments of the Middle Triassic Zhifang Formation were mainly from northwest and west. However,sediments of the Late Triassic Yanchang Formation changed. During deposition of the lower two members T3y1 and T3y2,sediments were mainly derived from the northwest,west and south. During deposition of the upper three members T3y3 to T3y5,eastern sources appeared,which were distributed in the Ruqigou to Xiangbangzigou. The western provenance was mainly in the sedimentary strata on the Alxa Block. Sediments of northwestern part were mainly from the Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Paleozoic magmatic rocks in the Paleoproterozoic Khondalite Belt,which was different from the southwestern part. Sediments in its eastern part were sourced from the sedimentary strata of Yinchuan graben and areas to its east. Provenance transformation of the Middle-Late Triassic strata in the Helan basin occurred twice: One from the Zhifang to Yanchang formations T3y1,and the other from the T3y2 to T3y3.These two prominent transitions suggested significant transformation of the dynamic mechanism in the Helan basin.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 1068-1085 [Abstract] ( 535 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7335KB] ( 295 )

	1086	Chen Zhi-Jun, Gao Yi-Wen, Meng Jiang-Hui, Li Ke-She, Wu Feng, Chang Tian-Tian, Liu Tao, Han Chang-Chun

		Lower Cretaceous detrital zircon U-Pb dating and its provenance significance in Hari sag, Yingen-Ejinaqi Basin, Inner Mongolia
		It is generally recognized that the source of Lower Cretaceous in Yingen-Ejinaqi Basin is from orogenic belt or uplift around the sags,but some queries about provenance were still unanswered,such as the specific formations,exact source area ,etc. In this paper,taking Hari Sag as an example,based on geochemical test analysis and zircon U-Pb dating of 8 drilling rock samplings,the study of geochemical characteristics and detrital zircon U-Pb chronology were carried out. The results showed that: (1)Zircon could be divided into 4 types by age,they are Triassic zircons,Permian zircons,Carboniferous zircons and ancient zircons,and the corresponding age were $237.9\pm3.2\pm-238.3\pm8.4$ Ma, $255.0\pm9.7-285.9\pm4.3$ Ma, $307.0\pm23.0-330.0\pm3.0$ Ma and $434.0\pm4.0-2584.0\pm14.0$ Ma respectively. (2)The characteristics of trace elements and the zircon ages indicated that the sedimentary source of the Lower Cretaceous in Hari Sag was dominated by the Permian and Carboniferous provenance,including pluton and sedimentary strata. (3)The age distribution of detrital zircon indicated that there were multiple provenance in the Lower Cretaceous of the Hari Sag,such as Honggeeji mountain in the northwest,Zongnai mountain in the south,and the Qiedao mountain in the east of the sag. (4)There were different contribution of these provenance to Bayingebi Formation and Suhongtu Formation,like Zongnai mountain was the biggest contributor to Suhongtu Formation. This contribution difference might be due to the transport distance of sediments,denudation rate of geological bodies,structural movements and so on. The determination of the provenance of the Lower Cretaceous was of great significance for the restoration of the Early Cretaceous Prototype Basin,the establishment of the Early Cretaceous sedimentary paleogeographic model and many more.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 1086-1101 [Abstract] ( 638 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2455KB] ( 214 )

PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

	1102	Li Wen-Jing, Lei Shao, Wang Zhang-Hua, Li Yue, Yue Wei, Zheng Tong-Tong

		Characteristics and origin of the earth from artificial mound of prehistoric Daxie salt-making site, Zhejiang Province
		Daxie site is the earliest prehistoric sea salt-making site discovered in China to date,and is located on the Daxie Island,Ningbo,Zhejiang Province. Artificial mounds constitute the major site. In this study,samples of muddy and sandy artificial earth from the Neolithic mound and samples of hard white material from the garbage and surface of salt-making stove during the archaeological excavation were collected. Samples representing the natural deposits on the island were also collected. Analysis including grain size,inorganic geochemistry and heavy mineral on these samples to explore the origin of the artificial earth and the influence of the salt-making activities were conducted. Results demonstrate that among the seven muddy earth samples collected from excavation units close to the salt-making stoves,five were of terrestrial origin,but also influenced by seawater. Origin of the other two samples were inferred to be the salty mud collected from tidal flat. The sample of white hard material from the garbage has similar elemental chemistry to the salty mud. The sample from the surface of salt-making stove is characterized by high content of Ca,Sr and Ba which is inferred to be the precipitation during boiling. Grain size and heavy mineral analyses of the sandy earth showed an alluvial origin with characteristics of strong chemical weathering,which imply that the original strata were beyond the Holocene. We imply that above results reflected prehistoric people's adaption and utilization of an island and its mud flat,which was using the supratidal, foothill deposits and alluvial sediments for constructing the artificial mound on the tidal flat , and making salt using the technique including leaching the salty mud and boiling the salt-enriched liquid.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 1102-1112 [Abstract] ( 584 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1508KB] ( 214 )

	1113	Xiao Ling-Bo

		Spatial-temporal distribution of locust plague and its relationship with flood/drought in North China during the Qing Dynasty
		Based on the information about historical disaster kept in the Qing History,annual frequency series of locust plague,flood and drought in North China during the Qing dynasty(1644-1911 AD)have been reconstructed,and the spatial distribution of the three disasters has been described with Kernel Density Estimation. It is found that locust plague occurred more frequently in 1640s-1690s and 1800s-1850s,and mainly distributed in the plains of Hebei,Shandong and Henan Province,as well as the Fen river valley in Shanxi Province. The frequency series of locust plague has significant positive correlation with drought under the inter-annual scale,which means drought would trigger locust plague. However,extreme drought event could also limit the severity of locust plague. In the years of flood,the occurrence rate of locust plague was below the average. Large-scale locust plague might occur in the flood disaster areas in the next years when it turned drier. The areas with frequent locust plague have good spatial relationship with flood and drought. However,the areas with the highest risk of locust do not exactly coincide with flood and drought because of the influence mechanism,as well as the habits and lifestyle of the oriental migratory locust. There is a crescent region with the most frequent locust plague in western Hebei Province. The locusts emigrating from their breeding places which distributed in the low-lying alluvial land in the downstream of Hai River are forced to stop and swarm in this region by the Taihang Mountains. The above results would benefit better understanding of the mechanism of locust plague in the past,and provide references for fighting against locust plague under the background of climate change.
		2018 Vol. 20 (6): 1113-1122 [Abstract] ( 622 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4064KB] ( 195 )

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