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	JOPC 2019 Vol.21 Number 3
	2019, Vol.21 Num.3
	Online: 2019-06-01

	GENERAL LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES NEW TECHNOLOGY AND NEW METHODS

GENERAL

	379	Xu Jie, Jiang Zai-Xing

		Provenance analysis of clastic rocks: Current research status and prospect
		Provenance analysis is a critical connection between orogenic belt and sedimentary basin, and can help reconstruct the tectonic background of source area,estimate sediment routing pathway and transportation distance,and rebuild sedimentary basin infilling history,and thus plays an important role in the sedimentary source-to-sink system analysis. Traditional approaches,such as petrology,sedimentology,heavy mineral,geochemistry etc.,have been used for provenance analysis for decades and will still be important in the future. With the advances of isotope analytical technology,isotopic dating of mineral grains has been more widely used in sediment provenance analysis. Recently,isotopic dating of detrital minerals,such as monazite,apatite,rutile etc.,especially,detrital zircon geochronology has been widely applied to reconstruct the sediment dispersal system and ancient drainage system of sedimentary basin. Isotopic dating of multiple minerals and double or triple dating on a single mineral grain have been approved to be more effective in deciphering the tectonic evolution of source area and the linkage between orogenic evolution and sedimentary basin infilling history. Meanwhile,with increasing amount of data obtained from detrital zircon U/Pb dating,mathematical and statistic approaches have been introduced to quantify the contribution from siliciclastic sources in the orogenic belt to the sediment deposition in the basin. The current and future research on sediment provenance will be continuous processes of bringing in new technologies,incorporating traditional and advanced methods,transiting from single approach to multiple combined approaches and from qualitative to quantitative analysis,as well as developing of interdisciplinary. The progress made on provenance analysis will help us better understand the whole erosion, transportation and sedimentation process of sediment on the earth surface.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 379-396 [Abstract] ( 646 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1349KB] ( 650 )

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	397	Li Yuan-Hao, Song Fang-Xin, Han Peng, Zhang Ya-Qin, Yang Yi-Ming

		A ternary sand control model of river-dominated delta in tectonic stability period
		Delta sand body was one of the most important reservoir types for oil and gas exploration,and the lacustrine delta type was basically a river-dominated delta. To figure out the development mechanism,migration law,distribution characteristics and combination structure of sand body in river-dominated delta not only has scientific significance,but also has implications for oil and gas exploration. There are many factors affecting the river-dominated delta sand bodies. Tectonic activities control the type,formation and evolution of the basin,as well as the form of the sedimentary bottom type,the slope and the sediment source in a macroscale. In the relatively tectonic stable period,the sand body of a river-dominated delta was mainly controlled by three factors: The supply rate of the source(the source),the sedimentary bottom slope(slope)and the position of the lakeshore line(shoreline). The scale of the sand body was controlled by the supply capacity of the source,which was reflected in grain size,sand body thickness and distribution range;the sedimentary bottom slope controls the ratio of width to length,and was demonstrated by the angle of the front layer and the delta shape;The estuaries of the lakeshore were the main unloading areas of the sediments,and therefore,the position and the migration amplitude of the shoreline control the unloading position and continuity of the sand body. Different combinations of three factors lead to the different types and distribution pattern of delta sand bodies.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 397-406 [Abstract] ( 470 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2846KB] ( 256 )

