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	JOPC 2021 Vol.23 Number 1
	2021, Vol.23 Num.1
	Online: 2021-02-01

	SUMMARY SPECIAL THEME OF "Sedimentology and palaeogeography of late Paleozoic, Ordos Basin" LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

SUMMARY

	1	Liu Zhao-Jun, Sun Ping-Chang

		Formation environment and mineralization mechanism of oil shale in continental basins of China
		In the past ten years,great progress has been made in the exploration,development and formation theory of oil shale. Based on previous research and systematic investigation,we summarized the formation environment and mineralization mechanism of continental oil shale in China. In general,the oil shale preferably forms in the atmospheric background with relatively high O₂ and low CO₂ concentration, with four main mineralization mechanisms. In the basins,the tectonic and paleoclimate control the deposit scale of oil shale,resulting in deep-water oil shale formed in balance filled environment,and shallow water oil shale in the over filled environment. The deep water oil shale was deposited in the semi-deep and deep lake environment,where the lake bottom is in the state of hypoxia to anoxia. The biological productivity is the key factor to control the quality of oil shale,and the duration of favorable conditions and the range of low oxygen area determine the scale of oil shale deposit. Shallow water oil shale was deposited in limnetic environment. Lakes with eutrophication and turbid algae are the premises of shallow water oil shale deposition. The restoration of lake itself and paleoclimate regulation result in thin thickness and strong horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of oil shale. Some geological events promoted oil shale deposition and mineralization. For example,anoxia,volcanism,hydrothermal and marine transgression events help to improve bioproductivity and form anoxic environment. Based on the analyses of oil shale forming environment,the mineralization mechanism of deep water and shallow water oil shale is summarized. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution of the China continent,the temporal and spatial distribution of oil shale in China is mainly controlled by the influence of Paleo-Asia,Tethys and Circum-Pacific tectonic domains.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 1-17 [Abstract] ( 722 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 11530KB] ( 958 )

	19	Shao Long-Yi, Xu Xiao-Tao, Wang Shuai, Wang Dong-Dong, Gao Di, Wang Xue-Tian, Lu Jing

		Research progress of palaeogeography and palaeoenvironmental evolution of coal-bearing series in China
		The sedimentology of coal-bearing series have experienced the development from the initial “cyclothem” theory to the sedimentary model,and to the present sequence stratigraphic theory. The Chinese scholars have made a great progress in coal sedimentology. (1)The accumulation model of thick coal seams in a sequence stratigraphic framework has been put forward which mainly considers the balance between the peat accumulation rate and the growth rate of accommodation space. The sequence stratigraphy provides the isochronous stratigraphic units,which is widely used to reconstruct high-resolution isochronous lithofacies palaeogeography of the six major coal-accumulating areas in China. It provides the guidance for predicting the coal accumulation center and coal rich zone during different coal-accumulating periods. With the further study of the sequence stratigraphy theory,new progresses have been made in the development characteristics,research methods and division of coal facies and sedimentary organic facies. (2)In recent years,the associated mineral resources in coal-bearing series have become one of the hot issues in the coal geology. Coalbed methane,shale gas,natural gas hydrate,uranium,“three rare mineral diposits including rare earth,rare metal and rare-scattered elements mineral resources”,graphite and other mineral resources that have very important economic values in coal basins have attracted more attention. The potential value of some of these mineral resources even exceeds that of the coal itself. Palaeogeography,as a prerequisite,is closely related to the associated mineral resources in coal-bearing series,which is of great help to the research and exploration of these mineral resources. (3)Coal,as a product of peatland and an important sedimentary information carrier,has been used in the study of “deep time”paleoclimates. The Milankovitch theory is used as the time measurement tools to estimate the carbon accumulation rate,the net primary productivity and the variation trend of the atmospheric CO₂ based on analyzing the carbon accumulation rate of coal. With the deep understanding on the origin of inertinite in coals,more and more attention has been paid to the paleo-wildfire information contained in the coal. Based on the content of the inertinite in coal,the estimation of wildfire events in peatland and paleo-atmospheric oxygen level has become a new research direction of palaeo-environment. Future studies of coal accumulation models and palaeogeography in China will focus on the sequence stratigraphic model of coal-bearing basins in different tectonic settings,coal accumulation palaeogeography and laws during different coal accumulation periods,the palaeogeographic reconstruction of beneficial associated mineral resources in coal-bearing series,the “deep time”palaeoclimate information in coal-bearing series and quantitative study on palaeogeography of coal-bearing series by using the technology of big data.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 19-20 [Abstract] ( 643 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2687KB] ( 578 )

