Objective The aim of this study was to study the incidence and mortality of malignant tumors in Shaanxi Cancer Registry in 2016.Methods The incidence and mortality data of malignant tumors in 23 cancer registration areas of Shaanxi province were collected,the crude incidence(mortality),standardized incidence(mortality),and cumulative incidence(mortality)(0~74 years old)of malignant tumors in Shaanxi province were calculated.Results In 2016,the incidence of malignant tumors in the cancer registration area of Shaanxi province was 212.40/100,000,the age-standardized incidence by Chinese standard population was 142.42/100,000 and age-standardized incidence by World Segi's standard population was 152.25/100,000.The incidence of tumors in urban areas(228.50/100,000)was higher than that in rural areas(190.38/100,000),the incidence of male tumors(244.86/100,000)was higher than that of females(178.66/100,000).In 2016,the the age-specific incidence of malignant tumors in Shaanxi cancer registration areas was lower before the age of 35,and the incidence increased rapidly after the age of 35 years old,reached the peak incidence in the 80~84-year-old age group,and then decreased slightly.In 2016,the top five malignant tumors in Shaanxi province were lung cancer,stomach cancer,liver cancer,breast cancer and esophageal cancer.In 2016,the mortality of malignant tumors in the cancer registration area of Shaanxi province was 144.46/100,000,the age-standardized mortality by Chinese standard population was 94.42/100,000 and the age-standardized mortality by World Segi's standard population was 90.05/100,000.The mortality of malignant tumors was low before the age of 40,and gradually rose after the age of 40,reaching a peak in the 80~84-year-old age group,and then slightly decreased thereafter.Lung cancer,liver cancer,stomach cancer,esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer were the top five deaths from malignant tumors in the cancer registration areas of Shaanxi province in 2016.Conclusion Lung cancer,liver cancer,gastric cancer and esophageal cancer are common malignant tumors in Shaanxi province.The prevention and control of malignant tumors in men over 40 years old should be emphasized.

Objective This study aimed to observe the survival and progress of patients with cervical cancer,and to explore its influencing factors,so as to provide evidence for improving the prognosis.Methods A total of 2 306 cervical cancer patients hospitalized in Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital between January 2013 and December 2015 were included for reviewed and followed up.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the overall survival and progression-free survival of cervical cancer patients.The Cox risk proportional regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of survival.Results The 5-year survival rates of stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ patients were 87.3%,79.3%,61.8%,and 36.8%,respectively;the 5-year progression-free survival rates were 82.9%,73.0%,55.6%,and 0,respectively.The median follow-up time was 51.0 months.Univariate analysis showed that the age of diagnosis,menopausal status,the number of births,history of heart disease,the history of abortion,lymph node status,vascular cancer thrombus,FIGO staging,mentality,diet status,and age of final delivery,etc.were related to the patient's OS and PFS.Multivariate analyses showed that age at final delivery,lymph node status,vascular tumor thrombus and the degree of interstitial invasion were independent factors that affected the OS and PFS.Conclusion In addition to pathological features,multiple pregnancy,multiple births,and older age at final delivery are risks factors for poor prognosis of the patients with cervical cancer.

Objective The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between inhibition of KIF14 and acquired resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)SMCC-7721 cells to sorafenib.Methods The concentration gradient method was used to establish the HCC sorafenib-resistant SMCC-7721-SR cell line,and then the CCK-8 method and flow cytometry were used to verify resistant cell properties of the drug-resistant cell line.The qRT-PCR and Western blot assays were used to determine the expression of KIF14 in human normal liver LO2 cells,HCC SMCC-7721 cells and drug-resistant SMCC-7721-SR cells.Subsequently,KIF14-specific small interfering RNA(siKIF14)was used to knock down KIF14 and the KIF14 level was verified by Western blot;in order to explore the effect of knocking down KIF14 combined with sorafenib on HCC sorafenib-resistant cells,the CCK-8 method was used to detect cell viability,and flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis.Results Compared with LO2 cells,the expression of KIF14 in SMCC-7721 cells was increased(P＜0.01),and the expression of KIF14 in SMCC-7721-SR cells was also increased when compared with SMCC-7721 cells(P＜0.01).Knocking down KIF14 expression could synergistically sorafenib inhibit the cell viability of SMCC-7721-SR cells and promote cell apoptosis(P＜0.01).Conclusion KIF14 is involved in the process of HCC and regulates the acquired sorafenib resistance of SMCC-7721 cells.Inhibiting the KIF14 expression could enhance the sensitivity of SMCC-7721-SR cells to sorafenib.

