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《Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry》
JOPC 2014 Vol.16 Number 2
2014, Vol.16 Num.2
Online: 2014-04-01
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY
QUATERNARY PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
143
Mei Mingxiang,Su Dechen
Cretaceous sedimentary succession of eolian sandstones in Zhangye Region of Gansu Province:Sedimentological response to the Cretaceous uplift of Qilian Mountains
Studies on the uplift process of the Qilian Mountains and its sedimentological response are meaningful for the further understanding of the formation of the Tibetan Plateau and its impact of environment in Asia. The Lower Cretaceous in the Zhangye Region of Gansu Province, which is genetically controlled by the uplift process of the Qilian Mountains，can be subdivided into the Chijinpu， Xiagou and Zhonggou Formations. Their sedimentary features can be summarized as follows:（1）a course clastic rock succession can reflect the phenomenon of “rain shadow effect”，
i e.
,the Chijinpu Formation with the restricted distribution in space and the thickness of more than 1000 meters，which is made up of the cyclic succession of sedimentary facies characterized by the “alluvial fan（or fluvial fan-braided river-eolian sand dune of the lake shore facies”;（2）a set of red beds that is composed of more eolian sand dunes of the lake shore facies in the margin areas of the basin，
i e.
, the Xiagou Formation，which probably represents the product of a more obvious period of the “rain shadow effect”that is correspond to the rapid and strong uplift process of the Qilian Mountains;（3）a succession from the alluvial system to the lake system with the more widespread spatial distribution，
i e.
, the Zhonggou Formation， which belongs to the product formed in moist climate setting without the rain shadow effect and is genetically related to the equilibrium uplift of the Qilian Mountains;（4）The generally absence of the Upper Cretaceous in the study area is probably genetic related to the unloading of Qilian Mountains that leads to the isostasy rebounding in front of mountains. Therefore，a particularly sedimentary succession with the development of eolian sandstones from the Chijinpu Formation to the Xiagou Formation in the study area，which is characteristic of a sedimentary succession of both a composition of special sedimentary facies and their evolutionary succession，not only becomes an important substance record for the further understanding of the Cretaceous uplift of the Qilian Mountains, but also provides another important record for the reconstruction of the atmospheric circle pattern in the East Asia.
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 143-156 [
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157
Wang Junhuai, Liu Yinghui, Wan Ce, Zhu Xiaomin, Wang Xiaojun, Ge Jiawang, Zhang Xin
Characteristics and origin of dolomitic tuffin the Permian Fengcheng Formation in Wu-Xia area of Junggar Basin
The dolomitic tuff of Fengcheng Formation in Wu-Xia area of Junggar Basin is considered to be a set of hydrocarbon-abundant carbonate reservoir with special geologic origins. Based on the geological background study including tectonic,sedimentation and volcanic activities in the Permian Fengcheng Formation,and combined with the macroscopic occurrence of the dolomitic tuff cores,the dolomitic rocks could be divided into four types:Rippled,massive,flocculent and diffuse dolomitic tuff. The characteristcs of the four types with the dolomitic tuff examined under microscope are:The ripple one has fine-grained and poor crystal shape,but the other three ones have silt-grained and fine-grained,and there is fogged center and clear margin structure and residual annulus alternation structure widely formed. The geochemical analyses of C-O isotopes and trace elements suggest that the fluid which promotes dolomitization may probably come from the sedimentary formation water in Fengcheng Formation, which is from semi-closed shore-shallow lakes and Mg-rich marine seawater upwelling from the Permian Jiamuhe Formation and Carboniferous. The inclusion homogenization temperature indicates that the uniform temperature for calcite is among 60～70℃ while 85～105℃ for the dolomite. The rippled dolomitic rocks are penecontemporaneous,but the massive,flocculent and diffuse dolomitic rocks are metasomatized lately and the original rocks of the metasomatism are volcanic material(tuff). Volcanic glass in the volcanic tuff material is easily to take hydrolysis alteration,the products of which are montmorillonite,feldspar and quartz. Both of the alteration of montmorillonite to illite and feldspar hydrolysis can separate out plenty of Ca
2+
. Then,the combination of Ca
2+
and CO
2
or CO
3
2-
form the alteration products calcite,taking a strong dolomization reaction under the metasomatism of rich magnesium fluid environment later.
