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	JOPC 2020 Vol.22 Number 1
	2020, Vol.22 Num.1
	Online: 2020-02-01

	TECTONOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOTECTONICS LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY SUMMARY GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS HUMAN HISTORY PALAEOGEOGRAPHY

TECTONOPALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOTECTONICS

	1	He Deng-Fa, Li De-Sheng, Wang Cheng-Shan, Liu Shao-Feng, Chen Jia-Jun

		Status,thinking,and methodology of studying on the mobile tectono-palaeogeography
		Palaeogeography is an integrated science to study the physio-geography on the Earth surface during the geologic history. The tectono-palaeogeography is thus the science to study the geo-tectonic character and evolutionary process of the geographic units during the geologic history. Such physio-geographic units as the mountains,the catch areas,the routing systems,and the sedimentary basins are controlled by the coupling between the horizontal movements of the lithospheric plates and the vertical processes of the deep mantle. The thought on the mobile tectono-palaeogeography is the natural extension of the mobile,the evolutionary,the stage,and the transitionary concepts of the Earth system science. Its methodologies of its basic utilization is strengthened on the integrated,dynamic,and the comprehensive analyses. To define such five aspects as the boundary,attribute,composition,architecture,and the evolution is the critical steps,and the measures to build up the platform in a way of digitized,standardized,the automatic intelligent is an important course to realize it. The proto-type basin analysis based upon the thought on the mobile tectono-palaeogeography is to restore the real location,the initial status,and the practical process,and to disclose the spatial-temporal frameworks of the proto-type basins. The accordingly source-to-sink analysis is to study the all aspects,and the full processes under the guidance of the Earth system thought. The mobile tectono-palaeogeography is the key basis for the exploring the surface processes,and the appraisal of the energy,the resource,and the ore deposits.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 1-28 [Abstract] ( 494 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 6723KB] ( 428 )

	29	Liu Ze, Li San-Zhong, S. Wajid. Hanif. Bukhari, Dai Li-Ming, Suo Yan-Hui

		Reconstruction of dynamic palaeogeomorphy: Application of Badlands software in basin analysis
		In recent years, it has been found that the palaeogeographic features will be accelerated when a strong tectonic activity exists. However,it is difficult to reconstruct the palaeogeography and palaeogeomorphy related to this tectonic activity by applying the traditional methods. Based on many previous research work,the Basin and Landscape Dynamics(Badlands)software,a parallel algorithm,is thus developed to simulate the spatial and temporal evolution of palaeogeomorphy. It can be used to study the evolution of surface processes,to predict erosion and sedimentation rates,and to evaluate sediment fluxes. Therefore,this software is powerful in conducting more detailed research on the reconstruction of palaeogeography and palaeogeomorphy. In this paper,the basic principles and methods of Badlands are introduced. This software is used in the reconstruction of Mesozoic geomorphology and geological evolution in the southern East China Sea Continental Shelf. First of all,the Early Mesozoic palaeotopography is built by using the pre-existing seismic profiles,well logging data,and cross-section balanced profiles in the study area. Parameters, including rainfall,rock erosion,sea level change,dynamic topography and crustal elastic layer thickness, are input in the numerical model to analyze the influence of strong tectonic movement on the evolution of basin and geomorphology in the study area. The simulation results show a good consistency with the known Mesozoic geomorphological and sedimentary features. We further analyze the distribution of sedimentary during the evolution of basin and the three-dimensional Mesozoic palaeogeography and geomorphological evolution. This method can also provide a new way to analyze the basin fill processes and the exploration of energy resource and mineral.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 29-38 [Abstract] ( 437 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7527KB] ( 310 )

