Objective This study aimed to analyze the current epidemic situation of cancer in Yunnan province in 2020,and to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of cancer in Yunnan province. Methods The data on the incidence and mortality of cancer were collected from 129 cancer registration areas in Yunnan province in 2020.A total of 89 counties(cities,districts)that met the quality control standards were included in this analysis.Among them,there were 16 in urban areas,covering a population of 7,593,622(24.16%),and 73 in rural areas,covering a population of 23,838,542(75.84%).The number of malignant tumor cases,deaths,the crude incidence and China age-standardized incidence(China Standardized Incidence),the crude mortality and China age-standardized mortality(China Standardized Mortality),the cumulative incidence and mortality from 0 to 74 years old,as well as the order of cancer incidence and death were statistical analyzed. Results In 2020,66,719 new cases of cancer were reported from 89 tumor registration areas in Yunnan province,with a crude rate of 212.26/100,000 and the China age-standardized incidence of 150.33/100,000;The reported number of deaths from cancer was 39,251,with a crude mortality of 124.88/100,000 and the China age-standardized mortality of 82.45/100,000.The incidence and mortality of cancer were higher in men than those in female,and higher in rural than those in urban areas.According to the crude incidence rate and crude mortality,the top 5 cancers with the highest crude incidence were lung cancer,female breast cancer,colo-rectum cancer,liver cancer and thyroid cancer,and the top 5 cancers with the highest crude mortality were lung cancer,liver cancer,colo-rectum cancer,stomach cancer and female breast cancer. Conclusion Lung cancer,liver cancer,colo-rectum cancer and female breast cancer are still the key cancers for prevention and control in Yunnan province.The incidence of thyroid cancer is relatively high,and there are significant differences in the incidence and mortality of cancer between urban and rural areas and between sexes.The corresponding cancer prevention should be carried out according to the current epidemic situation of cancer in Yunnan province.

Objective The Objective of this study was to analyze the long-term change trend of gastric cancer incidence in China from 1990 to 2021,and to provide scientific suggestion for the prevention and control of gastric cancer in China. Methods The incidence burden data of gastric cancer from 1990 to 2021 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database.The age-period-cohort model was to evaluate its independent effects,and the Nordpred model was used to predict its incidence trend from 2022 to 2031. Results The number and incidence of gastric cancer from 1990 to 2021 in China showed an upward trend,while the age-standardized incidence showed a decreasing trend.The results of age-period-cohort model showed that in the same birth cohort,the incidence of gastric cancer in China increased with age,the incidence of the total population increases from 0.91/100,000 to 233.37/100,000 in total population,the incidence of men increases from 0.91/100,000 to 508.90/100,000,and the incidence of women increases from 1.04/100,000 to 115.86/100,000.During the period from 1992—1996 to 2017—2021,the relative risk(RR)of gastric cancer incidence showed a decreasing trend with the passage of time.The RR of the total population period decreased from 1.10 to 0.72,with males decreasing from 1.06 to 0.75 and females decreasing from 1.19 to 0.65.The later the birth cohort throughout the birth cohort years,the lower the risk of onset;The RR of gastric cancer incidence in the total population decreased from 1.60 to 0.34,from 1.36 to 0.40 for males and from 2.23 to 0.22 for females.The incidence prediction results showed that by 2031,the incidence of gastric cancer would increase to 470,429 cases,including 323,399 cases for men and 147,029 cases for women.The standardized incidence of the total population would decrease to 23.80/100,000 cases,35.13/100,000 cases for men and 24.17/100,000 cases for women. Conclusion The prevention and treatment measures of gastric cancer from 1990 to 2021 have achieved certain results in reducing the risk of gastric cancer,but the incidence of gastric cancer is still serious,and it is necessary to focus on strengthening the intervention for men over 50 years old.

Objective The Objective of this study was to analyze the 2021 global burden of disease database assessment of deaths and disability-adjusted life year(DALY)attributed to alcohol exposure induced malignant tumors in China,providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of alcohol exposure-related malignancies in China. Methods The 2021 global burden of disease database were retrieved,analyzed the number of deaths and mortality,DALYs,and DALY rates for malignant tumors in China,and analyzed the mortality and DALY situations attributed to alcohol exposure for different gender and types of tumors. Results In 2021,the number of cancer-related deaths in China was 2.8178 million,accounting for 28.50% of the global total cancer deaths(2.8178 million vs. 9.8884 million).The DALYs of malignant tumors in China were 2.8209 million person-year,accounting for 30.20% of the global DALY of malignant tumors(2.8209 million person-year vs. 9.3407 million person-year).The mortality of malignant tumors attributed to alcohol exposure in males(12.80/100,000 vs. 1.37/100,000)and DALY rate(354.08/100,000 vs. 34.96/100,000)were higher than those in females.From the perspective of age distribution,the mortality of malignant tumors caused by alcohol exposure increased with age,and the DALY rate reached its peak in the 70-year-old age group and then decreased again.The top three tumors with the highest disease burden caused by alcohol exposure were esophageal cancer,liver cancer,and colorectal cancer. Conclusion Alcohol exposure in China leads to a heavier burden of malignant tumor mortality and DALY,with higher in male malignant tumor mortality than that in females.Alcohol exposure mainly causes gastrointestinal tumors.The prevention and treatment of male gastrointestinal tumors should focus on alcohol exposure.