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 157-168 [
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169
Guo Qunying, Li Yue, Zhang Liang, Zeng Changmin, Guo Feng, Wang Feng
Sedimentary facies characteristics of the Cretaceous in southwestern Tarim Basin
In southwestern Tarim Basin, the Cretaceous was developed well with Upper and Lower. The Lower Cretaceous Kizilsu Group is subdivided into four members. They are dominated by terrestrial sedimentary rocks of brownish red glutenites intercalated with sandstones,silts,mudstones and conglomerates.The Upper Cretaceous Yengisar Group is composed of both marine and non-marine facies and summarized in ascending order.The Kukebai Formation is subdivided into two members and commonly composed of mudstones, gypsum beds and marine fossils. The Wuyitage Formation is characterized of red mudstones and muddy silts intercalated with sandstones.The Yigeziya Formation is rich in limestones, dolomitic limestones and marine fossils. The Tuyiluoke Formation is composed of brownish red mudstones,gypsum beds, sandstones, conglomerates and some marine fossils.Thestudy supplies an evolutionary process of the northwestern Tarim Block during the Cretaceous based on the temporal and spatial distribution of nine units covering the fore-land region of the Kunlun Mountains. The Kizilsu Group shows rapid terrestrial deposition spped in the western part, and delta and shoal facies in the eastern part where is short of clastic supplement.It is recognized as a wide facies of alluvial fan and braided river delta. The Kukebai Formation generally implies a transgression with a facies change from braided river to tidal falt.Tidal flat facies are mainly arrangement of the Wuyitage Formation. The Yigeziya Formation showed facies changed from carbonate platform to platform margin. The Tuyiluoke Formation is a persistence of a wide tidal flat environment.
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 169-178 [
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PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
179
Liang Bing, Liu Hongyu
Sedimentary basin evolution and geological elements of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in Fuyang area，Anhui Province
Fuyang area is located in the eastern of Zhoukou Depression,which belongs to North China Platform Craton Basin in the Paleozoic,and a set of coal-bearing delta is deposited in the Upper Paleozoic. Due to frequent transgression and regression,and the “interbedded”sedimentary structure of sandstone,limestone,shale and coal,the “source-reservoir interbedded type” assemblage is constituted in Fuyang area. Multi-hydrocarbon unconventional reservoirs including shale gas,coal bed methane and tight sandstone gas are easy to form here. Through the sedimentary basin evolution studies,three types of basin evolution models are identified,which reflects there is difference of the basin evolution after the Indosinian. The three types are regional uplift model, continuous sedimentation model and differential sedimentation model. The difference among them plays an important controlling role for the deposition,tectonic and hydrocarbon generation history.