	39	Wang Miao, Zhou Hong-Rui, Zhang Heng

		Detrital zircon geochronology and tectonic implications of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoshanhe Group in south margin of North China Craton
		In order to investigate the age attribution of the Mesoproterozoic sedimentary strata,regional paleogeographic pattern and tectonic evolution in the southern margin of the North China Craton(NCC),this study reports U-Pb geochronology and characteristics of trace elements of detrital zircons from the Gaoshanhe Group in the Lingbao-Fudi area of the western Henan Province. The ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of the youngest zircon of the Gaoshanhe Group is 1685±39 Ma,which limited the earliest sedimentary age of the Gaoshanhe Group is no earlier than 1700 Ma. Combined with the chronological calibration of the Longjiayuan Formation(1594±12 Ma)overlying the Gaoshanhe Group,the age of the Gaoshanhe Group was limited to 1700-1600 Ma,which is the middle and late period of the Mesoproterozoic Changcheng period,corresponding to the international Statherian Period. The ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages of the detrital zircons from the Gaoshanhe Group range from 1685 Ma to 2751 Ma,presenting four age peaks of 1850 Ma,2150 Ma,2300 Ma and 2500 Ma,corresponding to the Paleoproterozoic geological events of the North China Craton. The provenance of the Gaoshanhe Group is dominated by geological body of the 1850 Ma peak age and the 2500 Ma peak age. According to thecomparison of age frequency of detrital zircons in the Gaoshanhe Group and Yunmengshan Formations,it is speculated that there are 2500 Ma geological bodies reported less frequently in the west of the western Henan area. According to the geochemical characteristics of the Xionger Group volcanic rocks and their corresponding zircons,the basin dynamic property during the deposition of the Xionger Group,and the sedimentary properties of the Gaoshanhe Group and tectonic property of the sedimentary basin,the Xionger Group was most likely formed in the post-arc basin symbiotic with “island arcs” and the Gaoshanhe Group overlying the Xionger Group was deposited near the shore and shallow sea of passive continental marginal and close to the continental side of the back-arc basin.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 39-55 [Abstract] ( 543 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5190KB] ( 241 )

	56	Wang Zhen-Tao, Li Xian-Gen

		New understanding on the genetic mechanism of microsparite(molar-tooth)carbonates in the Neoproterozoic Hejiazhai Formation in Songshan area,Henan Province
		As an international research focus on the Precambrian carbonate rocks,the microsparite(molar-tooth)carbonate (MT for short)is of great significance in the reconstruction of palaeogeography,stratigraphic correlation and palaeoclimate,but its formation mechanism has been debated for a long time. The Neoproterozoic Hejiazhai Formation in Songshan area,which is located at the southern margin of North China Craton,is characterized as a large number of MT deposits that were interpreted as the product of seismic liquefaction. In this paper,based on the MT-containing strata of the Hejiazhai Formation,detailed studies include the morphology of MT,microfacies and sedimentary environment were carried out. Results show that the Hejiazhai Formation MT formed in the carbonate ramp environment and it owes early diagenetic features. The morphology of MT has a strong relationship with the lithology of the host rocks and the sedimentary environments. Besides,the differences between the MT and “liquefied vein”triggered by earthquake were compared from several aspects. Through the above work,we clearly pointed out that the Hejiazhai Formation MT is mainly constrained by the palaeomarine conditions and sedimentary microfacies,and it is a good indicator of the ancient environment,but has no relationship with the earthquakes.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 56-74 [Abstract] ( 582 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 18359KB] ( 386 )

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	75	Shao Zhu-Fu, Liu Ze-Xuan, Zhong Jian-Hua, John Howell, Luan Xi-Wu, Ran Wei-Min, Liu Jing-Jing, Zhang Wen-Xin, Zhao Bing

		Liquefaction structures induced by the M5.7 earthquake on May 28,2018 in Songyuan area,Jilin Province,China
		An earthquake of magnitude M5.7 occurred in Yamutu village,Songyuan City,Jilin Province of Northeast China(45°16'12″N,124°42'35″E)on May 28,2018,with a focal depth of 13 km. The epicenter is located at the intersection of the Fuyu/Songyuan-Zhaodong fault,Second Songhua River fault and Fuyu north fault which lie west of Tanlu Fault. The earthquake-induced widespread liquefication structures and ground cracks within 3 km from the epicenter,bringing serious disasters to the local surroundings. The visible liquefied structures are mainly composed of sand volcanos,followed by liquefied sand mounds,sand dikes and sand sills. The liquefied sand volcanoes can be divided into volcanoes with craters,volcanoes without craters and water volcanoes(sand-free). Other soft-sediment deformation structures(SSDSs)induced by earthquakes include deformation lamination,load structures and flame structures,deformation folds,dish structures,convolute bedding and some water-escape structures. The formation process of the sand volcanos comprises building up excess pore-fluid pressure in the liquefied layer,cracking of the low-permeability overlying layer and sand-water venting out of the ground surface inthree stages. During the upwelling,the liquefied sand is injected into the low-permeability layer to form sand veins,sand sills and various types of deformation structures. The vertical seismic liquefaction structure can be divided into the four parts of the bottom clean unconsolidated liquefiable sand,the lower liquefied deformation layer,the upper liquefied deformation layer and the ground surface liquefied sand volcano layer. The liquefaction occurred at a buried depth of 2-5 m,causing a thickness of 2 m of sand to liquefy. NE-SW(35°~215°)trending compressive stress that caused the fault to reactivate may be the seismogenic mechanism of the Songyuan M5.7 earthquake,and the Fuyu/Songyuan-Zhaodong fault was conjectured to be the major seismogenic fault. The study of the Songyuan seismic liquefaction structures provides guidance for the prediction of modern earthquake activity areas and disaster-prone areas and provides abundant basis material for studying earthquakes induced SSDSs in modern sediments,which will be of great significance in interpreting the theories of “the present is the key to the past”,which provides the latest practical data to reveal that the northern part of tanlu fault zone has entered into a stage of strong faults and seismicity since the beginning of this century.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 75-96 [Abstract] ( 502 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 17164KB] ( 229 )