	407	Yan Wei, Jin Zhen-Kui, Chen Jun-Nian, Yang Tian-Bo

		Characteristics and evolution of the Cambrian lithofacies palaeogeography of Jizhong Depression,Bohai Bay Basin
		The Jizhong Depression located within western of the Bohai Bay Basin is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary depression developed on the North China Platform. The Cambrian strata are well preserved in the depression,and mainly consists of marine carbonate rocks. Based on the correlation of outcrops and wells of the Cambrian age,the stratigraphic framework in the depression is established. Studies of single well facies,seismic facies, and well cross￣section facies indicate that tectonic activity was weak during the Cambrian in the Jizhong Depression,and the difference in stratigraphic thickness between different areas is small. Through outcrop measurements,core observations and sample analyses,the relative proportion of each lithology is calculated,and three types of sedimentary facies including platform,gentle slope, and shelf facies are identified. Five subfacies types, i.e., the tidal flat,the restricted platform,the open platform,the oolitic bank, and the flat-pebble conglomerate bank are recognized. The tidal flats are further classified into mudstone flat,dolostone flat,dolomitic limestone flat,limestone flat. Based on the analysis of each lithofacies type,the depositional model of the Cambrian strata in the Jizhong Depression was established,and nine lithofacies palaeogeographic maps were compiled. Palaeogeographic reconstructions suggest that the initial transgression developed in the Fujunshan age,and the restricted platform and the tidal flat formed in the northern part of the Jizhong Depression. During the Mantou age and Maozhuang age,the scope of transgression gradually expanded,and the mudstone flat was developed;in the Xuzhuang age,the tidal flat and the oolitic bank coexisted,and the sea level reached the highest during the Zhangxia age. At the beginning of the Gushan age,the sea level fell and the tidal flat reappeared. In the Changshan age and Fengshan age,the regression continued,and the flat-pebble conglomerate bank,dolostone flat,and limestone flat were developed.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 407-421 [Abstract] ( 506 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4317KB] ( 242 )

	422	Guo Qi-Heng, Jin Zhen-Kui, Zhu Xiao-Er, Li Shuo, Shi Shu-Ting, Wang Jun-Jie, Cheng Yi-Fan

		Sedimentary facies evolution of the Neoproterozoic in Qingbaikou area of Jingxi Depression, Yanshan region
		Based on full investigation of previous research,we carefully determined the types of the sedimentary facies of the Qingbaikou system in the Qingbaikou area,Jingxi Depression,and established its sedimentary facies model,by analysis of the field measured data, thin sections, as well as their lithologic characteristics and sedimentary structures. The Qingbaikou system consists of Xiamaling Formation,Longshan Formation and Jing'eryu Formation from bottom to top. The results show that the Xiamaling Formation is mainly a set of relatively deep shelf deposits of the terrigenous clastic shallow-marine depositional system,and sandy debris flow deposits are first found; the Longshan Formation is a huge set of nearshore and foreshore sandy deposits of the terrigenous clastic shore depositional system,which is controlled by the modification of waves and longshore currents;and the Jing'eryu Formation consists of a set of typically clastic-carbonate mixed tidal flat deposits,of which the upper and lower part are mainly composed of purple mudstones and the middle part is a huge set of thick carbonate,due to arid,restricted and low-energy environment related to the palaeolatitudinal variation. The clastic deposits,related to terrigenous inputs in Longshan Formation,turned into endogenous clear-water carbonate deposits in Jing'eryu Formation,which suggests that the palaeogeographic environment gradually stabilized.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 422-430 [Abstract] ( 450 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 25621KB] ( 230 )

	431	Zhu Yi-Xiu, Yang Cheng-Yu, Wang Huan, Xiao Jin-Guang

		Petrologic characteristics and sedimentary environments of bituminous sandstone in the Proterozoic Xiamaling Formation of Jibei Depression, Yanshan region
		We detail measured the Xiamaling Formation outcrops in Jibei Depression and carried thin section analysis and SEM observation on the bottom section of massive bituminous sandstone. A sedimentary environment analysis was carried by studying the distribution of bituminous sandstone,composition of the rock such as ratio of the clastic grain and interstitial materials,structure such as sorting, rounding, grain size,and petrological features. The outcome indicates the bituminous sandstone was composed mainly by high maturity quartz sandstone with 5%~15% bitumen filled within the intergranular pores. The sandstone was mainly fine grain sandstone and was well or extremely well sorted. The comprehensive analysis shows that the sedimentary environment of the bituminous sandstone in the Xiamaling formation was high energy foreshore to shoreface with no barriers. The probably depositional position of the bituminous sandstone was located between the lower foreshore to middle-upper shoreface. Besides,tidal channels also contribute sediments to the bituminous sandstone. The sedimentary environments in each measured outcrop profile was varies. The Lingyuan and Pingquan profiles mainly are high energy middle-up shoreface environments,while the Kuangcheng profile mainly are upper shoreface and lower foreshore environments. The Lingyuan and Kuangcheng profiles contain a few tidal channel deposits.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 431-440 [Abstract] ( 475 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2660KB] ( 236 )

