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	JOPC 2017 Vol.19 Number 6
	2017, Vol.19 Num.6
	Online: 2017-12-01

	SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHY LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHY

	935	Yu Xinghe, Wang Xiangzeng, Wang Nianxi, Shan Xin, Zhou Jinsong, Han Xiaoqin, Li Yalong, Du Yonghui, Zhao Chenfan

		Sequence stratigraphic framework and sedimentary evolution characteristics of gas-bearing sandbody in the Upper Paleozoic in southeastern Ordos Basin
		The traditional idea of hydrocarbon distribution “oil exists in south and gas in north”of Ordos Basin prevailed for a long time,which is contradiction with the latest study. The recognition on lack of sandbodies in the Upper Paleozoic and weak geological research had been constrained the exploration and exploitation in the southeastern Ordos Basin. Therefore,strengthening geological research on the Benxi Formation to Xiashihezi Formation(coal-bearing strata of the Upper Paleozoic),especially the study of sequence stratigraphy and reservoir sandbody genesis has an important theoretical and practical significance. This paper study sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Paleozoic in the southeastern Ordos based on the theory and method of Vail’s classical sedimentary sequence theory. First of all,identifying the sequence boundary based on lithologic characteristics,cycle,and change of depositional characteristics. This paper pointed out that the upper and lower lithological assemblages of the secondary sequence boundary are greatly changed,and the lowstand sandbodies thickness on the secondary boundary is significant. The Benxi Formation to Shihezi Formation was divided into 3 two-order sequence and 11 three-order sequence. Secondly,system tracts in sequence were also divided according different stacking patterns and different migration style. The spatial superposition relationship of the sandbody in the Benxi Formation,Shanxi Formation and the Member 8 of Xiashihezi Formation in the sequence stratigraphic framework have been analyzed by means of the sequence of large-scale well logs and the detailed description of the core. The formation mechanism of the time-transgressive base level cycle is discussed considering that Ben-2 Zone was “barrier migration,blanket connectivity”,Shan-2 Zone was a “lowstand controlling sand,surface-line connectivity” features,Shan-1 Zone was “lateral migration,contact connection”,He-8 Zone has a “migration-swings stack,multi-directional connectivity” features on the gas-bearing strata of the Upper Paleozoic in the southeastern Ordos Basin.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 935-954 [Abstract] ( 913 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2447KB] ( 607 )

	955	Zhang Chi, Li Jian’an, Jiao Jiewei, Ding Yue, Shao Longyi

		A study of sedimentary facies and sequence stratigraphy of the Changlongshan Formation(Qingbaikouan)in Xiaweidian area, West Mountain of Beijing
		The Changlongshan Formation of Qingbaikouan is well exposed in the Xiaweidian area,West Mountain of Beijing. Based on the analysis of the lower part of Changlongshan Formation and the thin sections of the sandstones examined by the optical microscope,sedimentary facies,sequence stratigraphy,and environmental evolution of the Changlongshan Formation were determined. A total number of 8 rock types were identified,including gravelly sandstones,Herringbone cross-bedded sandstones,hummocky cross-bedded sandstones,wavy-laminated siltstones,flaser-laminated siltstones,lenticular-laminated siltstones,carbonaceous mudstones,and horizontal-bedded mudstones. Based on the lithofacies analyses,four main sedimentary facies were recognized,including braided channel,tidal flat(tidal channel),shallow subtidal,and deep subtidal facies,and a braided channel-shoreline tidal flat depositional model was proposed. The regional unconformity between the Changlongshan Formation and its underlying strata,and the bottom of glutenite filling the incised valley were identified as sequence boundaries. The initial flooding surfaces are characterized by basal fine-grained deposits overlying on the major incised valley filled sandstones,while the maximum flooding surfaces are typified by the bases of a thick succession of the carbonaceous mudstones and horizontal-laminated mudstones. Three sequences were recognized in the lower part of the Changlongshan Formation in the Xiaweidian area,with each further subdivided into LST,TST and HST by the initial flooding surface and maximum flooding surface. The comprehensive analyses indicate that the Changlongshan Formation in western Beijing was developed during a period characterized by the transition from the Yan-Liao rifted trough stage to the North China stable craton stage.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 955-964 [Abstract] ( 484 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1534KB] ( 435 )

