Abstract: Multiple myeloma(MM)is a malignant disease with abnormal proliferation of clonal plasma cells.It is the second most common hematological malignancy in most countries,with an incidence about 1% of all malignancies,about 10% of hematological malignancies,and 0.9% in cancer-related deaths.The current clinical staging and prognostic assessment system mainly includes the International Staging System(ISS),the revised International Staging System(R-ISS),the mSMART staging system,and the International Myeloma Working Group(IMWG)stratification criteria,based mainly on tumor biology,tumor burden,and patient characteristics,without considering the immune and microenvironment-related factors,one reason is the lack of readily accessible biomarkers.In recent years,with the development of new techniques,such as liquid biopsy,molecular biology,and cytogenetics,many novel biomarkers associated with MM were identified,providing new methods for the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of MM.In this review,the progress of MM biomarkers will be discussed from several aspects of immune factors,bone marrow microenvironment,cytogenetics,and liquid biopsy.

Key words: Multiple myeloma, Biomarkers, Microenvironment, Genetics, Liquid biopsy