SPECIAL THEME OF "Sedimentology and palaeogeography of late Paleozoic, Ordos Basin"

	39	Li Wen-Hou, Zhang Qian, Li Ke-Yong, Chen Qiang, Guo Yan-Qin, Ma Yao, Feng Juan-Ping, Zhang Dao-Feng

		Sedimentary evolution of the late Paleozoic in Ordos Basin and its adjacent areas
		Based on the detailed studies of the late Paleozoic in the Ordos Area for decades,including field measurements,stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy,geochemistry and geochronology studies,the authors have analyzed lithological characteristics,stratum thickness,stratum contact relationship,sediment provenance and sedimentary facies types. We propose that the Ordos area during the late Paleozoic is a part of the North China Platform. Based on this study,all stages of late Paleozoic sedimentary facies map of the Great Ordos Area was drawn. These maps extended the eastern and southern part of the original Ordos Area,which provided a new evidence for the restoration of the original sedimentary features of the North China Platform in this period.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 39-52 [Abstract] ( 567 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 10338KB] ( 561 )

	53	Feng Juan-Ping, Ouyang Zheng-Jian, Chen Quan-Hong, Li Wen-Hou

		Sedimentary characteristics of the upper Carboniferous in Ordos Basin and its adjacent areas
		Defining the sedimentary characteristics of the Benxi(Yanghugou)Formation of the upper Carboniferous in Ordos Basin and its adjacent areas is of great significance for predicting its sand-body distribution and hydrocarbon exploration. In this paper,the petrological characteristics,sedimentary facies types and spatial distribution of the Benxi(Yanghugou)Formation are studied,based on field geological investigation,core observation and thin section identification. It shows that the Benxi(Yanghugou)Formation mainly consists of gray-white medium to coarse-grained sandstones,dark gray and gray-black mudstones,silty mudstones and argillaceous siltstones,with multiple layers of coals,limestones and marls interbedded with these above-mentioned rocks. In the study area,the shallow sea shelf,barrier island,tidal flat,lagoon and fan delta deposits were mainly developed. The fan delta,barrier island and lagoon mainly developed in the west of the central paleo-uplift,the fan delta,lagoon,barrier island and shallow sea shelf mainly developed in the east of the central paleo-uplift,and the tidal flat mainly developed in the intermediate transition zone. It also shows that fan delta plain,fan delta front,tidal flat,lagoon and shallow sea shelf developed successively from north to south. Generally,the Benxi(Yanghugou)Formation is a set of marine-terrigenous transitional facies with the sedimentary pattern divergence from east to west.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 53-64 [Abstract] ( 499 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 13599KB] ( 468 )

	65	Guo Yan-Qin, Zhao Ling-Sheng, Guo Bin-Cheng, Fei Shi-Xiang, Li Wen-Hou, Zhang Qian, Yuan Zhen, Ma Yao, He Zi-Qiong, Li Bai-Qiang

