During the sea level low stand of the last glaciation maximum, the present Changjiang Delta area could correspondingly be subdivided into two palaeogeographical units: incised valley and palaeointerfluve. Erosional surface at the base in theincised valleys and the surface of the stiff clay (palaeosol) at the paleointerfluves constitute the lower boundary of the post-glacial transgressive sedimentary cycle, which corresponds to sequence boundary in sequence stratigraphy. The maximum flooding surface lying in estuarine-shallow marine muddy unit demarcates the underlying transgressive sequence and overlying regressive sequence. With the falling of sea level of  δ¹⁸O stage 3 the Changjiang River began to down-cut, and a huge incised valley was formed during the lowest sea level of the stage 2. The postglacial transgression caused by sea level rising led to infilling of the incised valley and formation of the river channel, floodplain-estuary, estuarine-shallow marine and deltaic stratigraphical units. The retrogressive aggradation was the main process resulting in fluvial depositional units. The presence of tidal laminae and small-sized foraminiferas within muddy deposits of the floodplain unit demonstrated the influence of marine factors. Estuarine-shallow marine muddy deposits were basically formed during maximum transgression, then delta progradation created the deltaic sequences with multi-stage mouth sand bars. The stiff clay on the palaeointerfluve, belonging to floodplain facies, underwent deposition alternating with pedogenesis, ongoing pedogenesis and early diagenesis, which roughly correspond to stage 3, stage 2 and stage 1 of  δ¹⁸O respectively. The stiff clay, overprinted by all these processes, contains abundant information on late Quaternary palaeoenvironment changes in the Changjiang Delta region. During the period of ongoing pedogenesis, river base level and groundwater remained lower, the annual precipitation was about 500～800 mm, which corresponded to that of modern temperate zones, drying-wetting cycles were apparent and groundwater was frequently fluctuated. All of these demonstrated that the climate was not arid at that time.

Based on core description and synthetic analysis of seismic sections, the palaeoepigenetic dissolution in the research area was comprehensirely studied. The geomorphic features, signs and characteristics and zonation of the palaeokarst were described and the controlling factors of palaeoepigenetic dissolution were discussed. It also makes a thorough study on the developmental history of palaeokarst of the area and its changes. In accordance with the tectonic development history of the area, the carbonate rock dissolution process of the Lower Palaeozoic in the area can be divided into four stages. The study has profound significance for further study of reservoir characteristics and pore evolution and synthetic evaluation of exploration blocks.

Development of Triassic lithofacies and palaeogeography can be divided into 5 stages in Qamdo area. There were not only inheritances but also differentiations in palaeotectonic and palaeogeographic frameworks of different stages. Palaeogeography of the Early Triassic inherited that of the end of the Late Permian, palaeocontinental area enlarged, and marine sediments only occupied narrow area; and from then, embryonic grillwork of islandsea displayed in arcbasin systems. In the Middle Triassic, arcbasin systems of Early Triassic were inherited, and intraarc basin largely depressed and accumulated thick multisource turbidity rocks and episodic arc volcanic rocks. In Early Carnian of the Late Triassic, molasse sediments developed, and shelf, slope and basin deposits only occurred in local areas. In Early Norian of the Late Triassic, the largest scale transgression had taken place the  whole area, carbonate sediments onlapped on palaeocontinent eastwards and westwards, and framework of islandsea from arcbasin systems was extinct from then. After Late Norian of the Late Triassic, water retreated from north and west, and seacontinental transitional and littoral terrigenous deposits covered the whole area. It turns out that there was an islandsea framework in the Triassic in Qamdo area similar to that in Indonesia and Haiti today.

 With only minor exceptions, the palaeoenvironmental interpretation based on microphytoplankton diversity and microphytoplankton/spore ratios is in agreement with previous ecological and depositional interpretation for the Xibiantang Formation (Late Early Devonian,Emsian-Eifelian)and Malutang Formation(Middle Devonian,Givetian)in Shidian County, Western Yunnan,China. Analyses of acritarchs morphotype variability, fluctuations in acritarch species diversity and the ratio of microphytoplankton(Acritarchs and Prasinophytes) to spores were compared with known palaeoenvironmental interpretation based on sedimentology and megafossil content . The two distinct stratigraphically successive acritarchs assemblages are discernible. The Xibiantang Formation acritarch assemblage is characterized by the abundant appearance of Cymatiosphaera reticulosa (Kiryanor) Colbath, C. cornifera Deunff, C. magnata Pichler, Polyedryxium carnatum Playford, P. decorum Deunff, Comasphaeridium muscosum Wicander et Playford, Multiplicisphaeridium sp., Dictyotidium variatum Playford, D. cf. torosum Playford, Gorgonisphaeridium condensum Playford, Lophosphaeridium segragum Playford, Melikeriopolla venulosa Playford, Navifusa bacillum (Deunff) Playford, N. exilis Playford, Micryhastridium stellatum Deflandre, Maranhites gallicus Tangaurdeau-Lant, Tasmanites sp..
   The acritarch assemblage of the Malutang Formation is marked by appearance of Chomotriletes revugensis Naumova,Tunisphaeridium tentaculaferum(Martin) Cramer, Holosphaeridium microclavatum Playford, as well as a more constant occurrence of Dictyotidium cf. torosum Playford, Gorgonisphaeridium sp. cf.Micrhystridium sericum Deunff, ?Gneudunlla sp., Hapsidopolla exornata (Deunff) Playford, Lophosphaeridium dumalis Playford, Leiosphaeridia lavigata Stockmans et Williere, Veryhachium downiei Stockmans et Williere, Visbysphaera gotlandica (Eisenack) Lister,and few Chitinozoans and Scolecodonts.
    The acritarchs of Western Yunnan may be correlated basically with those in South China, Western Europe, North America, Australia and North Africa. 
    Analysis of fluctuations in the microplankton to spore ratio combined with changes in the morphotype composition and diversity of acritarch assemblage indicates that the Xibiantang Formation was intially deposited in a near-to normal shallow marine environment.The total microplankton of the Malutang indicates a shelf marine environment of deposition.

