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	JOPC 2019 Vol.21 Number 1
	2019, Vol.21 Num.1
	Online: 2019-02-01

	LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY TECTONOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOTECTONICS PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CITILIZATION

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	1	Kuang Hong-Wei, Liu Yong-Qing, Geng Yuan-Sheng, Bai Hua-Qing, Peng Nan, Fan Zheng-Xiu, Song Huan-Xin, Xia Xiao-Xu, Wang Yu-Chong, Chen Xiao-Shuai

		Important sedimentary geological events of the Meso-Neoproterozoic and their significance
		Three supercontinents occurred during the evolution of the Earth. Development of two of them(Columbia and Rodinia)span part of the age range of the Meso-Neoproterozoic. Their formation was related to a series of regional events,leading to a supercontinent evolution model containing multiple formation mechanisms. The sedimentary events in the middle and eastern North China Craton,and the rifting and snowball events in Yangtze and Tarim Cratons during the Neoproterozoic are all considered as the response to the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. These events help to decode the location of the three cratonic basins in the supercontinent and to decipher their relative positions to each other. Evolution of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents was accompanied by several events including development of thick dolomite,microbiolite,red bed,and black shale of regional or global significance,as well as the globally distributed molar tooth and Ediacaran cap carbonate. Geochemical events also occurred, reflected by abnormal excursions of some isotopes and element abundances. The mineralization events result in ore deposition of phosphorite,manganese and BIF related iron. These events are important to the reconstruction of the paleocontinents and paleogeographic scenarios. Based on an overview of the development and distribution of the events related to supercontinent evolution and our own data,this paper aims to clarify the relationship between the evolution of supercontinent and the occurrence of the geological events,which aids the analysis of the cyclic formation and break-up of supercontinents,help to locate the supercontinent position,and assists the interpretation of the development of the prototype basins.
		2019 Vol. 21 (1): 1-30 [Abstract] ( 854 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8511KB] ( 548 )

	31	Mei Ming-Xiang, Muhammad Riaz, Liu Li, Meng Qing-Fen

		Oncoids built by photosynthetic biofilms: An example from the Series 2 of Cambrian at Fuzhouwan section in Liaodong Peninsula
		As a type of coated grains with the size of more than that of ooids,oncoid is marked by non-smooth circles and is commonly interpreted as a microbial origin,so different from ooid whose origin remains uncertain. Also as a variety of spherical or pseudo-spherical biosedimentary structures formed as successive laminations around both biogenic and nonbiogenic nuclei,its widespread distribution and development by oneself imply that the oncoid can be grouped into a type of microbial carbonates or a kind of spherical stromatolites. Within the Jianchang and Mantou Formations of the Series 2 of Cambrian in the Liaodong Peninsula,oncoids with the size of centimeter level as a time-specific facies concentrate in the top part of third-order sequence. In addition,several features characterize these oncoids of the Series 2 of Cambrian in the Liaodong Peninsula: (1)the symbiosis with clots or microclots;(2)the spherical and ellipsoid morphology;(3)the inhomogenous or non-layer composition of dense micrite and microspar;(4)particular calcified sheath fossils of the cyanobacteria within the cortex of oncoids and the clot among oncoids and so on. Although the greatest challenge that remains is the interpretation of ancient oncoids and their detail forming processes through the filter of the diagenesis,also the detail of the calcification of biofilms dominated by the cyanobacteria has still not got better understanding,the richness of direct evidence represented by microbial fossils especially for sheath fossils of the cyanobacteria within oncoids of both the Jianchang and the Mantou Formations of the Series 2 of Cambrian in the Liaodong Peninsula make them become a good example of oncoids built by non-layer photosynthetic biofilms.
		2019 Vol. 21 (1): 31-48 [Abstract] ( 614 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 33876KB] ( 268 )