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous continuous pumping and infusion of Endostar combined with platinum-containing dual-drug regimen as first-line chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods A total of 100 advanced NSCLC patients with pathological classification of adenocarcinoma who were admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from December 2011 to December 2020 were selected as the research objects.The observation group was the CIV group,a total of 50 patients in the group were treated with Endostar intravenous continuous pumping combined with pemetrexed and nedaplatin.The control group was the DIV group,with the other 50 patients treated with Endostar intravenous infusion combined with pemetrexed and nedaplatin chemotherapy regimen.The overall response rate(ORR),disease control rate(DCR),and the occurrence of toxic and side effects between the two groups of patients were compared.Results The ORR of the observation group was 38.0%,which was higher than that of the control group(18.0%).The difference was statistically significant(P=0.026).The DCR of the observation group was 92.0%,which was higher than that of the control group(74.0%),and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.017).The occurrence of toxic and side effects was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).The results of Cox regression analysis showed that the method of administration was not a factor influencing progression-free survival(PFS)in patients with advanced NSCLC(P=0.340),and radiotherapy was an independent factor affecting PFS in patients with advanced NSCLC(P＜0.05).The PFS of patients who received radiotherapy was longer than that of patients who did not receive radiotherapy(HR=1.708,95% CI:1.041~2.801).Conclusion The ORR and DCR of patients with advanced NSCLC treated with continuous intravenous pumping combined with first-line chemotherapy with platinum-containing two-drug regimen were higher than those treated with intravenous infusion,without aggravating related toxic and side effects.Among them,the risk of tumor progression in patients receiving radiotherapy was lower than that in patients not receiving radiotherapy.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors of lymph node metastasis in early lung adenocarcinoma,and then determine the surgical indications for lymph node dissection in early lung adenocarcinoma.Methods In this study,a total of 301 patients with lung adenocarcinoma who underwent radical resection for lung cancer and whose tumor diameter was less than or equal to 30 mm were selected for surgical treatment at Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital in 2018.The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed,and logistic regression was applied.The independent risk factors of lymph node metastasis were analyzed,and the ROC curve was drawn to evaluate the effect of predicting lymph node metastasis.Results The study included 301 patients,of whom 19(6.3%)had lymph node metastasis.The ratio of tumor solid component diameter to tumor diameter(C/T)(P=0.003)and the preoperative serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)(P=0.024)were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with early lung adenocarcinoma.The ROC curve showed the C/T ratio(AUC=0.791,P＜0.001),serum CEA(AUC=0.681,P=0.008),and the combination of C/T ratio with serum CEA(ACU=0.841,P＜0.001),which was good the prediction effect on lymph node metastasis in patients with early lung adenocarcinoma.Conclusion For early lung adenocarcinoma with tumor diameter ≤30 mm,combined serum CEA with C/T ratio,serum CEA alone,and C/T ratio alone may become clinical indicators to guide lymph node dissection.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship and significance of proline,glutamate and leucine rich protein 1(PELP1)in the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer.Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of PELP1 protein in 39 normal gastric tissues,48 low-grade atypical hyperplasia gastric tissues,28 high-grade atypical hyperplasia gastric tissues,and 77 gastric cancer tissues.The expression of PELP1 in different stages of gastric cancer was observed.The correlation between the level of PELP1 and clinicopathological parameters of gastric cancer was analyzed.Kaplan-Meier Plotter,an online cancer survival analysis tool,was used to analyze the relationship between PELP1 expression in gastric cancer and overall survival(OS),survival before first progression(FP)and post progression survival(PPS).Results The level of PELP1 increased gradually during the progression of gastric cancer,and the differences were significant(P＜ 0.05);The expression of PELP1 in gastric cancer was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis,low tumor differentiation and high clinical stage(P＜ 0.05);The OS,FP and PPS of patients with high level of PELP1 were significantly shorter than those with low level of PELP1(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The high expression of PELP1 is involved in the progression of gastric cancer and suggests a poor prognosis for patients.