	97	Qiao Ya-Bin, Zhang Lin, Wang Yu, Zhang Yi-Guo, Ma Jun-Xia, Jiang Hong-Xia

		Thrombolite types and seawater palaeosalinity of the 5^th Member of Middle Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Sulige Gas Field,Ordos Basin
		Studied on well cores of the 5^th Member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin,it reveals that the microbialites in the 2^nd layer of $Ma^{4}_{5}$,the 2^nd layer of $Ma^{2}_{5}$,the 4^th layer of $Ma^{1}_{5}$ can be divided into three distinct types: wormlike thrombolite,bacterial netlike thormbolite and chamber-patches thrombolite. By comparing with formation conditions of the modern microbial carbonate in the hypersaline lakes in the Republic of Kiribati,it is inferred that (1)the studied thrombolites formed in hypersaline lakes with salinity of 60‰~149‰ as the relative sea level rose,and(2) the gypsum-bearing carbonates formed in the hypersaline lakes with salinity of above 149‰. The wormlike thrombolites have high contents of intercrystaline pores and dissolution pores,and the netlike and chamber-patches thrombolites have high contents of relict pores, which makes thrombolites as an important exploration target.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 97-110 [Abstract] ( 435 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 21415KB] ( 279 )

	111	Zhang Shuai, Liu Yi-Qun, Li Hong, Jiao Xin, Zhou Ding-Wu

		Mantle-originated hydrothermal-sedimentary dolostone in the Middle Permian in eastern Junggar Basin,China
		The Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar sag,eastern Junggar Basin,China,deposited in a salt-lake within an intracontinental rift basin,in which magmatic-hydrothermal activities were intensive. Mantle-originated hydrothermal-sedimentary dolostone in lake bottom are discovered. Three types of dolostones are found,including analcime-albite dolostone,silicic dolostone and buddingtonite-albite dolostone. The ore-forming fluid characteristics and detailed formation mechanism are discussed based on micrometer-scale petrographical and isotopic geochemical research. Both petrographic feature and syndepositional deformation have indicated these dolostones are formed in a depositional stage. The dolomites are relatively poor-ordered proto-dolomites,with micron-sized spherical or aciniform morphology,and coexist with hydrothermal minerals that include analcime,buddingtonite,albite and chalcedony. Albite clasts were replaced by dolomites under high temperatures. The remarkably low strontium isotopic composition of the dolostones(av. 0.705687)suggests abundant mantle-originated material in the ore-forming fluid. The dolostones have positive δ¹³ C_PDB values(av. 6.94‰)and negative δ¹⁸ O_PDB (av.-8.12‰). The calculated formation temperature of the dolomites by using δ¹⁸ O_PDB is about 25-50 ℃ higher than that of the dolomitic rocks in Lucaogou Formation,based on the assumption that the fluid is the mixture of lake water and mantle-originated hydrothermal fluid. We conclude a possible genetic model that the dolomites precipitated directly from the mantle-originated hydrothermal fluid once it erupted to the lake bottom. We argue that the hydrothermal-sedimentary dolomite is an indispensable genetic type and this study is of great significance for both deciphering the formation rules of dolomite and supplementing the theory of petrogenesis.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 111-128 [Abstract] ( 433 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 14488KB] ( 250 )