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 179-192 [
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193
Li Dan, Yang Xianghua, Chang Yinshan, Liu Haoran, Xu Xiaoming, Zhu Guanghui
Distribution of the Upper Triassic terrigenous organic matter in Mungaroo delta of North Carnarvon Basin, Australia
The giant shallow water braided fluvial delta, Mungaroo delta, was developed in the Mungaroo Formation in North Carnarvon Basin during the Middle and Upper Triassic. Based on logging data and core data,together with the regional geological setting,the Mungaroo delta is divided into four sedimentary sub-facies,including the proximal delta plain,the distal delta plain,the delta front and the prodelta. The proximal delta plain and the distal delta plain are widely spread,while the delta front and the prodelta are underdeveloped. Analysis of the terrigenous organic matter in the different sub-facies suggests that: (1)During the deposition of sediments, the peat bog underwent a scouring transformation due to the influence of the circum-Tethys giant monsoon flood,hence the organic matter is mainly dispersed and the thin coal strata is only developed in the distal delta. (2)The influence of monsoon floodvary greatly from sub-facies to sub-facies. The proximal delta plain was transformed intensively by the flood and was rich in glutenite although thin mudstone could also be found in it. The maceral of the mudstone is mainly inertinite because most of the vitrinite was oxidized. (3)Although the marsh sediments in the distal delta plain underwent frequent scour of the flood,there are still many thin coal beds developed in dark mudstone. The content of terrigenous organic matter in the mudstone is highest with vitrinite as the main type. (4)The delta front and the prodelta are narrow. The terrigenous organic matter content is low in these facies. The distal delta plain is the most potential hydrocarbon-generating facies of the four facies and its average total organic carbon(TOC) content can be up to 4.11％. The terrigenous organic distribution reflects that the braided river delta sedimentary features underwent a megamonsoon influence.
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 193-204 [
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BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY
205
Zhang Wei, Gao Ke-Qin
Early Cretaceous evolution of choristoderes in western Liaoningbased on geographic and stratigraphic evidence
The Choristodera,an extinct and specialized clade of aquatic-semiaquatic diapsid reptiles,had an evolutionary history in close association with the continental ecosystems of Jurassic through Miocene on northern hemisphere. During the Early Cretaceous in western Liaoning Province of China,choristoderes went through a rapid evolution with diverse ecologic adaptations,as evidenced by their extensive fossil record from the Yixian and Jiufotang Formations. Choristoderan fossils have been found from localities within the Lingyuan,Yixian,Chaoyang and Jianchang areas,with a significant concentration of
Hyphalosaurus
localited at the Yixian area. The found Choristoderan fossies can be divided into five species of four genera in three families. In terms of geological range,fossils of
Hyphalosaurus
and
Monjurosuchus
are simply restricted to the Yixian Formation,while those of
Ikechosaurus
and
Philydrosaurus
are confined to the Jiufotang Formation. The extended distribution of the Early Cretaceous choristoderes in western Liaoning indicates a dispersal pattern of the group from west to east and from south to north. And last occurrence of
Hyphalosaurus
choristoderes in western Liaoning is recorded with thousands of fossil specimens preserved in tuffaceous deposits of the Dakangpu beds of the Yixian Formation. Such an unusual concentration of fossils indicates a possible mass extinction event of this clade during the Early Cretaceous Aptian Age. All choristoderes were wiped out from the western Liaoning during the Early Cretaceous Aptian Age.
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 205-216 [
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217
Shi Xiao, Yu Jianxin, Chen Bin, Huang Cheng, Gu Songzhu, Li Hui, Chi Hongfei
Palynology of the Lower Permian Dazhuyuan and Liangshan Formations in Wuchuan-Zheng′an-Daozhen area,northern Guizhou Province
The materials in this paper were collected from the Lower Permian Dazhuyuan and Liangshan Formations in Wuchuan-Zheng′an-Daozhen area,northern Guizhou Province. The sporo-pollen assemblages are diverse,abundant,and well preserved in Liangshan Formation,but conversed to those in Dazhuyuan Formation. The palynological characteristic of the mentioned Formations can be summarized as follows:(1)The miospore populations of the Dazhuyuan Formation contain examples of species such as abundant
Calamospora
and
Florinites,
a little
Torispora verrucosa,Gulisporites,Alisporites,Hamiapollenites
and
Striatopodocarpites
,mainly occurring in the Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian. According to the stratigraphic position of the Dazhuyuan Formation and miospore collected,its age should be correspond to the Early Permian Asselian to Artinskian(equivalent to the Zisong-Longlin stage).(2)The Liangshan Formation contains miospores collectively named
Laevigatosporites vulgaris-Gulisporites-Florinites ovalis
assemblage. Compared with the preceding Dazhuyuan Formation,the vegetation became extremely diversified,as reflected by the numerous taxa of both pteridophytic spores and gymnospermous pollen-attaining to 49 species in 34 genera, and quantitatively to 51.6％～56.1％ and 43.9％～48.4％ respectively. Judging from the characteristic components of this assemblage,the Liangshan Formation is possibly correlated with Early Permian Longlinian of southern China(equivalent to the Kunguria Stage).