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	965	Xiong Guoqing, Wang Jian, Li Yuanyuan, Yu Qian, Men Yupeng, Zhou Xiaolin, Xiong Xiaohui, Zhou Yexin, Yang Xiao

		Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Early Paleozoic black rock series in Dabashan region and their shale-gas geological significance
		Two suites of black rock series of the Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation(the Bashan Formation to the Lujiaping Formation)and the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation to the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation were developed in the Dabashan region in the Early Paleozoic. Sedimentological research reveals that the black rock series were deposited in a passive continental margin basin in the northern margin of the Yangtze Plate. Their sedimentary environments were mainly a deep shelf due to rapid transgression during the earlier period and gradually changed into the shallow shelf with sea-level decline during the later period with some local reefs and shoals. The Early Cambrian and Late Ordovician to Early Silurian basements of the passive continental margin basin in the study area were not flat,which would result in the multi-island obstructively palaeogeographical pattern in continental margin. But their formation mechanisms are totally different. The Early Cambrian palaeogeographic pattern was inherited from graben-horst pattern of the Doushantuo Stage,and local uplift or submerged uplift remained in garben;but foreland uplift during the Late Ordovician to Early Silurian developed in passive continental margin basin in the northern margin of Yangtze Plate was related to Yangtze Plate subduction to North China Plate. The restricted stagnant ocean is more conducive to high-quality shale formation with heavy thickness,high TOC(2%~6%)and high content of brittle mineral(40%~65%),which are usually sweet target layers for shale-gas exploration,but it is necessary to enforce structural research of preservation conditions.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 965-986 [Abstract] ( 633 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4356KB] ( 431 )

	987	Li Xiangdong, Huan Yaqi

		Origin of deep-water stripped-and-banded mudstones related to contour currents in the Ordovician, Zhuozishan area, western margin of Ordos Basin
		The research for the mechanism of stripped-and-banded sedimentary structures is usually restricted by its compound processes which include chemical precipitation and physical deposition. The stripped-and-banded mudstones in the Kelimoli and Wulalike Formations in the Zhuozishan area,which were formed by physical deposition,provide a good view of investigation for the sedimentary mechanism of currents. Based on detail observation of field and thin sections,the role of contour currents in the deposition of deep-water stripped-and-banded mudstones is deduced from recent advances in flume experiments of fine-grained sediments. The upper part of the Kelimoli Formation constitutes of stipped mudstones with continuous or discontinuous extremely-thin lenses and fine-coarse-fine vertical succession in grain size,while the Wulalike Formation constitutes of banded mudstones associated with calcirudites and has a narrow-wide-narrow succession vertically. The mechanism of stripped￣and￣banded mudstones is related to the accretion of clay flocculated ripples and the movements of bedloads which both induced by contour currents. The stripped sedimentary structures were formed by the isochronous deposition of bedloads and accretion of flocculated ripples(with long trails)in weak contour currents period,when the contour currents not only eroded,transited and redeposited,but also produce large clay flocculated ripples with long trails. And the banded sedimentary structures were formed by the continued aggradation of bedloads in strong contour currents period when the flocculated ripples were small. The differences between stripped mudstones in the Kelimoli Formation and banded mudstones in the Wulalike Formation perhaps are made by the depth of sea water;the stripped structures deposited in relatively deeper water than banded structures. The results show the greatest transgression of the Middle to Upper Ordovician is occurred in the upper part of Kelimoli Formation in the western Ordos Basin,which has an important significance for the tectonic transgression and environment in the study area.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 987-997 [Abstract] ( 654 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1561KB] ( 336 )

