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	JOPC 2019 Vol.21 Number 6
	2019, Vol.21 Num.6
	Online: 2019-12-01

	SPECIAL ISSUE ABOUT “DOLOSTONE” LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY QUATERNARY PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

SPECIAL ISSUE ABOUT “DOLOSTONE”

	869	Bao Zhi-Dong, Ji Han-Cheng, Liang Ting, Wei Ming-Yang, Shi Yan-Qing, Li Zong-Feng, Lu Kai, Xiang Peng-Fei, Zhang Hua, Yan Rui, Guo Yu-Xin, Li Zhuo-Lun, Wan Pu, Yang Zhi-Bo, Ma Xiao-Dong, Liu Rui, Liu Can-Xing, Zhong Xu-lin, Guo Xiao-Qi, Cai Zhong-Xian, Zhang Shui-Chang

		Primary dolostones of the Meso-Neoproterozoic:Cases on typical platforms in China
		Based on the exploration of dolostones in outcrops and drilling cores of the Wumishan Formation in the Mesoproterozoic Jixian System in the North China Basin, the Qigbulak Formation in the Neoproterozoic Sinian Series in the Tarim Basin, and the Dengying Formation in the Neoproterozoic Sinian Series in the Sichuan Basin of China, the Meso-Neoproterozoic dolostones show abnormally well-developed medium-thick layered to massive structures. These dolostones contain 86%-97% of dolomicrites, most of which are thick layered to massive. The secondary metasomatism of these dolostones is undeveloped, no matter whether they contain algae, fungi and other microorganisms or not. Sedimentary palaeogeography analyses show: (1) the dolostones in the Meso-Neoproterozoic nearly covered the entire basin, widely deposited in supra- to intertidal zones and open to limited platform environments; (2) Different types of the dolostones were controlled by pre-depositional basement geomorphology. Dolomicrites were mainly developed in depression areas, whereas grainy dolomicrites and domal stromatolitic dolomicrites were mainly developed in uplift areas. (3) Deep-water basins were developed in the carbonate platform, and the seismic profile shows that these basins in the platforms were formed by syngenetic deep faults in the Meso-Neoproterozoic. These faults also led to concentration of magnesium ions in seawater through hydrothermal fluid into carbonate platforms. Geochemical and ancient climate index of dolostones with different sedimentary structures show that their carbon and oxygen isotope ratios have no obvious differentiation, and the ratios are similar to that of the Meso-Neoproterozoic global seawaters, suggesting the fine crystalline dolostones have the same sedimentary origin as the dolomicrites. The fine crystalline dolostones might have resulted from authigenic recrystallization of dolomicrites, rather than secondary metasomatism. All the petrological, sedimentary environmental and geochemical data collectively suggest that the dolostones covered almost the entire Meso-Neoproterozoic typical platform areas of China are of typical primary sedimentary origin.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 869-884 [Abstract] ( 590 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 6085KB] ( 554 )

	885	Lu Kai, Bao Zhi-Dong, Ji Han-Cheng, Liu Jin-Xia, Wang Gui-Ling, Ma Feng, Guo Rui-Jing, Cao Ying-Zhuo, Yang Fei, Fu Yong, Li Xiao-Bo, Hua Ying-Xin, Que Yi-Juan, Li Zong-Feng, Xu Xi-Ting, Hu Xian-Cai