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 217-226 [
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227
Li Jie, Xu Qinghai, Cao Xianyong, Tian Fang, Ding Wei, Liang Jian
Pollen assemblages characteristics of human disturbed vegetation in hilly areas of Shanxi and Hebei Provinces
The pollen assemblages of 54 surface samples from human disturbed vegetation in hilly areas of Shanxi and Hebei Provinces show that:Herbaceous pollen types are dominant in pollen assemblages(average 74.5％),arboreal pollen percentages are lower than 20％. Cereals,
Artemisia
,and Chenopodiaceae are the major herbaceous pollen types in farmlands where human impacts are much stronger. While
Artemisia
,Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae are the major herbaceous pollen types in wastelands. Different human activity intensities lead to different indicator species and different pollen concentrations. Cereals,Vitaceae and Juglandaceae are the indicator pollen types of farmlands whose pollen concentrations are about 4380 grains/g,while
Artemisia
,Polygonaceae and Rosaceae are the indicator pollen types of wastelands whose pollen concentrations are about 10983 grains/g. Different agricutural practices produce different pollen types with different pollen content of cereals. The pollen percentages of cereals are higher(40.2％)in single cereal areas than those in mix-planted areas(18.8％)and wastelands(3.8％). The pollen contents of cereals in different crops will give a reference to obtain the messages of human activities in lands as well as to distinguish the possible old cultivation methods.
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 227-238 [
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239
Wang Liyuan, Xin Wei, Cheng Jie
Sporopollen assemblages and climate changes since the Late Quaternaryat Qingtu Lake in northwestern margin of Tengger Desert
Based on the analyses of sporopollen assemblages,magnetic susceptibility,OSL dating of lake sediments from borehole ZK1 in Qingtu Lake,northwestern margin of the Tengger Desert,this paper reconstructs the vegetation features of each stage, discusses the vegetation assemblages and lake climate changes since the late Middle Pleistocene. It is indicated that Qingtu Lake experienced two stages of climate changes, dry-cold and warm-wet in the Middle Pleistocene,and warm-wet and dry-cold in the Late Pleistocene. Moreover,it is accorded with climate cycle characteristics of the last glaciation and the last interglacial in MIS. Meanwhile,Qingtu Lake experienced the evolutions of climate of the dry-cold and warm-wet in the Holocene.
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 239-248 [
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QUATERNARY PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
249
Hu Yunzhuang, Zhang Jinqi, Bai Yaonan, Xia Yubo, Wang Qiang
Records of regional tectonic and climatic evolution since 3.45 Ma BP at Borehole TD1 of Tangshan in the middle part of Luanhe River fluvial fan
This paper studied the magnetostratigraphy,
14
C dating,sedimentary cycle,logging sedimentary,pollenstratigraphy and microbiota ostracoda in Borehole TD1,which is located at the middle part ofLuanhe River fluvial fan of the early Late Pleistocene on the northwestern coast of Bohai Bay. The results show that:(1)The strata with 220m thinkness in this borehole recorded the palaeomagnetic Brunhes,Matuyama and Gauss polarity chrons,and the bottom horizon was near 3.45 Ma based on the palaeomagnetic polarity column. (2)The stratigraphy architecture of fluvial fan had been drilled,it was composed of branch channel facies and related sediments in braided river system since Quaternary,and the thickest limnetic facies sediment appeared in Pliocene. (3)The analysis of the log facies and sedimentary facies for the borehole suggests that a total of six large sedimentary cycles occurred since circa 3.45 Ma,it can be compared in depth with the borehole that at the head of Luanhe River fluvial fan. The sedimentary cycles happened at 3.2,3.0,2.0 and 0.78 Ma respectively overlaid the four stages of lake-limnetic facies sediments. The light yellow/orange sediments in the Latest Glacial Maximum Stage is the same with those found in boreholes on the western coast of Bohai Bay,conforming to the sedimentary characteristic of lowstand system trace. (4)The palaeo-monsoon could lead to the increase in precipitation and formation of lacustrine sediments,however,in this borehole,the highest organic matter content occurred at 6 ka BP,which shows that the hydrothermal condition had been influenced by the Middle Holocene megathermal period climate greatly.