		Sedimentary characteristics of the lower Permian in Ordos Basin and its adjacent areas
		Based on the extensive field profile observation and detailed description of drilling cores in the basin,rock type and texture,sedimentary structure,paleontological fossils and logging curve response characteristics are analyzed to reveal the sedimentary characteristics of the lower Permian Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations in Ordos Basin and its adjacent areas. The result shows that the main sedimentary environments of the Taiyuan Formation are shelf,coast,alluvial fan and delta,in which the coastal sedimentary facies includes barrier island,lagoon and tidal flat. The delta facies can be divided into delta plain,delta front and prodelta. Alluvial fan,river,meandering river delta,lacustrine and coast are the main sedimentary facies in the Shanxi Formation. Fluvial facies includes braided and meandering river deposits,and the later can be divided into meandering river delta plain,meandering river delta front and prodelta deposits. The lacustrine is dominated by shallow lake deposits and the coast is dominated by lagoon deposits. During the Taiyuan sedimentary period,the marine sediments are dominant and distribute in a wide area to the south of Yinchuan and Yulin. The sedimentary environment has transitioned from shallow sea shelf in the eastern and western area,to lagoon and tidal flat in the central area,with barrier island developed in the middle. Alluvial fan and fan delta deposits are developed in the northwestern margin of the basin,and delta deposits are dominant in the vast areas of the north. The delta facies has changed from delta plain to delta front from north to south. During the sedimentary period of Shanxi Formation,sea water receded from the southeast part of the basin and evolved into marine continental transitional facies. Generally,the sedimentary environment has changed from alluvial fan(Wuda-Hangjinqi-Ordos area of the northern basin of basin),to braided and meandering river(Wuda-Hangjinqi-Ordos extend southward to Jingbian area),to delta plain(Jingbian to Yan'an), delta front(extend southward to Tongxin-Jingbian area), and to shallow lake(Pengyang-Jingyang area in the south of the basin). To the south of Pengyang-Jingyang area,the shallow lake deposited were replaced by delta deposits due to the sediment flux from the southern basin margin. The southern part of the Ordos Basin,Wuxiang-Yima area,was lagoon environment.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 65-80 [Abstract] ( 658 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 36609KB] ( 556 )

	81	Ma Yao, Li Wen-Hou, Zhang Qian, Guo Yan-Qin, Yuan Zhen, Liao Yun

		Sedimentary characteristics of the middle Permian in Ordos Basin and its adjacent areas
		The Ordos Basin and its adjacent areas are rich in natural gas resources in the upper Paleozoic. The middle Permian Shihezi Formation is the main exploration interval,and its sedimentary characteristics are of great significance for oil and gas exploration. Based on the outcrop investigation and drilling core observation,this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the stratigraphic and lithologic characteristics,sedimentary facies types and depositional patterns of the Shihezi Formation. The results show that the middle Permian Shihezi Formation mainly developed coarse-grained terrestrial clastic rock series. Intermittent local marine transgression still exists in the study area in the middle and late Permian. The Shihezi Formation is mainly dominated by continental sedimentary systems,including alluvial fan facies,river facies,lake facies,and delta deposits,and barrier island-coastal systems. From the north to the south,the Shihezi Formation successively developed alluvial fans,rivers-deltas,shallow lakes and other deposits. The southern and southwestern margins developed shallow water delta deposits,whereas the southern and southeastern margins developed lagoons and barrier bar sands in restricted barrier bays.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 81-92 [Abstract] ( 510 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 49665KB] ( 500 )