Objective The aims of this study were to construct a breast cancer metabolism-related prognostic model based on the TCGA database,and to reveal the relationship between metabolism and breast cancer prognosis.Methods Metabolism related genes were retrieved from KEGG database,and limma package was used to screen metabolism-related differential genes of 1109 breast cancer samples and 113 normal controls in the TCGA database.The 70% of samples were randomly selected as the training set,and the remaining 30% of the samples were used as the validation set.Univariate Cox regression was used to screen prognosis-related genes,a metabolism-related prognostic model was constructed based on glmnet package,and the model was validated by univariate and multivariate Cox regression.Results In this study,168 metabolically related differential genes were screened.After survival filtering and overfitted genes were removed,13 metabolically related genes were finally used for the construction of prognostic model,including NMNAT2、NT5E、QPRT、UGP2、MTHFD2、TSTA3、TYMP、ALDH2、ALDH1A1、IDO1、IL4I1、INPP1 and ENPP6.Survival analysis showed that the survival time of patients in the high-risk group was significantly longer than that in the low-risk group(P＜0.05).Univariate and multivariate Cox regression results indicated that the risk score of the constructed metabolism related prognostic model was an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer patients.Conclusion The prognostic model constructed in this study revealed the relationship between metabolism and breast cancer prognosis,and provided a new perspective for breast cancer diagnosis and research of breast cancer.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of hematopoietic pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor(PBX)-interacting protein(HPIP)in normal endometrial tissues,endometrial atypical hyperplasia tissues and endometrial cancer tissues,and its clinical prognostic significance.Methods Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of HPIP protein in 26 normal uterine endometrial tissues,30 endometrial atypical hyperplasia tissues and 122 endometrial cancer tissues.The correlation amongst the expression of HPIP in endometrial cancer tissues and its clinicopathological factors,disease-free survival(DFS)and overall survival(OS)were analyzed.Results The expression of HPIP in normal endometrial tissues and endometrial atypical hyperplasia tissues was significantly lower than that in endometrial cancer tissues,normal endometrial tissues and endometrial atypical hyperplasia tissues,the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).The expression of HPIP in endometrial cancer tissues was closely related to its histological grade,federation international of gynecology and obstetrics(FIGO)staging and lymph node metastasis(P＜0.05).Endometrial cancer patients with high expression of HPIP had significantly shorter DFS and OS than those with low expression of HPIP(P＜0.05).Conclusion HPIP protein may be a very valuable biomarker,which can be used to interfere with the prognosis of patients with endometrial cancer,and may be used as a potential target for cancer treatment of endometrial cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is extremely malignant.It is usually in the advanced stage when discovered,and the median survival time is extremely short,which seriously threatens human life and health.Compared with other cancers,the treatment progress made in recent years is also very limited.Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),as emerging drugs in recent years,have achieved exciting therapeutic effects in multiple tumors,but they have encountered Waterloo in pancreatic cancer.The reasons why pancreatic cancer is not sensitive to ICIs treatment may include the following aspects:first,pancreatic cancer is weak antigenic and insufficient to activate the immune system;second,the dense connective tissue in the immune microenvironment hinders drug infiltration;third,the immunosuppressive microenvironment formed by a large number of immunosuppressive cells inhibits the activation of T lymphocytes.However,the latest research shows that ICIs-based combination therapy can increase the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer to ICIs treatment by increasing the exposure of tumor antigens,breaking the interstitial barrier,and improving the immunosuppressive microenvironment,thereby exerting a positive anti-tumor effect.This article reviews the progress made in the field of pancreatic cancer treatment based on ICIs-based combination therapy.

Tumor metastasis is a complex multi-step process involving the interaction between tumor cells and various matrix components in the tumor microenvironment.Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy,characterized by disseminated peritoneal metastasis.There is evidence that ovarian cancer has a specific metastatic tendency to the fat-rich omentum.The omentum plays a key role in this process.It forms a metastatic tumor microenvironment in the abdominal cavity to promote ovarian cancer metastasis.Taking into account the unique biological characteristics of ovarian cancer metastasis,the elucidation molecular mechanism of the interaction between ovarian cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells in the fat-rich metastatic microenvironment will provide further insights into new treatment methods for patients with advanced ovarian cancer.Here,this article reviews the interaction mechanism between ovarian cancer cells and various stromal cells in the metastatic tumor microenvironment,and clarifys how fat-rich omentum tumor microenvironment contributes to the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer metastasis.