The Tarim Basin, located in Northwest China, is the largest oilgasbearing basin on the mainland of China. Currently, there exist two viewpoints about its tectonictype and basement. Some geologists considered it a superimposed composite basin with a Precambrian continental basement. Some other geologists, however, reinterpreted it as a remnant back arc basin or composite of North and Southwest Tarim remnant interarc basins separated by Tazhong (central Tarim) relic arc, and underlain by oceanic lithosphere. H3 and H4, two petroleum exploratory wells (wild cats for oil and gas), located at Bachu Fault  Uplift which is a part of the Tazhong tectonic unit (Tazhong Rise/Central Rise or Tazhong relic arc). Sixteen Silurian Carboniferous sandstone samples from H3 and eighteen Ordovician Carboniferous sandstone siltstone samples from H4 were collected for major element chemical analysis. Based on the analysis, the Silurian Carboniferous sedimentary tectonic setting and provenancenature of Bachu FaultUplift are discriminated with various methods. This discrimination shows that the sedimentary tectonic setting of Bachu block from the Silurian to Carboniferous was a stable continental craton basin, and had no obvious change. Its sedimentary provenance is a mature continent. This discrimination result indicates that the Tarim basin has a continental basement.

Tectonic melange zone of Mianxian|Lüeyang is a non|Smith stratigraphic region which consists of many structural slices from  the Archean to Carboniferous. This region has developed rift volcanic rocks of the Devonian， ophiolite，island arc and ocean volcanic rocks，and radiolarian siliceous rocks of the Carboniferous. The features of ordinary， trace and rare earth elements of the volcanic rocks and siliceous rocks suggest the existence of an open ocean during the Devonian and Carboniferous. This ocean basin was formed by further breaking off on the basis of the rift during the Palaeozoic, subducted in the Carboniferous, and closed and collided in the Late Triassic.

The Jixi Basin is located in the east of Heilongjiang Province, in which natural gas was found in 1985. It is a MesozoicCenozoic basin, with Cretaceous System and Tertiary System. The Lower Cretaceous is divided into Jixi Group and Huashan Group. Jixi Group contains coal as well as oil and gas. Dongrong Formation(K1d) has lots of dark mudstones deposited in indented lagoon. Coal and highly carbonaceous mudstones of marsh are rich in Chengzihe Formation (K1ch) and Muleng Formation(K1m). There is a good deal of deeplake mudstones in Yongqing Formation (E2y). The type and vertical distribution of source rocks were controlled by fill sequence. Porous reservoir has lower porosity and permeability, and fractured reservoir is dominant. Sourcereservoirseal assemblage is good. The gas of well blowout is from lower coalbearing strata (K1ch and K1m), and gas layer is at the middle of Muleng Formation reservoir. The caprock of thick mudstones and 4 tuff beds were located above the gas. Jixi Basin is a gasbearing basin. The prospecting for gas in Lishuzhen depression and oil in Pingyangzhen depression is suggested.

Evolution of the sedimentary sequences of the continental basins reflects the periodic changes of lake water regime. Thus the reacting sequence of the lacustrine deposits expresses the genetic history of the oil and gas pool. The orientation and location of the oil and gas pool as well as the characteristics of the reservoir could be managed as the exploration model. Our present work of the western slope region in the southern Songliao Basin, as shown here, is taken as an example.The western slope region in southern Songliao Basin is divided into two megasequences, four supersequences and eight sequences. Sequence Ⅵ consists of RST ,HST and TST which correspond to model Ⅰ,model Ⅱ,and model Ⅲ respectively. TST and HST can be taken for the source rock and RST can be regarded as the reservoir rock.

The Carboniferous is one of the most important marine strata which contain oil and gas in South China. The conditions of generating oil and gas of the Lower Carboniferous are better than those of the Upper Carboniferous, and this is related to larger area of basins in the Early Carboniferous. The conditions of generating oil and gas of the underlying Silurian and the overlying Permian are better than those of the Carboniferous. The reservoiring conditions of the Upper Carboniferous are better than those of the Lower Carboniferous, which is related to the widespread distribution of dolostones and bank limestones of the Upper Carboniferous. The direct capping bed of Carboniferous oil and gas pools is the Liangshan Formation which is the lower part of the Lower Permian, and the regional capping beds are the Mesozoic and Cenozoic which mainly consist of mudstones. The assemblage of generating, reservoiring and capping conditions of the Carboniferous in South China is favorable. But the marine strata of the Carboniferous as well as the whole Palaeozoic and Triassic in South China had all undergone several large tectonic movements. The conditions of oil and gas accumulation were destroyed to a large extent. The relatively large Mesozoic and Cenozoic basins with favorable assemblages of generating and reservoiring of oil and gas,favorable regional capping and favorable preserving conditions, especially the areas near the source rocks of the Carboniferous itself and the Silurian, are favorable places to find new Carboniferous oil and gas pools.