		Characteristics,main controlling factors and favorable area prediction of karstic geothermal reservoirs of the Jixianian Wumishan Formation in Xiong’an New Area
		There are abundant geothermal resources in the Jixianian Wumishan Formation of Xiong’an New Area. To study the characteristics and main controlling factors of high-quality karstic geothermal reservoirs in the Wumishan Formation is the basis of the exploration of geothermal resources. The geological and geophysical data, including outcrops,cores,thin sections,drilling and logging,are utilized to study of the characteristics and evolution process of karstic geothermal reservoirs in the Wumishan Formation. The aim of this article is to clarify the controlling factors of formation and development of high-quality geothermal reservoirs,and to predict the favorable target areas. The results indicate that the main lithologies of the karstic geothermal reservoirs in the Wumishan Formation are grain dolomite,granular dolomite,microbial dolomite,siliceous dolomite and breccia dolomite. The main reservoir spaces are caves,vuggy pores and fractures. The average porosity of the geothermal reservoirs in the Wumishan Formation is 3.18%,and the average permeability is 91.48 ×10^-3μm² . Among them,the breccia has the best petrophysical properties. The karstic geothermal reservoirs of the Wumishan Formation mainly experienced five stages of evolution including sedimentation-penecontemporaneous pore formation(Jxw),epigenic karstic stage Ⅰ(after Jxw-before Qb),burial stage Ⅰ(before Qb-T),epigenic karstic stage Ⅱ(T-E)and burial stageII(N-Q).The lithologies and lithofacies,diagenesis and tectonic stress are the main controlling factors for the formation of favorable karstic geothermal reservoirs in the Wumishan Formation. The most potential areas of the karstic geothermal reservoirs in the study area are located at regions characterized as the algal dolomitic flat-dolomitic flat,the epigenic karst,the buried karst,the penecontemporaneous karst,the karst platform-slope and the thickness ratio between fractures and the Wumishan Formation larger than 0.4.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 885-900 [Abstract] ( 440 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 13376KB] ( 255 )

	901	Yang Fei, Zhang Hong-An, Wang Xue-Jun, Peng Jun, Mo Jian-Wu, Zhuo Se-Qiang, Zeng Zheng-Qing, Zhou Kai, Wang Yun-Suo, Wei Ming-Yang, Li Zong-Feng, Lu Kai

		Characteristics and significance of supergene karst of the Upper Permian Changxing Formation in Puguang Gasfield,Sichuan Basin
		There is a great dispute in understanding the contact relationship between the Permian and Triassic, and origins of the karst of Changxing Formation in Sichuan Basin for a long time. Through the analysis of field outcrops, drilling, cores, imaging logging, C-O isotope and other data, this paper finds that large-scale karst gullies, karst caves, cystic karst caves and karst breccias occurred in Changxing Formation of Puguang Gasfield. The carbon isotopes of the dissolved limestone in Changxing Formation were negatively excursed near the Permian-Triassic boundary. The top of Changxing Formation is an obvious unconformity, and the karst facies variations are obvious on the imaging logging map. Furthermore, at the top of Changxing Formation, some strata is missing. According to the comprehensive analysis, the results reveal that the supergene karst had occurred in the Changxing Formation of Puguang Gasfield, and that the major factor causing the supergene karst is the great regression event at late Changxing Stage. Changxing Formation had been modified by the supergene karst for a long time. In addition to the reef-bank reservoirs at the edge of the platform, the interior of the platform and the up-slope at the front of the platform where the reef-bank is not occurred are also the favourable areas to search for the unconformity karst reservoirs.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 901-912 [Abstract] ( 513 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 20753KB] ( 253 )

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	913	Pan Jin, Zhang Chang-Min, Pang Lei, Li Peng, Zhu Rui

