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JOPC 2022 Vol.24 Number 5
2022, Vol.24 Num.5
Online: 2022-10-01


 
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2022 Vol. 24 (5): 0-0 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2144KB] ( 143 )
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2022 Vol. 24 (5): 1-1 [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7218KB] ( 119 )
825 ZHAI Mingguo
Ocean and Continent in Archean

The oldest continental crust material is 4.4 Ga detrital zircon from sedimentary rocks, and the oldest continental crust rocks are between 4.1 and 4.0 Ga with an outcrop area of ca.20 km2. The old continental nuclei of 3.9-3.6 Ga were exposed in various cratons,whereas the growth peak of the continental crust was in 2.9-2.7 Ga,and the global stable continental crust formed at~2.5 Ga,which is termed as cratonization. The continental crust is represented by Tonalite-Trondhejmite-Granodiorite(TTG),accounting for ~70% of the ancient continental crust by volume. The ancient continents show a high-grade gneiss region-granite-greenstone belt pattern(dome-keel pattern),which is different from the Phanerozoic oceanic-continental pattern,suggesting a difference in tectonic regime. The volcanic sedimentary sequence is the greenstone belt surrounding the high-grade gneiss region in stratified syncline form,the latter being relatively low grade metamorphic or un-metamorphic. In the early evolution of the Earth,the continent or ocean came first,the mechanism of the formation and growth of the continental remain unclear,when the surface land began to emerge in sea water,and the relation state of the ocean and continent during the Archean period remain controversial. In the Paleoproterozoic period,the entire world was in the extended stage for a long time,and the thick rift deposits and the associated great oxidation events may be the earliest geological period to initiate the study of palaeogeography. Taking the North China Craton as an example,the evolution of continental crust is briefly introduced in this paper.

2022 Vol. 24 (5): 825-847 [Abstract] ( 274 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3203KB] ( 213 )
848 REN Jishun, ZHAO Lei
Current research in palaeogeography and tectonics,with comments on some abnormal situations in the academic circle
Field investigation affords the foundation of tectonic research. Palaeogeography and related sedimentary petrology,palaeontology stratigraphy and structural geology have played an important role in studying tectonics,which has been fully borne out by the excellent works of outstanding geologists,for example,Grabau,Huang Jiqing and Wang Hongzhen. However,since the 1990s,such careful and patient studies that need to be time-consuming and exert great effort have been overlooked because of the SCI-oriented evaluation system and adjustment of academic papers often guided by their numbers. Now a new stereotyped writing pattern that means geological datings+geochemical data+structural model is displaying its capabilities and growing into vogue. This is a very harmful current. The leaders of the academic circle must change its SCI-oriented policy and management thinking in order to dreverse this wrong trend and improve the scientific research environment.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 848-851 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 403KB] ( 257 )
852 ZHAO Wenzhi, WANG Xiaofang, WANG Xin, WANG Kun, SHEN Anjiang
Stratigraphic sequence re-determination and lithofacies palaeogeographical characteristics of the Sinian Dengying Formation in Sichuan Basin
The Ediacaran(Sinian)stratum is a carbonate sedimentary assemblage with good source-reservoir-cap conditions formed after the Proterozoic Second Great Oxidation Event(NOE),where a major breakthrough had been made in the exploration of primary gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin. The stratigraphic division and comparison of the Dengying Formation in the Deyang-Anyue intra-platform rift and the surrounding area are not uniform,which restricts the understanding of the lateral distribution characteristics of the mounds and shoals in the platform margin. Based on drilling,outcrop and seismic data,through petrological,electrical and geochemical analysis,this paper carried out the re-determination of the Dengying Formation stratigraphic sequence. On this basis,the lithofacies palaeogeography of the Dengying Formation was reconstructed,and the followings were concluded: (1)The Dengying Formation standard profile and segmented lithologic assemblages in Hujiaba(Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province) area were established,and it was pointed out that the strata in Wells Gaoshi-131X, Zhongjiang-2 and Pengtan-1 were originally classified as the Member 2 should belong to the Member 4 of Dengying Formation,and the Member 4 on the platform margin is trichotomous with distinctive features,and the isochronous stratigraphic framework was constructed. (2)The migration law of the mounds and shoals within the isochronous stratigraphic framework was clarified,that is,in the eastern segment of the Deyang-Anyue intra-platform rift,the Member 4 of Dengying Formation platform margin mounds and shoals prograde from east to west,while in a direction perpendicular to the facies belt,they shifted from