	441	Zhang Hao, Li Feng-Jie, Shen Fan, Chen Zheng-An, Ni Zi-Yao

		Storm deposits characteristics and its geological significance in the Devonian Yangmaba Formation from Shigouli section,Longmenshan area,Sichuan Basin
		A comprehensive measurement on Shigouli outcrop section of Devonian Yangmaba Formation in the Longmenshan area of Sichuan Basin,was carried to identify the major characteristics of storm deposition and detail study the tempestite depositional system. The major features of storm deposits in the Yangmaba Formation include storm scouring surface,gutter cast structure,graded bedding,parallel bedding,and hummocky cross-stratification. The Yangmaba Formation developed six different composites of storm sedimentary units. A complete storm sequence pattern in the area is established,including the graded bedding section(Sa),the parallel bedding section(Sb),the hummocky cross-stratification section(Sc),the wave bedding section(Sd)and the mudstone section(Se). The bottom often developed the scour surface and gutter cast structure. Generally,there are two types of tempestites developed in the study area,the near-source storm deposits and far-source storm deposits. According to the profile structure type and sedimentary structure characteristics of storm deposits,the distribution pattern of storm sedimentary sequence in this area is established. The storm deposits developed in the study area have great implications for the reconstruction of palaeogeography,because it indicates that the storm deposits is an important control factor for the development of mixed deposits and the inhibition of the development of reefs in this area.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 441-450 [Abstract] ( 509 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5917KB] ( 278 )

	451	Wang Yi-Zhe, Wu Chao-Dong, Ma Jian, Fang Ya-Nan, Xu Zhuo, Zhou Yan-Xi

		Strata color rhythm of the Cretaceous-Neogene and evolution of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate in Junggar Basin
		The southern margin of the Junggar Basin in the Cretaceous-Neogene developed large continental shallow￣water lacustrine basins with frequent alternation of dry and wet,cold and warm climate,forming a series of “multicolor” strata,such as gray,grey-green,grey-white,maroon red,red-brown,brick-red,purple-red,and earthy yellow. The study shows that the color of the strata has a good indicator of sedimentary environment. For example,the color index L^(black and white),a^(red and green)and b^(blue and yellow)can clearly distinguish the different subaquatic(semi-deep lacustrine facies,shore-shallow lacustrine facies)or subaerial(river-delta facies,floodplain facies,alluvial fan facies)sedimentary environments. Stratigraphic color evolution sequence can indicate the evolution of Cretaceous-Neogene palaeoclimate. The red sediments can be formed in both the dry and hot land oxidation environment and the relatively reduced underwater environment: “subaerial red”,such as brick red sandy mudstone of the Donggou Formation,purple red mudstone of the Ziniquanzi Formation,and maroon to earth red mudstone of the Shawan Formation,40>L^>52,8>a^>18,12>b^>22;“subaquatic red” is characterized by the thick red blocky mudstone of the Hutubihe Formation,35>L^>45,2.5>a^>4.5,5>b^>9. In the Early Cretaceous,the Junggar Basin was relatively warm and humid with wide distribution of lakes. The minimum value of the color index L^(black and white)was close to 15,and the value of a^* was between -5 and 5,indicating that dark gray to gray dark mudstone was formed in a relatively reducting environment. In the Late Cretaceous,the color index a^* reached the highest peak(15-25),indicating that the climate of the Junggar Basin began to show a trend of drought and heat. During the Eocene to Oligocene,the values of a^* and b^* changed synchronously,and there was an obvious trend of negative drift (7-15),and the climate gradually cooled. In the Neogene,the color index a^* was relatively low(5-9),however,the L^* value was close to 70,indicating that the climate continued to be cool. The research shows that since the end of Cretaceous,the drought-stricken Junggar Basin has been increasingly affected by the global climate cooling and the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The stratigraphic color recorded evolution of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. Systematic color measurement and analysis can provide an important basis for reconstruction of Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary environment and paleoclimate evolution. It also has a great significance for exploration of global climate change since the Cenozoic.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 451-468 [Abstract] ( 634 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 13890KB] ( 350 )