	49	Cai Jin-Gong, Zeng Xiang, Wei Hai-Lun, Song Ming-Shui, Wang Xue-Jun, Liu Qing

		From water body to sediments: Exploring the depositional processes of organic matter and their implications
		Organic matter of various types and different properties is widely distributed in nature,and it plays an important role in both water body and sediments. Therefore,exploring its accumulation and depositional processes is significant for better understanding the sedimentation characteristics and evolution laws of organic matter. Organisms produce abundant organic matter during the process of growth,including the bodies,remains,excreta of organisms and molecular scale of their secretion. The properties of different types of organic matters vary greatly. Organic matter can be divided into particulate organic matter(POM)and dissolved organic matter(DOM)according to the size,and DOM can be further divided into colloidal organic matter(COM)and true DOM. From the point view of aggregation form,there are marine snow and suspension matter. Further analysis shows that morphology of organic matter includes organisms' body,biological residues,excreta and organic matter aggregates in water body,and various types of organic matter can co-exist with inorganic minerals in different forms. In addition,DOM and POM can transform mutually in appropriate conditions. These properties and characteristics bridge the accumulation and deposition of different types of organic matter. It is also found that different types of organic matter,such as organisms,biological residues and amorphous organic matter,are often associated with specific inorganic minerals,such as amorphous mostly concentrated at clay particles,whereas organisms and biological residues mostly concentrate in coarse ones. Further study reveals that the organic matter of sediments is similar to that of water body or organism. The variation of different kinds of organic matter reflects that they deposited via different processes. The mechanically deposited organic matter is mainly composed of inert phytoclasts,the chemically deposited organic matter is mainly composed of amorphous organic matter,and the biologically deposited organic matter is mainly composed of microorganisms and adherents. Both the differences in organic matter deposition and organic matter characteristics and the mineral-organic matter and storage conditions determine the evolutionary fate of organic matter,which has an important impact on organic hydrocarbon generation and carbon cycle,and thus should be highly concerned.
		2019 Vol. 21 (1): 49-66 [Abstract] ( 584 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7470KB] ( 335 )

	67	Shao Long-Yi, Wang Xue-Tian, Li Ya-Nan, Liu Bing-Qiang

		Review on palaeogeographic reconstruction of deep-time source-to-sink systems
		The source-to-sink(S2S)system can be partitioned into the sediment source,the transition zone,and the sediment sink according to the significance of erosion,transportation or sedimentation in each zone. In terms of the time scale of the research,the S2S systems can be classified into modern systems,Quaternary systems,and deep-time systems. Based on spatial configuration of geomorphological units,the S2S systems can be subdivided into three end-member types,“steep-short-deep”,“wide-deep”,and “wide-shallow”,each of which has differences in sediment volume partition and preservation of sedimentary signals. The complete palaeogeography reconstruction in a S2S system includes reconstruction of the sink palaeogeography and the source palaeogeography. Methods for the sink palaeogeography reconstruction in deep-time scale are approaching their perfection with the development of lithofacies palaeogeography,tectono-palaeogeography,biological palaeogeography and sequence stratigraphy,while the understanding of the source palaeogeography remains challenged,especially when the sediments in the source areas are no longer preserved due to either later tectonic destruction or no deposition. In the S2S approach system,palaeogeography parameters like drainage patterns,areas,and relief in the source area can be acquired through analysis of tectonic elements,analysis of detrital minerals,sediment-volume backfilling,geomorphological scaling relationships,palaeohydraulic scaling relationships,and river sediment flux model. In conclusion,palaeogeography reconstruction of source-to-sink systems in deep-time can reveal the evolution of source palaeogeography from the sedimentary record in the sink,provide the information of sediment supply for basin fill processes,and is of great significance for the prospecting of energy resources and the understanding of palaeoenvironmental evolution in deep-time.
		2019 Vol. 21 (1): 67-81 [Abstract] ( 482 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3292KB] ( 491 )

TECTONOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOTECTONICS

	82	Li Shuang-Ying, Wei Xing, Xie Wei, Cheng Cheng, Li Min, Hu Bo, Chai Guang-Lu

		From source to sink: Coupling relation between the Dabie Shan Orogen provenance and Mesozoic sediments of the south-margin of Hefei Basin, based on the evidence of detrital zircon ages
		The Dabie Orogen formed in Triassic and its peripheral Mesozoic basins form a source to sink system.The Hefei Basin with well-developed Mesozoic in the north and well-exposed outcrops in the south provides ideal sedimentary records for the investigation of the basin-ridge source to sink system. Ten sandstone and one conglomerate samples were collected for zircon U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS)dating analysis which result in 742 effective ages(confidence level larger or equal to 85%)ranging from 113 Ma to 2983 Ma. The detrital zircon ages can be divided into five age groups,including 113-137 Ma and with a peak of 131 Ma,184-273 Ma and with a peak of 226 Ma,274-517.3 Ma and with two peaks of 280 Ma and 474 Ma,532-856.6 Ma and with three peaks of 572 Ma,649 Ma and 772 Ma,1786-2600 Ma and with two peaks of 2035 Ma and 2506 Ma. Moreover,we summarized the zircon U-Pb age data of various geological terrains from the Dabie Orogen and comparised the data with the aforementioned five age groups. Based on the zircon U/Pb ages and their Th/U ratios,the five age groups correctly correspond to the provenance geological terrains that are respectively Early Cretaceous magma rocks,Dabie Shan HP-UHP metamorphic rocks,north Huaiyang lower-grade metamorphic rocks,north Dabie orthogneiss and Luzhengguan group metamorphic rocks. According to the youngest zircon U-Pb ages,the Mesozoic stratigraphic framework of the south margin of the Hefei Basin is newly amended,which supports a time frame for source to sink system research. Mesozoic sedimentation in the south margin of the Hefei Basin can be divided into four evolutive stages (i.e., Later Triassic Rhaetian-Early Jurassic Sinemurian,Middle-Later Jurassic,early and Later stages of Early Cretaceous),and major characters and space-time changes of source rocks in each stage also are determined. Detrital zircon U/Pb ages and Th/U ratios suggest that the UHP process happened in the Dabie Orogen to Triassic,not Caledonian or Neoproterozoic. It was in Late Triassic Rhaetian that UHP rocks exhumated and outcropped in surface,and it was Neoproterozoic that the paleo-inland arc of the Dabie Orogen developed. Results from the present study contribute to rebuild tectonic palaeogeography of the Dabie Orogen and provide a case for study of basin-ridge source to sink system.
		2019 Vol. 21 (1): 82-106 [Abstract] ( 573 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 6766KB] ( 319 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	107	Yu Xing-He, Fu Chao, Hua Gan-Lin, Sun Le

		Future alternative energy: Challenges and prospects of natural gas hydrate
		Natural gas hydrates have represented a huge resource potential as an alternative fossil fuel. It is the focus of the world that how to scientifically estimate,and safely and economically extract natural gas hydrates. Based on systematic analysis of the four development stages of global gas hydrate research and the author's research experience on natural gas hydrates in the South China Sea for nearly 20 years,multiple difficulties have been cleared including complicated tectonic and sedimentary setting,various depositional processes and types,and difficulty of characterization for the natural gas hydrates in the South China Sea. This paper points out six geological issues and bottlenecks faced by natural gas hydrate research in the South China Sea: Genetic correlation of the sequence divisions in the Neogene,thickness of the stable zone and the hydrate accumulation mechanism,hydrodynamic complex on the shelf margins and variable sedimentary systems,hydrate distribution and sedimentation response,controlling of structure movements to the gas hydrates,and hydrate accumulation model and identification evaluation system. Advantages and disadvantages of the current gas hydrate resource estimation process and the key theoretical and technical problems are also discussed in this study. From the geological points,possibility and prospect of the expected arrival of gas hydrate as an alternative energy source,as well as the geological characteristics of the South China Sea and the distribution law of natural gas hydrates have been answered. All above,this study clarifies that the natural gas hydration research is not unrealistically or mandatory pessimism.
		2019 Vol. 21 (1): 107-126 [Abstract] ( 621 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5763KB] ( 261 )

	127	Liu Zhao-Jun, Meng Qing-Tao, Jia Jian-Liang

		Key methods and technologies in the study of oil shale mineralization
		Oil shale is an important unconventional oil & gas resource. It is critical to comprehensively identify and evaluate oil shale recourse by utilizing key methods and technologies in the study of oil shale mineralization. The key technologies of oil shale identification include geology identification based on petrology,geochemistry identification,high-resolution logging,seismic technique for three-dimensional space description,advanced test technique,innovated theory & method and secondary exploitation of high-quality geophysics information,all of which will continuously improve the accuracy of oil shale identification and forecast from qualitative to the quantitative. The key methods in the study of oil shale mineralization are firstly to find out the geological factors,including palaeostructure,palaeogeographic and palaeoclimate conditions,and palaeolake environments,to discuss a combined effects on various organic matter sources,preservation conditions and diagenesis. Then,finely depict the process of organic matter enrichment of oil shale from qualitative to the quantitative,thus effectively forecast the patterns of oil shale formation and distribution. This paper was mainly based on the research results of continental oil shale-bearing basins in China. Due to the diversity of oil shale genetic type,there might exist differences of identifying characteristics between continental origin and marine origin oil shale,which still needs to be further studied and summarized. It is hoped that this paper could also be useful for researches an shale oil,shale gas and hydrocarbon source rocks.
		2019 Vol. 21 (1): 127-142 [Abstract] ( 688 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2954KB] ( 212 )