south to north. The mounds and shoals of the lower,middle and upper sub-member of the Member 4 of Dengying Formation are developed in the south of central Sichuan paleo-uplif,in the Taihe area in the center of the basin,and in the Ningqiang area in the north of basin,respectively. For this,three tectonic-lithofacies palaeogeographic maps were compiled for the lower,middle and upper sub-members of the Member 4 of Dengying Formation. (3)The above understanding is of great significance for the prediction of favorable reservoir distribution in the Deyang-Anyue intra-platform rift and the surrounding Dengying Formation and for guiding natural gas exploration. Central Sichuan paleo-uplift,Taihe area and Ningqiang area are all located on the same platform margin belt in Sinian. In the Central Sichuan Paleo-uplift in the south,the Anyue trillion cubic gas field has been discovered,and a gas block at a scale of one trillion cubic meters has been preliminarily determined in the Taihe area in the center,and the Ningqiang area in the north also has favorable conditions to form a trillion-cubic-meter gas large block,which is worth looking forward to.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 852-870 [Abstract] ( 301 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 6320KB] ( 192 )
871 LIU Zhen, ZHU Maolin, LI Jin, LIU Huimin, WANG Xiaowen, LIU Junbang
Analysis of new fields for oil and gas exploration in mature exploration areas of continental rifted basins in eastern China
After more than 50 years of large-scale exploration and development,onshore oil and gas fields in eastern China have entered the middle and late stage of exploration. Due to the limitations of petroleum geological knowledge and exploration technology,the targets to be discovered are increasingly hidden,and the difficulty of oil and gas exploration is increasing day by day. In view of the limitations of evaluation methods for deep low-porosity and low-permeability tight sandstone reservoirs,the genetic models of deep glutenite reservoirs and the complexity of the formation and distribution of bedrock weathering crust in continental rifted basins in eastern China,the author has carried out systematic analysis and summary and made the following research progress: (1)Based on the dynamic principle of physical property evolution of sandstone reservoirs,a new idea and method for tight sandstone reservoirs dynamic evaluation are put forward and it is pointed out that low-porosity and permeability tight sandstones in deep sags with low evaluation in the past still have exploration potential;(2)Using the seismic stratigraphy method,the sedimentary model of oblique large fan deltas in the steep slope zone of rifted basins is established. It is suggested that the large-scale fan delta glutenites be favorable reservoirs in deep rifted basins and can be used as the next favorable exploration direction;(3)According to the new model of two-layer texture of bedrock weathering crusts and combined with the new dynamic model of weathering crust reservoir transformation-destruction-preservation mechanism,it is pointed out that the middle and low parts of the rifted basin are the most favorable zones for weathering crust reservoir development,and the inner gentle slope zone(subsag areas)of the rifted basin is also the favorable exploration zone for bedrock weathering crust reservoir. The above three new exploration fields proposed in this paper not only the supplement and develop the hydrocarbon accumulation models of rifted basins,but also show the great potential of conventional and unconventional oil and gas exploration in deep-layer rifted basins in eastern China,and point out a clear direction for deepening the oil and gas exploration in mature basins in eastern China.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 871-893 [Abstract] ( 288 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5807KB] ( 144 )
894 SHAO Lei, LU Yi, QIAO Peijun, CUI Yuchi, REN Jianye, CAO Licheng, MA Qiong
Mutual transformation between longitudinal and transverse transportation of sediments in arc-continental collision zone
Tectonic plates have been continually experiencing series of subduction, collision and merging processes along with the most drastic basin-mountain interaction within the converging zones. Various types of basins (e.g., fore-arc, intra-arc and back-arc basins) are formed in this area, where the erosion and transportation of sediments are very active. It is indicated that the transportation and infilling processes of sediments show certain evolution laws in the tectonic-palaeogeographic controlled basin. The transportation of sediments in the longitudinal and transverse directions show mutual restriction relations. The northern and southern South China Sea are characterized by extensive development of large-scale subduction-collision belts and the related sedimentary basins. Both Kontum-Ying-Qiong River and the paleo-Sunda River were initiated along the long axes of basins in the early stage of basin development. Large abundance of clastic materials delivered from the Central Vietnam and Malay Peninsula, respectively, were transported eastward to the South China Sea by the longitudinal transport current, causing the large river delta and deep-water fan delta structures. These types of river systems are exclusively found in the plate fragmentation zones. During the later stage, sediments were primarily transported by the transverse fluvial system in relatively mature basins and it formed the mixed stacking combined with the sediments from the longitudinal transportation. In the oceanic-continental plate collision basins, the longitudinal transportation is an important type of sediment transportation, which is mainly controlled by the tectonic-palaeogeographic settings during the formation of basins.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 894-907 [Abstract] ( 263 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8416KB] ( 201 )