	999	Xue Rui, Zhao Junfeng, Yan Zhandong, Yang Yao, Zhao Xudong, Zhao Zhongping

		Sedimentary characteristics and evolution of the Jurassic Zhiluo Formation in northern Ordos Basin
		The sandstones in the Lower Member of the Jurassic Zhiluo Formation in northeastern Ordos Basin has been recognized as major reservoirs of uranium in northeastern Ordos Basin. Although previous studies on the sedimentology of the uranium-bearing sandstones in the basin have been usually focused on regional distribution of the uranium-bearing sandstones in northern Ordos Basin received very few attention. Based on large quantities of well data and outcrop measurements in this study, the Lower Member of Zhiluo Formation is divided into two sub-members (J₂z^1-1, J₂z^1-2) in northern Ordos Basin. The main types of sedimentary facies identified in the Zhiluo Formation include fluvial facies and deltaic facies. During the deposition of the lower sub-member, the main depositional facies developed include gravelly to sandy braided fluvial deposits and deltaic deposits in the northeastern part of the study area. The main depositional facies gradually changed to sandy braided and meandering fluvial deposits during the deposition of the upper sub-member. Meandering fluvial systems were widely developed during deposition of the upper member, especially toward the top of the member. This study found that the development of uranium ore is mainly controlled by factors such as material composition of the source rock, distribution and evolution of favorable depositional systems, and climate condition. The analysis of facies and the development of the depositional model of the Zhiluo Formation could potentially have important applications for the exploration of uranium deposits in northern Ordos Basin.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 999-1012 [Abstract] ( 618 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1480KB] ( 444 )

	1013	Hua Xiaoli, Li Huiyong, Sun Xijia, Mao Li, Wang Baoquan

		The Paleozoic sedimentary microfacies and its control on karst reservoir in southwestern Bozhong sag,Bohai Bay Basin
		A major hydrocarbon reservoir has been discovered in the deep Paleozoic carbonate buried-hill in southwestern Bozhong sag,Bohai Bay Basin. The strong heterogeneity of carbonate karst reservoir was revealed through well data. The sedimentary facies is determined to be the main controlling factor in the development of the karst reservoir. In this study,cores and thin sections were described in terms of sedimentary fabric,while log facies,trace elements and palaeontologic data were used to determine hydrodynamic condition and palaeo-depth. Petrological,geophysical and geochemistry data were integrated to characterize the sedimentary facies. The studied interval is considered to represent an early Ordovician transgression to middle-late Ordovician regression sequence. Two sedimentary sub-facies including open platform and restricted platform were identified,which could be further subdivided into four microfacies: Platform shoal,inter-shoal,sub-tidal and inter-tidal microfacies. The platform shoal and sub-tidal microfacies show a continuous distributed thick succession which suggests strong hydrodynamics during deposition. The hydrodynamic condition also favored the development of earlier dissolution pores of the reservoir. Moreover,the quality of the reservoir is further enhanced through later weathering and leaching. Therefore,the platform shoal and sub-tidal microfacies are promising in developing high-quality karst reservoir zones,which have important implication for future oil and gas exploration.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 1013-1022 [Abstract] ( 589 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3707KB] ( 376 )