SUMMARY

	129	Zhang Chang-Min, Yin Tai-Jü, Tang Yong, Guo Xu-Guang, Zhao Kang, Pan Jin, Chen Mei-Ling

		Advances in sedimentological reservoir research in Mahu sag and northwest margin of Junggar Basin
		The discovery of a billion-ton conglomerate oil reservoir at central Mahu sag,northwestern margin of Junggar Basin,has driven the research progresses on sedimentary geology and reservoir characterization. This paper reviewed the advances of sedimentology and reservoirs research in the Mahu sag and northwest margin of the Junggar Basin and summarized the following significant advances: (1)new methods in petrological and lithofacies analysis have been proposed for conglomerate reservoirs description; (2)a series of techniques in logging and seismic have been adapted for geophysical reservoir description; (3)obtain new knowledge of the provenance,sedimentary environment,facies and depositional system and models. The retrogradation model of large-scale shallow water fan delta on a gentle slope has been established,which led to the breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration; (4)diagenesis theory guided to find new reservoirs in deeper strata. Depositional system in Mahu sag is consistent since Permian to Neogene. Depositional systems include volcanic and volcano-clastic system,fine-grained and evaporite system,coarse-grained alluvial fan,fan delta,braided river delta and others. Climate variation,structure configuration,and lake level fluctuation controlled the formation and evolution of the depositional system. This research provides strong theoretical support for the discovery of Mahu conglomerate oil field. In turn,oil and gas exploration promotes the continuous development of sedimentology and reservoir research. There are at least three petroleum systems in Mahu sag,which were associated with different depositional systems and reservoirs. However,the studies for different petroleum systems,different kinds of reservoirs,and explorational discoveries are not in the same stage. The authors suggested to pay more attention to the older and deeper strata and to use more new theory and technology in sedimentological and reservoir research of this area. The presented theories and technologies need to be further tested in future exploration activity.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 129-146 [Abstract] ( 587 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1802KB] ( 474 )

	147	Song Wen-Tian, Liu Jian-Bo

		A review of cortical structures of carbonate ooids
		Carbonate ooids in modern and ancient carbonate sediments have varieties of cortical structures,which have been intensively studied because of its applications in reconstruction of chemical and physical changes of the ancient ocean. Research on cortices of carbonate ooids started in 1879. Since then,the features and origins of primary and secondary cortical structures of modern and ancient ooids have been described in detail and discussed in depth. However,definitions of terms are unclear in the studies on primary cortical structures of modern ooids; the descriptions and classification of primary cortical structures of ancient ooids are also inaccurate and require further determination. This article summarizes previous researches on modern ooids,concludes the types of primary cortical structures and their main features,and points out that the recognition of assemblage types of cortical structures is a key step to the studies on cortical structures. Normal assemblage types of cortical structures include radial,concentric and radial-concentric. Affected by diagenesis,primary cortical structures in ancient ooids may be preserved at different degrees,or totally replaced by secondary structures. Primary cortical structure types preserved in ancient ooids resemble those in modern ooids of which the dominant are radial structure and concentric structure. However,among concentric structures in ancient ooids,the tangential laminae is hard to recognized. Domestic research on ooids has obtained a lot of achievements,some of which however still misrecognized or misused primary cortical structures. On the basis of reference to researches on cortical structures of modern ooids,we take the Lower Ordovician ooids in South China as a case to show how to describe the features of cortical structures of ancient ooids,recognize well-preserved primary cortical structures,and classify the ooids by assemblage types of cortical structures.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 147-160 [Abstract] ( 332 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3230KB] ( 270 )

	161	Li Hua, He You-Bin

		Research progress on deepwater gravity flow channel deposit
		Deepwater channel is usually geomorphology in deepwater zone,which is not only transport way of deepwater gravity flow sediment,but also is mainly sedimentary place. There have been abundant fruits on gravity flow channel for more than 60 years. The research process and latest achievement are reviewed,characteristic and mechanism of deepwater channel have been summarized in this paper. The gravity flow channel could be divided into complex channel,vertical aggradation channel,migrational channel and small bifurcated channels. The process of complex channel is closely related to evolution of gravity flow. Channel axial deposits,debris flow/slump deposit,channel-levee system and migrational channel develop in complex channel. Sinuous migrational channel secondary circulation of gravity flow was formed. Strait migrational channel is interaction between gravity flow and contour current. The direction of work on gravity flow channel in the future always results from were proposed as follows: (1)more way and method comprehensive research; (2)systematic comparative study on mechanism and mainly controlling factors; (3)reinforce to work on the reservoir distribution.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 161-174 [Abstract] ( 337 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 11295KB] ( 457 )

GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS

	175	Shi Si-Si, Wu Chao-Dong, Liang Jin-Qiang, Wang Yi-Zhe, Ye Yun-Tao, Fang Yun-Xin, Ma Jian, Zhai Li-Na

		Characterstics and formation mechanism of pyrite tubes in sediments from Xisha Trough in northern South China Sea
		Authigenic pyrite is widely developed in sediments of core column at S1 in the Xisha Trough in northern South China Sea. It is mainly tubular in form and has inner hollow circle structures. In order to study the origin of tubular shape and circle structure,SEM,LA-ICP-MS,SIMS and other testing methods are used. The results show that: (1)Pyrite tubes have an inner hollow circle structure. The inner layer(I_py) is composed of pyrite framboids which are densely packed as pyritohedron,while the outer layer(O_py) is composed of octahedron pyrite with better crystalline shape and larger grain size,mixed with sedimentary debris and calcareous biological shell. (2)The inner and outer layers are characterized by poor S-rich Fe and rich S-poor Fe respectively. It mainly resulted from the reduing environment caused by methane leakage,the lattice vacancy of pyrite which caused by the entry of As,and absorbing Ni,Co,Cu,Zn and other elements with similar radius and charge of Fe. (3)Pyrite tubes underwent distillation of sulfur isotopes,with an average of-37.8‰ for the inner layer and-29.3‰ for the outer layer. It is concluded that pyrite tubes served as a channel for methane leakage,the growth mechanism of which can be divided into three stages: (1)formation stage of gas-water channel: upward migration of methane fluids gradually forms gas-water channel in sediment pore;(2)formation stage of O_py: anaerobic oxidation of methane occurs when upward migration of methane and sulfate meet,the O_py with larger and better crystalline shape is gradually formed;(3)formation stage of I_py: with the concentration of methane decreases gradually and the action of microorganisms in the air-water channel,the remaining methane reacts with downward sulfate to form the I_py. Therefore,a large number of tubular pyrites in mudstones in the northern South China Sea are often related to the presence of methane hydrates in the formation.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 175-192 [Abstract] ( 373 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 12391KB] ( 201 )

HUMAN HISTORY PALAEOGEOGRAPHY

	193	Zhang Kun-Jia, Chen Si-Ying, Su Yun

		Impact of large volcanic eruptions in Indonesia-Philippines on the drought-flood conditions of central and eastern China during AD 1500-2000
		Abstract Large volcanic eruption is an important driving factor for climate change that can cause variations in rainfall or even extreme drought/flood in China. Because of the short distance,the study on the relationship between large volcanic eruptions in Indonesia-Philippines and China's distribution pattern of drought and flood helps to explain how drought/flood occurs in China,and the conclusions of which can serve as reference for precipitation prediction after volcanic eruption in the future. In this paper,according to the chronology of large volcanic eruptions in the world and drought/flood recorded data in China during AD 1500-2000, the method of Super Epoch Analysis is used to identify the interannualchange of drought/flood after large volcanic eruptions,and the case study of the Tambora Volcanic eruption in 1815 is done. The conclusions show that large volcanic eruptions in Indonesia-Philippines area can affect the distribution pattern of drought/flood in China. In the first two years after the eruptions,most sites in central and eastern China tend to flood. In the 3rd year,there is an overall shift towards drought,and the variation degree is larger than that of other years. In terms of the regions,there is a change from drought to flood in North China after the eruptions,while there is a change from flood to drought in South China. These changes last about 2~3 years,before the two regions resume the pre-eruption drought/flood conditions. In the first three years after the eruption of Tambora in 1815,China was dominated by flood,but the area where floods occurred was changing year by year. In 1815 and 1816,floods mainly occurred in the Yangtze River Basin and its north,while in 1817 floods mainly occurred in the Yangtze River Basin and its south. In 1818,the flooding area was the largest.
		2020 Vol. 22 (1): 193-206 [Abstract] ( 382 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8360KB] ( 229 )

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