		Depositional evolution characteristics of the Triassic Baikouquan Formation in Xiazijie fan area of Mahu sag, Junggar Basin
		Mahu sag is the largest oil and gas accumulation belt in the Junggar Basin, and the exploration target is focusing on the complex and highly heterogeneous coarse-grained deposits. To reveal the internal heterogeneity of coarse-grained deposits, we carried detail sedimentary and reservoir architecture analyses (e.g., configuration, size, direction and stacking patterns) by using seismic, core and well logging data from the study area. We have identified 12 lithofacies and 10 sedimentary microfacies that are composed of different combinations of lithofacies Based on the stacking patterns of sedimentary microfacies in vertical and lateral, we have identified 10 vertically stacked fan lobes. Each fan lobes is strongly affected by the depositional environment and has changed from stacked alluvial fans and fluvial fans to fan delta under the influence of overall rise of the lake level and the decreased supply sediment. A detail analysis of the sedimentary characteristics for each phase of fan lobes, including long axis, short axis, long axis and short axis ratio, thickness changes of inner and outer fan, slope gradient and grain size change, shows several progressive changes when fan move downstream: (1) the grain size has become smaller when moving downstream and is controlled by the slope gradient of fan. For example, sediment grain size has reduced significantly in a steep slope. (2) The numbers of channel and water discharge have decreased toward downstream. (3) The connectivity of sedimentary bodies in lateral and vertical has reduced. (4) The thickness of sandstone and conglomerate has become thinner, while the mudstone has become much thicker. The lacustrine deposits become more dominant. In summary, we have recognized six fan models for the Baikouquan Formation in Mahu sag, including alluvial fan, alluvial-fluvial fan, fluvial-terminal fan, fluvial delta-fan delta, fan delta and large fluvial fan.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 913-924 [Abstract] ( 500 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7008KB] ( 232 )

	925	Zhao Kang, Chai Ming-Rui, Zhu Rui, Qu Jian-Hua, Shuang Qi, Pan Jin

		Distribution characteristics and genesis of epidote from the Triassic Baikouquan Formation in Xiazijie fan area, Mahu sag,Junggar Basin
		The epidote is the dominant component of heavy minerals and its content changes greatly in Baikouquan formation, Xiazijie fan area, Mahu sag, Junggar Basin. In this paper, we use heavy mineral, energy spectrum, scanning electron microscopy and other data, with the help of multivariate statistical methods such as cluster analysis, correlation analysis and so on, to systematically study the distribution characteristics and genesis of epidote. The results indicated that:(1)Based on the content of epidote, the study area can be divided into high value area, medium value area and low value area. (2)The high value area is located on the fan delta front, while the medium and low value area are on fan delta plain. The low value area is more proximal to the source than the medium value area. (3)The high value area shows an abundance of magmatic and authigenic epidotes, whereas the medium value area only has magmatic epidote. The low value area is mainly caused by the subsequent tectonic uplift and erosion of strata, which led to the leaching of epidote during sediment transportation and deposition.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 925-938 [Abstract] ( 480 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1942KB] ( 182 )

	939	Liu Shuai, Ruan Zhuang, Yang Zhi-Hui, Wu Yu-Xuan, Li Yi-Jia, Han Shu-Jun

		Provenance evolution of southern margin of Ordos Basin during the Middle-Later Triassic and its geological implication
		In this study, the sandstone samples obtained from two profiles including the Jinsuoguan of Tongchuan and the Liuye river of Zhouzhi area, are selected as the research object. It aims at understanding the Middle-Late Triassic source composition and transformation in the southern margin of Ordos Basin and the coupling mechanism of basin and mountain. By means of the petrography, detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry analysis, the changes of the source composition in the southern margin of the Ordos Basin are investigated, and tectonic coupling mechanism between the basin and mountain are explored. It shows that five groups of ages for the Upper Triassic detrital zircons in the Jinsuoguan profile are found: 237-330 Ma, 390-480 Ma, 870-1230 Ma, 1740-1980 Ma, 2070-2732 Ma. Four groups of age are found in the Middle Triassic detrital zircon: 240-290 Ma, 1760-1840 Ma, 2250-2300 Ma, 2350-2700 Ma. Five groups of age are discovered in the Upper Triassic detrital zircon found in the northern Ordos Basin: 244-310 Ma, 360-600 Ma, 800-1300 Ma, 1700-2100 Ma and 2450-2550 Ma. Based on the comparison of sediment source, it confirms that the Middle Triassic sediment provenance of the south margin of the Ordos Basin is from the North China Craton, Xing’anling-Mongolian Orogenic Belt and the Alxa region. The Late Triassic provenance of the sand bodies is from the North China Craton, Alxa region, West Qinling, the Northern Qinling and Qilianshan Orogenic Belt. The deduction is also supported by petrological characteristics and the transformation of the tectonic setting in the source area. The Middle Triassic provenance transformation is related to the activation of the Qinling Orogenic Belt in the south margin of Ordos Basin and the transformation of the basin pattern.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 939-958 [Abstract] ( 616 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 9553KB] ( 469 )