	93	Zhang Dao-Feng, Li Cheng-Shan, Liu Wen-Xiang, Ma Guo-Wei, Li Wen-Hou, Lu Zi-Xing

		Sedimentary characteristics of the upper Permian in Ordos Basin and its adjacent areas
		Based on the comprehensive analyses of outcrops,drilling cores,thin sections,and geochemical tests,this study investigates the Shiqianfeng Formation in the Ordos Basin and its adjacent area in terms of rock types,sedimentary structures,sedimentary-facies types,and the spatial distribution of depositional systems. The results revealed that the Shiqianfeng Formation mainly developed alluvial plain,delta plain,delta front,shallow-lacustrine deposits,and the lagoonal and sand-bar deposits in the southern transitional sedimentary environment. During the depositional period of the Shiqianfeng Formation,dry and hot climates,relatively gentle paleogeomorphology,and the high sediment supply gave rise to the formation of a strata interval characterized by fuchsia,brownish-red mudstone,light-gray medium-coarse-grained feldspar lithic sandstone,lithic feldspar sandstone,and feldspar sandstone. In the northern part,the delta is large scale and dominated by braided channel deposits;the associated sands are relatively thick,extensively distributed. However,in the southern part the delta is small scale. During the late depositional period of the Shiqianfang Formation,seawater may have flooded the Linyou-Hancheng-Xiangning area in the south of the basin several times,and developed marine interlayers and sand bar deposits,which to some extent affected the sedimentary environment and sand body distribution.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 93-104 [Abstract] ( 503 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7405KB] ( 307 )

LITHOFACIES PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY

	105	Mei Ming-Xiang

		Giant ooids induced and predominated by photosynthetic biofilms of filamentous cyanobacteria: an example from the Miaolingian Xuzhuang Formation at the Shijing section in Xin'an County of Henan Province,North China Platform
		Diversified forming environments and 3000 million years of history clearly express that ooid is an enchanting depositional grain whose origin remains a dilemma,and its formation is still actively debated that is reflected as the strongly difference between the organic and inorganic origins of ooids. Giant ooids from the top part of the Miaolingian Xuzhuang Formation at the Shijing section in Xin'an County of Henan Province are made of calcite and show concentric,radial-concentric,and micritic fabrics. Within both the core and the cortex of these ooids there are excellent calcified residues of photosynthetic biofilms reflected as the high-density preservation of the Girvanella,which provide a relative direct evidence of ooid formation that is genetically related to the photosynthetic biofilm,since it is relatively certain that Girvanella resembles closely recent calcified Plectonema. Therefore,although the exact forming mechanism of radial-fibrous calcites making up the cortex of radial ooids in the calcite sea of the Cambrian that is marked by cayanobacterial blooms and is coincided with metazoan radiation is not wholly understand,direct evidences of that the formation of these giant ooids is dominated,nourished and promoted by photosynthetic biofilms further support an important scientific idea,i.e. ooid deposits can be understood as a new differentiated type of microbialite system. Ultimately,our finding and study provide an important example for the further understanding and elucidating of the “ooid dilemma”.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 105-124 [Abstract] ( 512 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 39871KB] ( 486 )

	125	Gong En-Pu, Yang Zhen-Yuan, Huang Wen-Tao, Guan Chang-Qing, Zhang Yong-Li, Miao Zhuo-Wei, Wang Li-Fu, Li Xiao, Wang Jun-Jie

		Ooids types of the upper Du'an Formation of lower Carboniferous in Dujie section of Long'an area in Guangxi and their geological significance
		Ooids,a typical type of sedimentary grains,are an important proxy for paleoclimate and paleoceanography. To better understand the formation mechanisms,depositional environments and geological significance of these carbonate grains,studies relating to paleontology,sedimentology,and petrography were carried out on the ooid-bearing limestones in the upper Du'an Formation of the Lower Carboniferous in Dujie section of Long'an area,Guangxi. Five ooid types have been identified: Radial ooids(O1),regular concentric-radial ooids(O2),irregular concentric-radial ooids(O3),micrite ooids(O4-A,O4-B),and composite ooids(O5). The microscopic fabric and depositional environments of these ooids uncovered different forming processes,indicating that the formation and distribution of the ooids were influenced by the hydrodynamic conditions. These ooids formed in the late Visean to Serpukhovian,corresponding to the onset of the ice age in the late Mississippian. Influenced by changes of ice volume,sea level changed frequently,resulting in shallow shoal and tidal flat environment in the study area. Dujie area was located in the low latitude,providing shallow,warm,and agitated waters for the ooid formation. Furthermore,calcimicrobes and microbial mats were abundant in the ooid-bearing limestone,indicating that the microbial activities were common and might be related to the formation of these ooids.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 125-141 [Abstract] ( 437 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 50687KB] ( 308 )