Objective The Objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and changing trends of cancer in Ankang city,Shaanxi province from 2016 to 2020,and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of cancer in Ankang city. Methods Based on the data review and quality evaluation methods developed by the National Cancer Center,a quality evaluation was conducted on the incidence and mortality data of cancer reported by 10 tumor registries in Ankang city from 2016 to 2020.SPSS 20.0 software was used to calculate the crude incidence,China standard incidence,crude mortality,China standard mortality,and the top 10 incidence and mortality order and composition.Joinpoint software was used to analyze the annual percentage change(APC)of incidence and mortality of cancer in Ankang city from 2016 to 2020. Results The crude incidence of cancer in Ankang from 2016 to 2020 was 219.04/100,000,and the China standard incidence was 153.58 /100,000;The crude mortality was 131.81/100,000,and the China standard mortality was 89.29 /100,000.From 2016 to 2020,the incidence and mortality of cancer in Ankang city increased with age,rising rapidly after the age group of 40-44 and the age group of 45-49.The incidence reached its peak in the age group of 75 -79 and the mortality in the age group of 85 and above,with 1108.43/100,000 and 920.15/100,000,respectively.The top four causes of incidence and mortality were lung cancer,liver cancer,esophageal cancer,and gastric cancer.From 2016 to 2020,the China standard incidence and China standard mortality of cancer in Ankang city exhibited an upward trend. Conclusion From 2016 to 2020,the incidence and mortality of cancer in Ankang city are on the rise,and men are higher than women.Health education and lifestyle interventions should be focused on people over 40 years old to strengthen the three-level prevention,early screening,early diagnosis and early treatment of cancer,reduce the incidence of major cancer,improve survival rate,and reduce the burden of disease.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the expression of hypermethylated in cancer 1(HIC1)and overall survival(OS)in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)patients. Methods A total of 2,166 patients with NSCLC,including 1 161 patients with adenocarcinoma and 780 patients with squamous cell carcinoma,were collected from the Kaplan-Meier plotter plus(KM plotter)database with detailed pathological type,clinical stage,treatment information,and complete RNA-seq or Gene chip data.Univariate Cox proportional risk regression analysis was performed using KM plotter online database.Multivariate Cox regression analysis corrected for the following confounding factors:gender,smoking history,clinical stage,surgical margin status,chemotherapy and radiotherapy.The relationship between the expression of HIC1 mRNA and OS in 2,166 NSCLC patients was analyzed.Transwell migration assay was used to detect the effect of knockdown HIC1 gene on the migration ability of PC9 cells(lung adenocarcinoma cell line). Results In lung adenocarcinoma patients receiving chemotherapy,the high expression of HIC1 significantly prolonged the OS(HR=0.54,95% CI:0.34-0.86,P=0.009),and reduced the risk of death by 46%.Transwell cell migration assay showed that the migration ability in PC9 cells in the low expression of HIC1 was increased(P＜0.001). Conclusion The expression of HIC1 mRNA may be an important prognostic predictor for NSCLC patients receiving chemotherapy.