908 WANG Yu, HE Dengfa, LIU Songnan, ZHOU Liyun, GAO Shanlin
Chrono-palaeogeography: theory and practice
The palaeogeography is to study and understand the earth-surface environment in the geological histories,and it is a product of tectonics-environment(climate)-sedimentation interaction and reaction. The traditional palaeogeography and related tectono-palaeogeography,biopalaeogeography and other subjects have given great contributions to the tectonic evolution,continental reconstruction as well oil-gas exploration and development. More and more works start to focus on the interaction of multiple-layers of the earth,especially the paleo-climate,paleo-environment studies,it's necessary to integrate the earth-surface environment and the tectonic background to reveal the influence of the deep and shallow layers geologic processes on the palaeogeographic framework formation and evolution. We propose a new concept and subject—chrono-palaeogeography to explore the earth surface process and evolution in the geological history. This subject is in a precise isotopic chronological framework to study how the different dynamics-kinematic-material transferring-environment changes shaped the palaeogeography,or how the palaeogeographic framework responded to the interactions or couplings of the materials-tectonics stress-environment(climate). Better than other subjects of the palaeogeography,this subject is for studying and understanding the earth-surface process,but not the environmental state,or the active process to form the earth-surface environment. We emphasize the multiple kinetic factors in a same time,the variation in different spaces,and the diachronous at various scales. In addition,we introduce a few case studies of high precise time constrained palaeogeographic work,such as those studies on the Chinese Taiwan,Yangtze and North China cratons,to show how chrono-palaeogeography improve reconstruction of the continent,tectonic evolution,as well oil-gas exploration.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 908-919 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1901KB] ( 184 )
920 HE Dengfa, BAO Hongping, GAO Shanlin, LI Di
Principles of tectonic-depositional differentiation and its geological significance
The tectonic-depositional differentiation is a common phenomenon on the Earth surface. It takes place in the lithospheric components such as sedimentary basins,orogenic belts,and cratons. Sediments,fluids,energy,and forces are always changing and differentiating with each other on shallow,intermediate,and deep layers of the lithosphere. From a view of the material composition,spatio-temporal distribution,and mechanic processes,the paper discusses basic features of the tectonic-depositional differentiation in detail,taking the Chinese sedimentary basins as an example. It is defined as geomorphic differences on the Earth surface,which result from tectonic,thermal,gravitational processes,and mantle dynamics,which give rise to the variations in source,routing system,and deposition and fill. It takes place on variable scales that ranges from ocean-continent,basin-orogenic belt,uplift-sag,high-depression systems,to high-and-low relief geomorphic systems. The basement framework,strength,and moving style have marked controls upon the different scale of differentiation. The tectonic stress,gravitation,thermal stress,and mantle dynamics control the differential mechanisms. It exhibits the differentiation cycle with the geological evolution,transforming from rifts and depressions during the extension period into uplifts and sags during the compression period,especially for carbonate platforms changing from the rifted differential platform to the compressive unified platform. All these factors and mechanisms can be interlinked and play roles altogether in the geological spatio-temporal framework,giving multi-varied tectonic-depositional processes. It is a key basis to reconstruct the earth history,to boost the exploration of the ore deposits and resources,and to improve the habitable environments for humankind.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 920-936 [Abstract] ( 280 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1548KB] ( 211 )
937 HE Faqi, WANG Jie, ZHAO Yongqiang, AN Chuan, WANG Fubin, TAO Cheng, NI Chunhua, JIA Huichong
Accumulation characteristics of Dongsheng helium-rich gas field in Ordos Basin and its tectonic background