	959	Zhou Lin, Lü Chuan-Bing, Ji You-Liang, Lin Tie-Lin, Ran Ai-Hua, Lu Yi-Lun, Liu Tian-Yi, Xie Lin-Lin, Wei Wei

		Reservoir architecture pattern analysis of distal shallow water braided delta front: A case study of L18 fault block, Liuxi Oilfield,Raoyang sag,Jizhong Depression
		Core, well logging, 3D seismic data and production dynamic data of L18 fault block in Liuxi Oilfield, Raoyang sag, Jizhong Depression, were used to analyze the facies of distal shallow water braided delta front and architecture pattern of sand body and to establish a refined sedimentary architecture model of distal shallow water braided delta front. The research shows that: (1) The water was at a low level in study area and the delta front was widely developed. The delta front is divided into the proximal, middle and distal belts. Each facies belt varied in thickness, lithology combination and the lateral connectivity of the sand body; (2) The distributary channel in the distal belts was formed under weak hydrodynamics and limited sediment supply, which resulted in a small-scale mouth bar with poor lateral connectivity, and the thick muddy layers deposited between the bars formed the main type of interlayer.(3) The hydrodynamic strength of the distributary channel in the middle belt is moderate, forming bead-like or bifurcated mouth bars. A single mouth bar is composed of 2~4 accretion sand bodies with a dip angle of~2.2°. The muddy layer sdeposited between the accretion sand bodies is the main type of interlayer; (4) Controlled by the strong hydrodynamics, sufficient sediment supply and strong incision effect, the mouth bar stacked with each to form a continuously distributed mouth bar complex. The single mouth bar is composed of multiple accretion sand bodies with a high dip angle of 3.5°. The overflow muds and muddy deposited between accretion sand bodies are the two main types of interlayer developed in the mouth bar.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 959-970 [Abstract] ( 413 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3573KB] ( 265 )

	971	Guo Xiao, Li Hua, Liang Jian-She, Qiu Chun-Guang, Xie Dong-Ning, Feng Xin, Rao Su, He You-Bin

		Sedimentary characteristics and controlling factors of deep-water gravity flow deposits of the Oligocene in Tanzania Basin
		In recent years, several large-scale gas reservoirs have been discovered in Tanzania Basin of the East Africa. However, the study of sedimentary characteristics, formation mechanism and main controlling factors are relatively weak. Based on drilling, logging and 2D seismic data, with the comprehensive analysis of the sedimentary characteristics, it is found that deep-water gravity-flow deposits were developed in Oligocene of Tanzania Basin. The deep-water deposits could be divided into 3 types: channels, levees and lobes, among which channels and lobes are dominated. Moreover, deep-water channels could be further divided into the complex channel, the lateral-migrational channel, the vertical-aggradational channel and the isolated channel, according to the occurrence location, external morphology, internal architecture and sedimentary style. There were variations in sedimentary characteristics of Oligocene gravity-flow deposits from south to north of the Tanzania Basin. In the south of the basin, the small-scale isolated channels and lobe deposits were developed, which have a SW-NE orientation. In the middle of the basin,complex channels, vertical-aggradational channels, lateral-migrational channels and lobe deposits were mainly developed, with a overall orientation of NW-SE direction. In the north of the basin, lateral-migrational channels, levees and lobe deposits were dominated, which have similar orientations to those of the middle part. Taking the variations among the south, the middle and the north parts of Tanzania Basin and the coupling relationships of Source-to-Sink into consideration, the elements of Source-to-Sink system is comparatively analyzed. Research suggests that the development and distribution of deep-water gravity-flow deposits in the study area are mainly affected by tectonic movements (the tectonic uplift, mid-ocean ridge spreading, and fault activity), source systems and the shelf-slope topography.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 971-982 [Abstract] ( 444 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8575KB] ( 233 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	983	Liu Yi-Qun, Zhou Ding-Wu, Jiao Xin, Feng Qiao, Zhou Xiao-Hu