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 249-262 [
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263
Chen Huixian, Luo Meimei, Wang Jianhua, Su Zhihua, Jin Gangxiong, Wa xilali, Yang Xiaoqiang, Cao Linglong
Sedimentary characteristics and depositional environmental evolutionof the Quaternary in Jiulongjiang Estuary,Fujian Province
Based on the analysis of AMS
14
C dating and palaeomagnetic data,combined with the section characteristics of Boreholes ZK1 and ZK7 located in Jiulongjiang Estuary,the Quaternary are subdivided in the area. According to mainly granulometic characteristics,associated with other palaeoenvironmental indexes such as magnetic susceptibility,micropalaeobios,ratio of Sr/Ba
etc.
,the sedimentary facies are defined to restore the history of palaeoenvironmental evolution during the Late Quaternary. It indicates that the quaternary sediments of Jiulongjiang Estuary formed from middle of the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene. The sediments of the Late Pleistocene can be subdivided,from bottom to top,to Longhai Formation(flood-alluvial facies)and Dongshan Formation(flood plain facies),intermitted by a depositional breaks of about 10 ka. During the last glacial period,these sediments were exposed to suffer weathering and erosion for about 5～6 ka. The sediments of the Holocene,formed from 14 ka BP,is defined as Changle Formation consisting successively of estuarine facies,distributary mouth bar-channel facies and tidal-flat facies. According to the dating data and the changes of sedimentary facies,the process of evolu￣tion is restored for the Late Quaternary palaeoenvironment in this area,and the results of this study may provide basic information for the regional Quaternary and engineering geologic researches.
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 263-273 [
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274
Li Yan, Jin Zhenkui, Li Guizi, Gao Baishui, Shi Liang
Depositional characteristics and model for crevasse delta of Xinjiang River in Poyang Lake area, Jiangxi Province
Based on field investigation,shallow boreholes,exploration trench and google earth,the crevasse delta of Xinjiang River in Poyang Lake area,Jiangxi Province is studied in detail. The crevasse delta is formed when flood breaches the natural levee on west bank of the Xinjiang River and flows into the flood lake nearby. The delta is bird-foot shape in the plane,and is distributed overall perpendicular to the main channel trend of the Xinjiang River. In the transverse profile,the depositional body of the crevasse delta is lenticular in the lateral,and overlies the previous deposits of wetlands or flood lake. The crevasse delta can be divided into three subfacies,
i.e.
crevasse delta plain,crevasse delta front and crevasse prodelta. On the delta plain,there are crevasse channels,natural levees,abandoned crevasse channels,and wetlands. Crevasse channels can be further divided into waterways,point bars and branch mouth bars. On the delta front,mouth bars and inter-distributary bays are developed. Sheet sand is not developed,because the flood lake is small in scale and wave energy is not high enough to create longshore current to modify mouth bar and crevasse channel sand bodies. The depositional characteristics of the crevasse delta are controlled jointly by fluvial and flood lake process. The evolution model of the crevasse delta can be divided into four stages:Main channel natural levee growth stage,early crevasse stage,prorogation and channel branching stage,channel branching and abandoning stage.
2014 Vol. 16 (2): 274-284 [
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