	142	Chen Quan-Jun, Lu Ting-Qing, Li Shuang, Ma Tao

		Seismites in the Miocene at Tarim Basin Yecheng sag of West Kunlun Mountain piedmont and its geological significance
		Soft sediment deformation structures were found by detailed observations of six wells' cores in the Miocene Keziloyi Formation and Anju'an Formation in the Yecheng sag of the West Kunlun Mountain piedmont,the southwestern margin of the Tarim Basin. These structures include liquefied sand veins,load and ball-and-pillow structures,injection structures,liquefied curl deformations,soft mud thixotropic deformations,liquefied diapirs,soft boudinages and syndepositional micro-faults,which were distributed widely and recurred. Compared with typical seismites,they are all sedimentary structures of seismic origin. Seismites in the Keziluoyi Formation and Anju'an Formation can be divided into four developing periods,which spans about 5 Ma(16-11 Ma). The first and second phases have a long time and strong tectonic activities,and the third and fourth phases have a short time and weak tectonic activities. This is the first discovery of seismites in the Neogene continental strata in the southwestern Tarim Basin. The development of these seismites is related to the periodic seismic activities that have been caused by the episodic uplift of the west Kunlun Mountains and the activities of multiple thrust faults in the frontal thrust belt of the west Kunlun Mountains in the Miocene.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 142-152 [Abstract] ( 457 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7175KB] ( 314 )

GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS

	153	Li Hong, Wang Liang-Jun, Liu Yi-Qun, Zeng Tao, Zhang Dong-Dong, Li Wen-Hou, Zhou Ding-Wu, Yang Kang, Dong Yang-Kun, Peng Yi-Feng

		Hydrothermal activities in the middle Permian Maokou Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin
		The abundant hydrothermal activities have been found in the Maokou Formation of middle Permian in the Sichuan Basin. Based on the field investigation and core observation, many kinds of measured methods are applied to discuss the hydrothermal activity characteristics of the carbonate rocks in the Maokou Formation of middle Permian in the Sichuan Basin. Two types of hydrothermal activities in Maokou Formation are identified in eastern Sichuan Basin: one is hydrothermal silica, formed as thin layered silicalite or nodules; the other is featured by hydrothermal carbonate minerals, including coarse calcite and dolomite that are filled in the tensile fractures or formed as the “snow flake” aggregates, sometimes they occur as few metal sulfides including the pyrite and sphalerite. The Al-Fe-Mn end-member diagram of cherts and correlation diagrams between silica and other main elements indicate the hydrothermal origin, and the silica comes from both the hydrothermal and terrestrial sources. The in situ sulfur isotopes of pyrite and sphalerite range between -3.91‰ and -6.87‰, implying the mixed sulfur sources of microbial and basic magma. Both coarse calcite and saddle dolomite in the veins have similar geochemical features, such as higher CaO content than those in stoichiometry calcite and dolomite, rich in Sr and U, poor in REE and Ti, obvious negative anomalies of Ce/Ce^, and positive anomalies of Eu/Eu^, and very positive Y anomalies, illustrating the hydrothermal origin and the mixed sources of fluids related with volcanic activity and the Ca-bearing underground water. High concentration of Ge and Cd, and ratios of Zn/Cd and Zn/Fe in sphalerite reflect the medium mineral-forming temperatures. The homogenization temperature ranges between 54.7℃ and 294.3℃ measured from fluid inclusions in microcrystalline quartz, calcite and dolomite, which are consistent with the features illustrated by the REEs and trace elements. The results show that the first occurrence of chert nodules and chips penetrating into the rocks is the indicant of the beginning of hydrothermal activities in Maokou Formation. The tensile fractures and the hydrothermal dolomitization caused by carbonate-rich fluid in host rocks significantly improve the reservoir properties of dolomite.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 153-174 [Abstract] ( 449 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8243KB] ( 340 )