Objective The aim of this study was to use bioinformatics methods to integrate gene expression profiles and splicing profiles,and identify potential biomarkers that play a role in endocrine therapy resistance. Methods The gene datasets of endocrine therapy sensitive and resistant cells from the Gene expression omnibus(GEO)database were downloaded to screen for differentially expressed genes and differential splicing genes related to endocrine therapy resistance,and perform Hallmark enrichment analysis and Gene set enrichment analysis(GSEA)on these genes.The cancer genome atlas(TCGA)and the breast cancer data in the Molecular taxonomy of breast cancer international consortium(METABRIC)were downloaded,and compared the expression of differential genes in tumor and adjacent tissues,as well as the differences between different tumor stages and grades.The relationship between differential expressed genes and overall survival(OS),alternative splicing,and immune infiltration were explored in patients receiving endocrine therapy. Results GEO data analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in breast cancer treatment response related to pathways and immune-related pathways,and differentially spliced genes were mainly enriched in breast cancer treatment response related to pathways.The genes that undergo differential expression and splicing simultaneously included CAMK2B,EVL,MZB1and PTPRG.Among them,the expression of MZB1 was associated with OS and immune cell infiltration in patients receiving endocrine therapy,and the precursor mRNA of MZB1 underwent more alternative 3′splicing in drug-resistant cells. Conclusion The expression of MZB1 is related to the effect on endocrine therapy in breast cancer,and its mechanism may be the change of immune related function caused by alternative splicing.MZB1 can serve as a potential biomarker for endocrine therapy to improve prognosis.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of IL-23(IL-23)in breast cancer and its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics. Methods The tumor tissues and adjacent tissues of 100 patients with breast cancer diagnosed in Nanchong Central Hospital from January 2020 to December 2020 were collected.Immunohistochemistry and Real-Time PCR were used to determine the expression of IL-23 protein and mRNA in the two groups of tissues.The expression of IL-23 protein and mRNA in breast cancer tissues and adjacent tissues were compared,and the relationship between IL-23 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer was analyzed. Results IL-23 protein was mainly expressed in the membrane and cytoplasm of breast cancer cells.The expression of IL-23 protein and mRNA in breast cancer tissues were higher than those in adjacent tissues(P＜0.001).The expression of IL-23 protein and mRNA was positively correlated with the histological grade,T grade,clinical stage and Ki-67 expression of breast cancer,negatively correlated with the expression of ER and PR(P＜0.05),and was not related to neurovascular invasion,age and HER-2 expression in breast cancer(P＞0.05). Conclusion IL-23 may participate in the progression of breast cancer,and its expression is closely related to ER,PR,Ki-67 and other prognostic indicators,suggesting that its expression may be related to the prognosis,but it needs further experimental verification.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)mainly promote anti-tumor immunity by relieving tumor immune suppression.Interferon-γ(IFN-γ)plays an important role in increasing tumor antigen presentation,inducing immune cell infiltration,and directly inducing tumor cell apoptosis,becoming a key factor in improving the efficacy of immunotherapy.The abnormal signaling pathway of IFN-γ and its own effect on promoting tumor are the key mechanisms that trigger resistance to ICIs therapy.Immunotherapy,when combined with IFN-γ or IFN-γ inducers,can effectively restore the presentation ability of MHC-I,increase immune cell infiltration,and thus improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.In addition,domestic and foreign scholars have achieved certain therapeutic effects on clinical trials by normalizing the IFN-γ signaling pathway and combining ICIs with JAKi.This review mainly introduces the role of IFN-γ in the treatment of tumor ICIs,providing direction for potential treatment strategies to reverse ICIs resistance and further providing theoretical basis for clinical application.

The biggest challenge of breast cancer treatment is metastasis and drug resistance.Breast cancer metastasis increases mortality and decreases the life quality of patients.At present,the mechanism of breast cancer metastasis is not completely understood,and the multi-step process of metastasis,namely metastasis cascade,is determined by the internal characteristics of tumor cells and tumor microenvironment.Among the factors driving breast cancer metastasis,the role of inflammatory reaction has gradually attracted attention.The inflammatory environment composed of immune cells,cytokines,chemokines,and growth factors has an important impact on the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells.By studying the interaction between inflammatory reaction,tumor cells and tumor microenvironment,it is expected to discover drug targets for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer metastasis.This article reviews the role of inflammation in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer metastasis.

The constructing experimental mouse models that conform to the biological characteristics of human liver cancer are crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of liver cancer and testing new therapeutic drugs.At present,the commonly used laboratory mouse models for liver cancer are mainly divided into three types based on their construction methods:chemically/diet-induced mouse models,genetically engineered mouse models,and transplanted mouse models.However,these three types of liver cancer mice also differ in their construction methods,scope of application,and characteristics of liver cancer tissue types.This review describes the differences in construction methods,tumor formation time,and applicability among different liver cancer mouse models,aiming to provide a reference for researchers in selecting suitable mouse models.

Cancer is a major disease that seriously endangers human health.In recent years,immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)have changed the paradigm of treatment for various solid tumors.Although the initial treatment effect is significant,the issue of drug resistance in this therapy has gradually become apparent.It is particularly important to have a deep understanding of the mechanisms of ICIs resistance.Neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment(TME)play a critical role in the resistance of programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)and its ligand inhibitors.Thus,remodeling tumor-associated neutrophils(TANs)can not only enhance the anti-tumor immune response,but also contribute to improving patient prognosis.This article aims to explore the potential role of TANs in ICIs resistance and summarize current efforts to overcome ICIs resistance.