		A preliminary study on the relationship between deep-sourced materials and hydrocarbon generation in lacustrine source rocks: An example from the Permian black rock series in Jimusar sag,Junggar Basin
		The black rock series of the Permian Lucaogou Formation are an important hydrocarbon source rocks in northern Xinjiang. In Jimusar Sag,this suite of rock series is mainly distributed at a depth of 3000-3500 m,and it can be divided into two tight oil reservoirs of 3100~3170 m and 3250~3370 m. The lithology of the two black rock series is mainly tuff,tuffite and tuff micritic dolomite,with rich lamellar,lenticular asphaltene and algae. Further study showed that the black rock series not only developed tuff deep source materials,but also contained abundant hydrothermal deep source materials,most of which were interbedded with microbial dolomite and formed a set of special hydrocarbon source rocks with good hydrocarbon generation ability. Pyrolysis analysis of black rock series samples shows that the free hydrocarbon S₁ content is high(the highest is 8.17 mg/g,and 1.56 mg/g on average),and the cracked hydrocarbon S₂ content is also high(3.3~76.2 mg/g). TOC is 1.4%~7.9%,and the potential hydrocarbon generation is also high(0.02~0.51,0.16 on average),indicating high abundance of organic matter and good hydrocarbon generation potential. The content of sterane in biomarkers C₂₈ and C₂₉ is greater than that in C₂₇,showing an inverse “L” type,indicating that algae and higher plants were the main types of organic matter. The maturity parameters C₂₉ 20S/(20S+20R)and C₂₉ ββ/(αα+ββ)are high in the deep source materials rich layers(mean 0.48 and 0.31),and low in the deep source materials few layers(mean 0.37 and 0.26). In the two tight oil reservoirs,R_O value is high when tuff material is abundant. Comprehensive analyses indicate that frequent volcanic eruptions and the deep source materials from hydrothermal are involved in hydrocarbon generation of lacustrine sedimentary source rocks.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 983-998 [Abstract] ( 494 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 11976KB] ( 224 )

BIOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOECOLOGY

	999	Song Hui-bo, Li Juan, Hu Bin

		Responses of ichnoassemblages to paleo-water-depth of the Taiyuan Formation in western North China Basin
		In this paper,we studied composition,appearance and distribution of ichnofossils in the carbonates of the Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation in the western North China Basin,and analyzed the relationships between Sr contents, Sr/Ba values,1000×(Sr/Ca), and δ¹³C in some ichnofossils burrow and paleo-water-depth. Three types of ichnoassemblages with different water-depths were established: (1)Nereites-Chondrites ichnoassemblage occurred in the lower zone of the shallow sea below the redox interface;(2)Zoophycos-Teichichnus ichnoassemblage formed in the middle zone of the shallow sea between the wave base and redox interface;(3)Zoophycos-Thalassinoides ichnoassemblage occurred in the upper zone of the shallow sea(between the sea level and wave base)or lagoonal environments. Based on various characteristics of these ichnoassemblages in different sections,and paleo-water-depth changes in different area,two major transgressions can be identified in the Taiyuan Formation in the study area. This research provides ichnology basis for detailed studies on evolution of depositional environments and stratigraphic correlation of the Taiyuan Formation in the western North China.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 999-1012 [Abstract] ( 401 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 9083KB] ( 215 )