	175	Xie Bao-Zeng, Sun Long-Fei, Fang Hao, Shi Xiao-Ying, Tang Dong-Jie

		Siderite in banded iron formation of the Neoarchean Baizhiyan Formation, Shanxi Province: genesis and palaeoenvironmental implications
		Siderite is one of the major mineral components in Precambrian banded iron formation(BIF)and an archive for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. However,it can exist as primary,early diagenetic,and late diagenetic origins,thus limiting its application in palaeoenvironmental analysis to a certain extent. Previous studies mainly focused on geochemical features of siderite,whereas its petrographic features were paid less attention. In order to further reveal the origin of siderite in BIF,this study took BIF from the Neoarchean Baizhiyan Formation in Yangjiaogou Mining Area,Dai County,Shanxi Province as a target,and carried out a systematic petrographic analysis. The results show that the BIF in the Baizhiyan Formation is mainly composed of alternating centimeter-scale,iron-rich and silicon-rich bands. Wave-agitated structure is rare,but occasionally cross lamination and storm debris are present,suggesting that the BIF was mainly deposited below the storm-wave base. There are three main occurrences for the siderite,including: (1)sub-millimeter layers with detrital particles “suspended” in them,indicating that they may have the primary origin formed in water column or sediment-water interface; (2)dispersed anhedral grains in iron-rich layers,which may be of an early diagenetic origin;and (3)veins penetrating into layers of chlorite,or truncating quartz and ankerite,which is of a late diagenetic origin. The occurrence of primary siderite in the BIF from the Baizhiyan Formation suggests that the Neoarchean seawater below the storm-wave base was strongly anoxic,iron-rich,and of low sulfate concentration. Siderite has the potential to reflect the information of marine chemistry;however,the occurrence of siderite with different origins in one sample requires fabric-specific analysis.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 175-190 [Abstract] ( 417 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 12375KB] ( 364 )

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

	191	Jin Zhi-Min, Tan Xiu-Cheng, Tang Hao, Shen An-Jiang, Li Fei, Qiao Zhan-Feng, Luo Si-Cong, Zheng Jian-Feng, Wang Xiao-Fang

		Eogenetic karst characteristics and its geological significance of mixed rocks in the Cambrian Terreneuvian Yuertus Formation in northwestern Tarim Basin
		Based on macro- and micro-scale studies on the outcrop profiles in the Akesu-Keping-Wushi areas in Northwestern Tarim Basin,three distinct subaerial exposed surfaces within the Yuertus Formation of the Cambrian Terreneuvian Series have been identified and are characterized as follows: (1)ferruginous crust,(2)near-surface karst(plastic)breccia,(3)karst trench,fissure and cystic cave,(4)breccia and terrigenous clastics filled in Karst system,and (5)sediments onlapped onto the exposed surfaces. The comprehensive analysis shows that the Yurtus Formation in the study area is not continuously deposited,but presents several internal sedimentary hiatus and a regional unconformable contact with the overlying Xiaoerbulake Formation. Meanwhile,based on a comparative analysis of eogenetic karst characteristics between limestone and dolomite,it is suggested that the mixed rocks(mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments) with poor percolation conditions are characterized by the development of small karst caves and immature horizontal underflow zone. This can be used to distinguish the typical characteristics of facies-controlled karst caves,variegated karst,and near-in-situ brecciation of limestone from dolomite-type in early diagenetic stage. The findings show that the karstification and reservoir optimization in the early diagenetic stage under open conditions are more controlled by the rock fabric,so it is inferred that under relatively closed burial conditions,the early densified rocks are difficult to undergo karst modification to form facies-controlled vuggy reservoirs. This result not only has an important reference for the formation and maintenance of reservoirs under deep burial conditions,but also provides new materials for the supplement of eogenetic karst geological theory.
		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 191-206 [Abstract] ( 660 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 24452KB] ( 369 )

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		2021 Vol. 23 (1): 207-222 [Abstract] ( 435 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 208 )

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