	143	Hu Guang-Yi, Xiao Da-Kun, Fan Ting-En, Song Lai-Ming, Chen Fei, Jing Yong-Quan, Gao Yu-Fei

		New theory and method of fluvial reservoir architecture study: Concepts, contents and characterization of offshore oilfield fluvial compound sand-body architecture
		The architecture theory and characterization method of fluvial reservoir,which were based on dense wells data of onshore oilfields,have become relatively mature after decades of research. Nevertheless,it is challenging to apply this theory and method to offshore oilfields,where only sparse wells drilled. Through years of exploration,our research team proposes a new architecture theory and characterization method for fluvial reservoir of offshore oilfield by combining well data with seismic data and taking compound sand-body as major research target.compared with previous study,this new approach employs technologies such as 3D prototype model reconstruction,seismic architecture facies prediction and seismic driving deterministic geological reservoir modeling to detailedly study the 5^th,6^th and 7^th architecture units of fluvial reservoir(compound channel belt,single channel belt and compound point bar),which shows obvious advantages on substrata division and correlation and discontinuous permeation barriers prediction in development phase. At present,there are still challenges applying this theory and method to fine geological modeling and numerical simulation. It's important to make full use of seismic data and develop artificial intelligence ways to improve seismic interpretation.
		2019 Vol. 21 (1): 143-159 [Abstract] ( 560 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3532KB] ( 255 )

PAST AND PRESENT GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN CITILIZATION

	160	Fang Xiu-Qi, Ye Yu, Zhang Cheng-Peng, Tang Chan-Chan

		Cropland cover change and its environmental impacts in the history of China
		Agricultural land-use change has directly or indirectly affected and is affecting many aspects of the natural environment. China is one of the representative areas for understanding the global and regional environmental changes induced by cropland change caused by the extensive and intensive impacts on natural environment in its long agricultural history. This paper reviewed the achievements of the historical LUCC (land use and cover change) reconstruction based on historical documents and archaeological records,and the environmental impacts caused by land reclamation in China in recent years. The main conclusions are shown as follows: (1)China has unique advantages in the study of historical cropland reconstruction because of its abundant historical and archaeological data sources,including figures related to cropland,such as cropland area,tax,and population,etc.;location-related information on agriculture,such as archaeological sites,settlements,road network,administrative systems,etc.;literature descriptions on the history of land reclamation and agriculture development. (2)The earliest estimation on the area of cropland or fraction of cropland on national scale is as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period;the fraction of cropland cover reconstructed based on historical documents on provincial(Lu)scale has been already reconstructed since the past 1000 years in the traditional agricultural region of China,and county scale over the last 300 years in the regions of Northeast China,North China,etc.;and down scaling by the allocation model,the spatial resolution of the grid derived from the historical documents-based reconstructions in last 300 years could reach 10 km×10 km or even 1 km×1 km. These regional reconstructions are more accurate than the current widely used global datasets. (3)There are mainly three times large-scale expansion of cropland reclamation in the Western Han Dynasty,Song Dynasties and middle Qing Dynasty,respectively. Vegetation deterioration,soil erosion correspondingly extended from the northern China to the southern China,from plains to low hills and remote mountains. The cropland reclamation over the last 300 years has led to increase of carbon emissions and identifiable regional climate changes. Prospects on the studies of historical cropland cover change and its environmental impacts in China should be integrated into international researches on past land use/cover. The main focuses are on extending the duration of reconstruction,fining the spatial resolution of reconstruction units,and improving the allocation model.
		2019 Vol. 21 (1): 160-174 [Abstract] ( 644 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4578KB] ( 329 )

	175	Xia Zheng-Kai, Zhang Jun-Na

		The rise, development and outlook of Huanjingkaogu (environmental archaeology in China)
		Environmental archaeology is an interdisciplinary subject between Archaeology and Quaternary environmental science(or palaeogeography). It appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century worldwide,which gradually matured in the theory and method after nearly a century's development. In China, environmental archaeology has emerged later than the West,but developed rapidly. Now a new interdisciplinary subject of Huanjingkaogu(environmental archaeology in China) has formed,which is based on the theory of human ecosystems,taking the settlements(sites)environmental analysis as the main method,and aiming at exploring the environmental background of the formation,development and evolution of ancient humans and their cultures. At present,Huanjingkaogu has gained wide recognition from Chinese archaeologists,and has became an important part of archaeological research. It plays an important role in the archaeological study of a series of key issues such as human origin,the late-Paleolithic cultural revolution in MIS3 stage,the Paleolithic-Neolithic transition,the Chinese agricultural origin and the Chinese civilization origin.
		2019 Vol. 21 (1): 175-188 [Abstract] ( 557 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 635KB] ( 213 )

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