	469	Kong Fan-Fei, Jia Qiang, Li Zeng-Xue, Lü Da-Wei, Liu Hai-Yan, Wang Dong-Dong, Han Qiao-Yu

		Sedimentary facies characteristis and evolution of coal-bearing rock series of the Paleogene Lijiaya Formation in Huangxian Basin, Shandong Province
		Huangxian Basin in Shandong Province is an important basin rich in coal and oil shale in eastern China. The Paleogene Lijiaya Formation is the main strata of coal-bearing rock series in the basin. According to the theory of sequence stratigraphy,the sequence stratigraphic framework of the Paleogene was established. Based on drilling,logging and core data,the sedimentary facies of the Lijiaya Formation were classified,and sedimentary facies maps of different system tracts of the Lijiaya Formation were compiled. Main conclusions are as follows: (1)Sedimentary facies of lake,braided fluvial delta and fan delta were developed in the Lijiaya Formation. (2)In sequence Ⅰ,the lowstand system tract mainly developed braided fluvial delta facies,the lake extension system tract mainly developed fan delta facies and lacustrine facies,and the highstand system tract mainly developed fan delta facies. In sequence Ⅱ,the lowstand system tract mainly developed braided fluvial delta facies,the lake extension system tract mainly developed fan delta facies and lacustrine facies,the hightstand system tract mainly developed lacustrine facies. (3)During the depositional stage of the sequence Ⅰ,the basin experienced the formation period in the lowstand system tract,the expansion period in the lake extension system tract and the shrink period in the highstand system tract. During the depositional stage of the sequence Ⅱ,the basin experienced slow expansion period in the lowstand system tract,the expansion period in the lake extension system tract and the shrink period in the hightstand system tract.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 469-478 [Abstract] ( 467 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4097KB] ( 244 )

	479	Liu Shu-Jun, Cao Ying-Chang, Liang Chao

		Lithologic characteristics and sedimentary environment of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the Paleogene in Dongying sag,Bohai Bay Basin
		With the development of shale oil and gas exploration,it is necessary to dissect the type and composition of fine-grained sedimentary rocks in detail,which is of great significance for the establishment of dominant rock assemblage in subsequent reservoir studies. Fine-grained sedimentary rocks are well developed in Dongying sag,Bohai Bay Basin. By means of core observation,X-ray diffraction of whole rock and analysis methods,the carbonate minerals,clay minerals and silty minerals are considered to be the main mineral components of fine-grained sedimentary rocks in Donying sag. According to mineral content and sedimentary structure,the fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the lower submember of Es3 member and the upper submember of Es4 member can be divided into 9 kinds of rock types,in which the laminar mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks,the massive mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks,the laminar limestone,the laminar silty limestone and the laminar argillaceous siltstone are relatively well developed. Based on the vertical variation of the characteristic element ratio of Ca/Mg,Na/Al,Fe/Mn,Sr/Ba,V/(V+Ni),and the element content of Ti and Al,it is deduced that there are some obvious evolution stages of fine-grained sedimentary rocks in palaeoclimate,palaeowater depth,palaeosalinity,oxidative or reductive properties of the water,and the content of terrigenous clastics input. The palaeoclimate changed from dry and cold to warm and humid in the depositional period of upper submember of Es4,and developed from warm and humid to relatively cold and humid to warm and humid to relatively hot and humid in the depositional period of the lower submember of Es3. In conclusion,warm and humid climate together with the increase of terrigenous clastics contributed to deposit large amounts of laminar mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks,whereas the laminar silty limestone tended to deposit in relatively cold and dry climate as well as less terrigenous clastics input. This conclusion is conducive to deepen the basic research of fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the faulted lacustrine basin,and can lay a solid foundation for future exploration and development of oil and gas.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 479-489 [Abstract] ( 512 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7598KB] ( 274 )

GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS

	490	Zhang Yu-Jin, Zhang Chao, Wu Xin-Wei, Tan Hong-Yan, Ma Yong-Fei, Li Wei, Wang Yan

		Provenance analysis of the Middle Jurassic Wanbao Formation on western edge of Longjiang Basin: Constraints from detrital Zircon ages and geochemistry characteristics
		Longjiang Basin is one of the newly established Meso-Cenozoic basins in the periphery area of the Songliao Basin. Analysis on clastic components of sandstones,heavy mineral combination,rock geochemistry and zircon U-Pb ages,and related comprehensive research of clastic rocks from the Middle Jurassic Wanbao Formation in Longjiang Basin,were carried out in this paper. The combination of sandstone clastic components and heavy minerals reflects that the mother rocks of the Wanbao Formation are mainly middle acid magmatic rocks and low grade metamorphic rocks,followed by a small number of medium basic magmatic rocks. Geochemical characteristics of sediment materials from the Wanbao Formation show that they are enriched in LREEs and depletion in HREEs,with a right-dipping signature. Meanwhile,they are enriched with(HFSE)Cs,Th,U,depletion of Nb,P,and Ti,which have similar geochemical characteristics of the Upper Crust. Detrital zircon shows four age peaks,the main peak is 167.5 Ma,the secondary peak ages are 236.4 Ma,309.1 Ma and 309.1 Ma,which reflect the multi-source characteristics of sediments in the Wanbao Formation. These sediments are mainly from the Middle Jurassic volcanic rocks,followed by products from the Late Devonian-Triassic magmatic activities. The comprehensive analysis shows that the sediments of the Wanbao Formation in the Longjiang basin have the characteristics of acid and neutral volcanic sources,most of which come from the upper crust. The primary rocks of the Wanbao Formation are formed in continental island arc environment under the background of active continental margin background. The Middle Jurassic of the Longjiang Basin may be affected by the dual effects of the subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate and the evolution of the Mongolian-Okhotsk suture zone.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 490-504 [Abstract] ( 478 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5497KB] ( 250 )

	505	Wang Teng-Fei, Jin Zhen-Kui, Chu Mei-Juan, Li Shi-Xiang, Yu Xiao-Xia, Wang Xin-Yao, Li Shuo

		Sedimentary environment of the Chang 6 oil￣bearing interval of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Jiyuan area,Ordos Basin: Evidences from geochemical data
		The Upper Triassic Yangchang Formation is the main oil-bearing strata in Jiyuan area,middle-western Ordos Basin. The Chang 6 oil￣bearing interval is one of the most important oil-bearing horizons,which can be subdivided into 3 layers,i.e., 6₃,6₂,and 6₁ layers in ascending order. The Chang 6 oil-bearing interval spans two three-order sequences. The redox environment,salinity,water depth and paleoclimate are reconstructed based on element geochemical data. In the warm and humid climate,the lake was generally low in paleo salinity. In addition,both oxidizing and reducing conditions co-existed. The reducing environment gradually decreased and migrated. While the water depth tended to decrease and become stable in the latter. In Jiyuan area,the sedimentary characteristics of Chang 6₁,6₂ and 6₃ layers are different. At the beginning of Chang 6,it inherited the sedimentary characteristics of the lacustrine basin in the end of Chang 7 oil-bearing interval. The lake range of Chang 6₃ was large and its sand bodies were mainly composed of the mouth bars and distal bars. Turbidite sand bodies developed in semi-deep lake. Along with the declining lake level,the length of the shoreline of Chang 6₂ was obviously reducing,and the-semi deep lake did not develop. The lake shoreline length of the Chang 6₁ was slightly smaller than that of the Chang 6₂,and the sand body thickness increased dramatically. In the range of the lakeshore line,there were many sand bodies formed by superposition of river channels and mouth bars. The results can help to clarify the sedimentary evolution laws of the Jiyuan area and provide reference for further exploration and development.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 505-516 [Abstract] ( 447 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1318KB] ( 241 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	517	Liu Zhi-Chen, Zhou Qi, Yan Jia-Xin, Wang Yang, Chen Deng, Zhong Yue-Li, Qin Xian-Jin