	1023	Sun Le, Yu Xinghe, Li Shengli, Zhang Hui, He Yulin, Yang Kaile, Qiao Yarong, Zhang Wenmiao, Wu Zijin, Gao Mingxuan

		Sedimentary characteristics and evolution of thin interbeds of the Member 2 of Paleogene Liushagang Formation in eastern Wushi sag,Beibu Wan Basin
		The structure and sedimentary characteristics of the Member 2 of Liushagang Formation in the eastern Wushi sag,Beibu Wan Basin are very complex. The sedimentation is of great variation with sharp lateral changes. The understanding of sediment provenance and sedimentary facies is controversial. Using core,logging,seismic,and laboratory data,the present study attempts to: (1)investigate sediment provenance,sedimentary facies and evolution of the Member 2 of the Liushagang Formation in the study area;(2)determine the distribution and evolution of sedimentary facies in the study area;(3)predict favorable reservoir distribution characteristics;and(4)to better serve the oil and gas exploration and development. Results from this study suggest that the northern high-lying area represents the sediment provenance of the Member 2 of the Liushagang Formation,which is characterized by the delta front-deep lake sedimentary sequence. The normal deltaic sediments were well developed,and the thickness of individual sand bodies is small,which manifests as multilayer interactive distribution. The Member 2 of the Liushagang Formation is divided into four 4th￣order sequences from bottom to top. MSC2 and MSC3 sequences formed during the short-term rapid water regression were involved into the process of longer-term water transgression. The sediment supply was sufficient,sand bodies were,thus,well developed. Observations from this work suggest that the buried depth and sedimentary facies play a pivotal role in the modulation of the reservoir properties of the Member 2 of the Liushagang Formation. Reservoir properties of B oil field are better than those of A oil filed. The subaqueous distributary channel and estuary dam developed near the source of the delta front are favorable reservoir distribution areas.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 1023-1036 [Abstract] ( 489 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4458KB] ( 360 )

	1037	Shi Yuxin, Gao Zhiyong, Zhou Chuanmin, Zhou Zhenglong

		Depositional characteristics and variations of different channel deposits in the Kaidu River of Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang
		The Kaidu River is a typical perennial internal river with abundant sediment located in the Yanqi Basin under arid climate condition. The catchment of the river is the Tianshan Mountain and the river drains into the Bostan Lake. A complete range of different channel deposits are recognized from source to sink of the associated depositional system,including straight,meandering,braided and anastomosing channel patterns. Depositional facies,depositional processes and heavy mineral distributions were documented and analyzed statistically in relation with transport distance. The result shows that channel patterns and sedimentary facies are controlled by climate,composition of sediments,geography and slope. The grain size of sediments shows strong decreasing trend over transport distance. These results promoted the development of a facies models for the Kaidu River and the Bostan Lake. Since the proposed model incorporates quantitative analysis of the sediments and facies,it’s promising to provide a modern analog for the interpretation of its ancient counterparts.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 1037-1048 [Abstract] ( 479 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1299KB] ( 270 )

	1049	Cao Mengchun, Zhong Jianhua, Liu Chuang, Sun Ningliang, Song Guanxian, He Xuejing

		Features and genetic mechanism of cone-in-cone structures: Progress and examples
		As a special kind of sedimentary structures,cone-in-cone,laminated cones consist of fiber-shaped minerals encased in a cone outlook, and has been the focus of intense study since 1990s. However,the research on the cone-in-cone in China started later,while the concomitant understanding is relatively poor. This paper aims to summarize and analyze in detail the morphology,strata occurrence,formation environment,composition of previously documented-laminated cones,combined with three undocumented outcrop examples in the Tuokexun sag,the east of Junggar Basin,and Hami Basin. The unique cone-in-cone structures were well developed in sedimentary sequences from the Paleoproterozoic to the Neogene,especially concentrated on late Paleozoic to Mesozoic practically. It is worth mentioning that cone-in-cone structures indeed developed particularly in Early Jurassic and Late Triassic or Triassic-Jurassic(T-J)boundary. Therefore, cone-in-cone structures may be related to mass extinctions. Moreover,cone-in-cone structures are seen to occur in both marine and non-marine settings, suggesting that ocean processes are not mandatory for the formation. Original biochemical action would be an explanation for cone-in-cone structures. However,the growth habits of fibrous minerals and the relationship between cone-in-cone structures and their environment and sequence need to be further documented.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 1049-1062 [Abstract] ( 710 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1597KB] ( 343 )

GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS

	1063	Su Ling, Zhu Rukai, Cui Jingwei, Wu Songtao, Luo Zhong, Mao Zhiguo, Li Sen

		Spatial-temporal distribution of lacustrine carbonate rocks in China and their carbon and oxygen isotopic characteristics
		Lacustrine carbonate rocks have various occurrences. They commonly occur as the interbeds in clastic rocks with characteristics of multi-layers,thin individual layer and rhythm. Occasionally,they occur in mudstone and shale as thin layers of concretions or calcareous microfossils. Controlled by tectonic background,provenance and palaeoenvironment,the lacustrine carbonate rocks in China show wide spatial-temporal distribution,which were firstly reported in the Permian,but mainly found in the Paleogene. Based on carbonate and oxygen isotope analysis,different water environments during primary deposition and diagenetic process are concluded: (1)Well-related δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O with mostly positive δ¹³C values,indicating a closed saltwater or semi-saltwater lake environment;(2)Completely-unrelated δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values with mostly negative δ¹³C values,indicating an open lake environment;(3)Seriously-positive δ¹³C values,indicating that during diagenesis,the environment was affected by the methane generation process,which was participated by archaebacteria.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 1063-1074 [Abstract] ( 552 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1047KB] ( 458 )

PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION

	1075	Zhong Yuezhi, Li Youli, Xiong Jianguo, Lei Jinghao, Xin Weilin, Hu Xiu, Liu Fei

		Terraces of the Tongziba River, eastern Qilian Mountain and their responses to neotectonic movement and climate change
		Based on fluvial terraces dating and deformation determination,the formation age and processes of river terraces of the Tongziba River,eastern Qilian Mountain are obtained. The activity intensity and rate of the Minle-Damaying thrusting fault are calculated and the relationship between the formation of terraces and climate change is analyzed. Dating results in comparison with climate curves or events indicate the five fluvial terraces with ages of 16.70±1.81cal ka BP,10 092.5±27.5 cal a BP,8127.5±72.5 cal a BP,2900±60 cal a BP and 282.5±17.5 cal a BP,formed during the transition from warm to cold climate. Based on the plane geometry of fluvial terraces on both sides of the Minle-Damaying fault as well as height differences between the same level terraces located in hanging wall and footwall,vertical offsets of T4-T1 were estimated to be 10.6±3.1 m,5.0±2.6 m,2.0±1.9 m and 1.9±1.3 m,respectively. By integrating the various research results,it is concluded that the vertical slip rate of the Minle-Damaying fault was 1.05±0.31 mm/a and horizontal shortening rate 1.02±0.60 mm/a since the Holocene.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 1075-1086 [Abstract] ( 639 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2696KB] ( 286 )

	1087	Huang Ming, Ma Chunmei, Zhu Cheng

		Progress of the Mid-Late Holocene environmental archaeology in Chengdu Plain
		Since the 1980s,the works of environmental archaeology in the Chengdu Plain has made important achievements in the settlement and the geographical environment,in the development of the ancient climate and the ancient Shu civilization,in the catastrophe events,and in the comprehensive research on the man￣land relationships. The research shows that: The emergence of the Chengdu Plain prehistoric cities has a close relationship with the geographical environment; since Mid-late Holocene,the climate in the Chengdu Plain has been warm and humid with many climate fluctuations and cooling events; ancient floods,ancient earthquakes and other natural disasters are closely related to the development of ancient Shu civilization; the comprehensive studies of the man￣land relationship of many Pre￣Qin Period sites in the Chengdu Plain illustrated that the comprehensive factors such as rivers,landforms and climates were closely related to the change of prehistoric settlements. In general,the environmental archaeology in the Chengdu Plain has gone through three stages. However,it is still limited by the research materials and methods,and still lacks the research of the high￣resolution paleoenvironment evolution. The coupling relationship between abrupt climate changes and some important nodes in the Chengdu Plain during the Pre-Qin Period is still unclear. In addition,it is necessary to strengthen the study of settlement environment archaeology related to the river geomorphology in the future. GIS and RS analyses of the relationship between environmental change and human activities and quantitatively modelling studies of prehistoric relationship are also important environmental archaeological works in the Chengdu Plain in the future.
		2017 Vol. 19 (6): 1087-1098 [Abstract] ( 703 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1610KB] ( 477 )

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