	1013	Zhao Zeng-You, Shi Sheng-Qiang, Yuan Zhi-Chen, Yin Jian-Jun, Chen Zhi-Xia, Qin Qu

		Evolution of vegetation and Southwest Monsoon during the late Last Glacial Period in western Guizhou plateau
		Western Guizhou plateau is an ideal place to reconstruct variations of the Southwest Monsoon since the Last Glacial Period. However,lack of continuous and high temporal resolution records obstacle understanding of evolution of the paleo-vegetation and the Southwest Monsoon. Here we present a palynology record since the Last Glacial Period,which was obtained from a drained paleo-lake in the western Guizhou plateau,with precise AMS¹⁴C date, to reconstruct the evolutionary history of vegetation and monsoon. Result shows that: On orbital scale during the stage of MIS3,the main vegetation comprised of arboreal and herbs,in which coniferous arboreal pollen percentage reach its maximum,and indicated a warm and humid climate,implying a strong Southwest Asia Monsoon. During MIS2,the arboreal forest decreased dramatically and the herbs and ferns extended,indicating that a cold and dry climate occurred in this area,implying a weaker Southwest Asia Monsoon,especially during the LGM. On millennium scale,Southwest Asia Monsoon of the western Guizhou plateau co-responded to the “ice drift events”in the North Atlantic,and the Heinrich(mainly H3 and H2)and LGM events resulted in weaker Southwest Asia Monsoon and the decrease of coniferous vegetation in western Guizhou plateau. Comparing with regional climate records reveal that the Southwest Monsoon and the East Asia Summer Monsoon changed synchronous on orbital or millennial scale. The in-phrase relationship implies variations of monsoon system attributed to insolation dynamics in north high latitude and the North Atlantic “ice sheets raft”. Between 19-18 cal ka BP,the research area underwent the driest and coldest climate since MIS2,the arboreal and herbal vegetation nearly disappeared,and the dominant vegetation were ferns,indicating the weakest Southwest Monsoon,while the East Asia Summer Monsoon began to strengthen,which testifies the out-phrase relationship of the two monsoon systems on sub-millennial scale.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 1013-1024 [Abstract] ( 394 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1716KB] ( 189 )

QUATERNARY PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	1025	Gong Xiao-Fei, Chen Cong, Tang Yong-Jie, Huang Kang-You, Yue Yuan-Fu, Liang Kai-Xuan, Zheng Zhuo

		Palaeoenvironment changes during the past 21 ka inferred from organic geochemical records of Caohai Lake,Guizhou Province
		Caohai Lake is located in the boundary area between Guizhou and Yunnan provinces where the climate is dominated by Indian summer monsoon(ISM). The continuous lacustrine bog sediments provide ideal material for revealing middle and late Quaternary environmental changes. In this paper,a core of 405 cm length(NT03)was studied. The age model was established based on 7 AMS¹⁴C ages covering the last 21 ka. Here we present the results of sediment chromatic aberration value(CIE-L^),loss on ignition at 550 ℃(LOI550),total organic carbon(TOC),C/N ratio and stable carbon isotope(δ13Corg). The environment proxies(L^、TOC and LOI550)varied synchronously,indicating three distinct intervals of lake level since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM),i.e. riverine alluvial facies,lake-wetland facies and shallow water alluvial facies respectively from 21~15 ka BP,15~4 cal ka BP and after 4 cal ka BP. This change pattern is similar to the variation of speleothem δ¹⁸O records from the south China. The δ13Corg values,varying between-29.28‰ and-24.19‰,suggest C3 plant domination in regional vegetation,despite a possible moderate C4 plant increase during the LGM. The TOC and δ13Corg records show an important change at B/A event implying the local ecosystem and lake level are sensitive to the deglacial warming. There was an abrupt change in all proxy records at around 4 ka BP which may indicate a weakening summer monsoon indicated by the speleothem δ¹⁸O records.
		2019 Vol. 21 (6): 1025-1034 [Abstract] ( 651 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2192KB] ( 245 )

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