		Structure of Zunyi rift basin in Guizhou Province during the Permian and its controlling on manganese deposits
		As the earliest discovered manganese mine with industrial value in Guizhou Province,Zunyi manganese deposit is one of the important manganese resource bases in China. According to the detailed division of the Permian Maokou-Longtan Formations,the Zunyi secondary rift basin is considered to be composed of three 3^rd-order faulted basins and two 3^rd-order uplifts,which could be classified into at least 13 4th-order faulted basins. The 3^rd-order faulted basins controlled the formation of the Tongluojing-Shenxi,Zhuanlongmiao-Xiejiaba,Zhangjiawan-Xinglong,and Heshangchang-Wulongxi manganese sub-belts. The Tongluojing-Shenxi manganese sub-belt is the center of the Zunyi rift basin with strong manganese mineralization,forming three large manganese beds in Tongjing,Shenxi,and Yongan. The 4th-order faulted basins controlled the formation of various manganese beds in the study area. Moreover,14 synsedimentary faults have been identified,which are believed to be the ascending channel of the deep fluids rich in silicon and manganese gas and play a key role on the formation of Zunyi Permian manganese deposit. Therefore,the formation of Zunyi rift basin has a significant controlling on the manganese deposit. Results of this research are of great significance for searching hidden deposits and guiding the full-scale exploration of Zuiyi Manganese deposit.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 517-526 [Abstract] ( 392 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2764KB] ( 201 )

NEW TECHNOLOGY AND NEW METHODS

	527	Wang Xiao-Hui, Wu Yi-Jing, Fan Dai-Du

		²¹⁰Pb derived sedimentation rates in offshore area of the Xinghua Bay,Fujian Province, and proposed calibration method
		Core D37 and FJ3-12,collected from the offshore area of the Xinhua Bay,Fujian Province,were analyzed by γ-spectrometer to test the activities of ²¹⁰Pb,²²⁶Ra and ¹³⁷Cs and the activity characters of three nuclide with depth were abtained. It was demonstrated that there existed some differences in mean sedimentation rates of Core D37 and FJ3-12 through CFCS and CRS models for ²¹⁰Pb inventories and the ¹³⁷Cs time-scale method, respectively. After eliminating the effect of grain size changes on the nuclide profile,the difference between varied sampling depth is obvious. It is also suggested that the incompleteness of logarithmic attenuation profile(i.e., the sampling depth less than that bearing ²¹⁰Pb background value)has an adverse effect on calculating sedimentation rates by CFCS and CRS models,even more on CRS model by less incompleteness of the profile. Therefore,a rectification method was proposed to calculate the mean sedimentation rates for the upper boundary of sustaining ²¹⁰Pb(or none ²¹⁰Pb_ex)layer by the CFCS model,and then sedimentary chronology of the study cores by the CRS model with this deduced data. And the mean sedimentation rates of D37 and FJ3-12 are 2.76cm/yr and 4.35 cm/yr,respectively.
		2019 Vol. 21 (3): 527-536 [Abstract] ( 430 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1487KB] ( 228 )

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