Exosomes are nanometer(30~150 nm)membrane-bound vesicles,which contain a variety of bioactive substances,such as lipids,proteins,mRNA,and non-coding RNA,which can be secreted by almost all cells under normal and pathological conditions.Many studies have found that tumor cells can deliver bioactive molecules such as nucleic acid and proteins to recipient cells by secreting exosomes,changing the phenotype or function of recipient cells,and further changing the tumor microenvironment to affect tumor progression.Based on the research progress,this article briefly introduces the role of tumor exosomes in changing the phenotype of macrophage.

Pancreatic cancer is the most malignant tumor of the digestive system.In recent years,the incidence of pancreatic cancer has increasing year by year.It is expected that pancreatic cancer will become the second leading cause of cancer death in developed countries in the next decade.Due to the late diagnosis and limited treatment options,the prognosis of pancreatic cancer is extremely poor.Only surgery is the only way to cure.In order to increase the surgical resection rate and improve the prognosis,neoadjuvant therapy has quietly become a hot topic in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.However,there is no standardized treatment plan for neoadjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer.This article mainly discusses the research status of neoadjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer.

The root of Radix Actinidia chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicine for clearing heat and detoxifying toxins,mainly in the northeast of China,with a small distribution in northern and northwestern China and the Yangtze River basin.The root has attracted close attention from scholars at home and abroad due to its extensive anti-tumor activity.At present,triterpenoids,flavonoids,anthraquinones,steroids,alkaloids,phenylpropanoids and other chemical components have been isolated from the root,and have achieved significant efficacy in malignant tumors such as gastric cancer,intestinal cancer,esophageal cancer,liver cancer,lung cancer,cervical cancer,ovarian cancer,breast cancer,etc.In this paper,the antitumour substances and pharmacological activities of Radix Actinidia chinensis are described in details,with a view to providing references for further research and clinical application of Radix Actinidia chinensis.

Acidosis is one of the hallmarks of tumor microenvironment.It is closely related to glycolysis,tumor invasion and metastasis,and is affected by multiple molecular pathways.Previous studies on colorectal neoplastic diseases have found that activation of acidosis-related pathways is important mechanisms to increase the aggressiveness of colorectal tumor cells,and it can also significantly promote the occurrence and development of colorectal tumors.The combined application of targeted acidosis treatment and traditional treatment is expected to become a new direction for the treatment of colorectal tumors.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)is a common type of oral head and neck tumors.The significant pathological features are immunosuppression and lymphocyte infiltration.Tumor cells often evade immune surveillance by activating different immune checkpoints,thereby avoiding the body's anti-tumor immune response.The current treatment methods have certain limitations,and the side effects are relatively large.Therefore,it is particularly important to research and develop new treatment methods and routes of administration.The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)has led to a shift in the clinical treatment model of OSCC.This article discusses the advantages of the anti-programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)in the treatment of OSCC,and reviews the current developments in biomarkers that can be used to predict efficacy.

Multiple myeloma(MM)is a malignant proliferative disease of plasma cells that occur in middle-aged and elderly people.It is still incurable.The median diagnostic age is 69 years old,and more than 50% of patients are older than 75 years old at the time of diagnosis.In recent years,the application of new drugs has significantly improved the overall survival and progression-free survival of patients with MM,but the standard regimen does not benefit elderly MM patients,and may also reduce the quality of life and increase mortality.Therefore,the accurate prognostic assessment and risk stratification are essential for individualized treatment.This article reviews the treatment characteristics,prognostic stratification and treatment progress of MM in the elderly.

Breast cancer,as the world's highest incidence of cancer,seriously threatens the life and health of women.Luminal A-like breast cancer is the most common subtype of breast cancer,with the characteristics of high degree of cell differentiation and low invasiveness.The study found that the axillary lymph node metastasis rate of Luminal A breast cancer can still reach 26.3%,and the greater the number of lymph node metastases,the lower the 5-year survival rate,so there are still a considerable number of Luminal A breast cancer patients who will have a poor the prognosis.This article mainly reviews the factors affecting the prognosis of Luminal A breast cancer from the aspects of gene expression,polygene detection and biomarkers,so as to provide reference for clinical decision-making and predicting the prognosis of patients.

The first-degree relatives of patients with familial cancer often have anxiety,tension,fear and other emotions due to genetic susceptibility,which affect their normal social interaction and work.To identify the needs of relatives as early as possible,this article reviews the current needs,influencing factors,and evaluation tools of the first-degree relatives of familial cancer patients with a view to providing systematic and effective supportive intervention.