In recent years,commercial helium associated with natural gas has been discovered in the Upper Paleozoic in Dongsheng gas field,in the northern part of Ordos Basin,with helium content ranging from 0.045% to 0.487%. The 3P reserves of helium gas are about 8.3×108 m3,which is the first supergiant helium-rich natural gas field in China. The helium in Dongsheng gas field belongs to typical crust source,which is derived from the Archaean-Proterozoic metamorphic-granite series in the basement and its enrichment is related to magmatic intrusion and fault activity since the Yanshan Orogeny. Dongsheng gas field has favorable geological conditions for helium accumulation,with helium and natural gas from different sources but accumulated in the same reservoir. The main controlling factors of helium accumulation including the development of U- and Th-rich rocks in the basement,fault activity,good combination of reservoir,cap,trap and preservation,and the temporal-spatial configuration. The most important tectonic-magmatic-thermal event occurred in the Early Cretaceous,and the large-scale upwelling of deep material and heat energy caused by deep magmatic activity was the favorable geodynamic background for the Mesozoic fluid accumulation(mineralization),which controlled the large-scale gas generation of the Carboniferous-Permian coal source rocks in the Ordos Basin. Coupled with the destruction process of the North China Craton,the fault activity and trap formation had a good spatial and temporal relationship with the accumulation of hydrocarbon gas and helium of the Upper Paleozoic. From the early Cretaceous to Miocene,the deep thermal fluid in the Ordos block significantly affected the multiple-period magmatic activity,basement fault reactivation and shallow fault activity,as well as controlled the hydrocarbon generation and accumulation of the Carboniferous-Permian coal type source rocks.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 937-950 [Abstract] ( 266 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8151KB] ( 176 )
951 BAO Hongping, HE Dengfa, WANG Qianping, ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Jianwu, YAN Ting, YAN Wei
Four main paleouplifts evolution in Ordos Basin and their differences in significance of oil and gas reservoir control
The Ordos Basin contains four main paleouplift structures in geological history, i.e., the Central,Ulager,Weihe,and Wushenqi Paleouplifts. This paper systematically analyzed the four paleouplifts with respect to stratigraphic distribution and tectonic evolution,and put forward a new concept of the Weihe Paleouplift. The four paleouplifts formed in different geological ages and regional tectonic environments,and it underwent different evolutionary processes: (1)The Central Paleouplift formed in the extensional tectonic setting of the Early Paleozoic,which was reversed and transformed into a depression subsidence area during the Indosinian period;(2)The Ulager Paleouplift is a long-term inherited uplift that has existed since the formation of the basin basement;different uplift subsidence occurred in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic and differentiated into different units of the present structure;(3)The Weihe Paleouplift formed in a regional compressive tectonic environment in the Cretaceous. It is also differentiated by differential uplift subsidence in the Cenozoic into different units of present structure;(4)The Wushenqi Paleouplift was an ancient topographic highland that existed in Precambrian,with no further development in the Early Paleozoic. Therefore,it was highlighted only in the Cambrian and disappeared rapidly after the Ordovician. The differences of reservoir control in paleouplifts are mainly as follows: (1)The paleouplift formed prior to and during the Paleozoic played a positive role in controlling facies,storage and source-storage configuration,and that the paleouplift later on from uplift to depression is beneficial to the evolution and accumulation of oil and gas,and reservoir formation;(2)The later uplift since the Cretaceous is mainly destructive to oil and gas accumulation,especially for Paleozoic natural gas reservoirs.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 951-969 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 10027KB] ( 188 )
970 XIONG Jiabei, HE Dengfa
Types and distribution characteristics of the Caledonian unconformities in Ordos Basin
The Caledonian unconformity is an important interface for transformation of basin types in the Early Paleozoic North China plate. The discovery of Ordovician weathered crust and paleokarsts as the oil and gas reservoirs and aluminous mudstone gas reservoirs in the Benxi and Taiyuan formations in the Ordos Basin has promoted geologists to explore the Caledonian orogeny in the Paleozoic in this area. Based on a number of field outcrops,drilling and seismic data,the following understandings are obtained with respect to the identification marks,geography,structures and time variables of the unconformity formed by the orogeny. (1)The paleogeomorphic formed after the Caledonian orogeny can be roughly divided into the highland area of Etok Banner-Dingbian area,the geomorphic transition area of Shenmu-Jingbian-Fuxian and Wuzhong areas,and the low-lying and gently eastward inclined area in the Middle East. (2)The adjacent strata of the unconformity surface at the top of the Ordovician are in contact with different angles,and have the structure of “truncation(bottom)-integration(top)”,“truncation(bottom)-overlap(top)”,which is characterized by a high-angle unconformity of cutting and folding at the basinal edge,a low-angle unconformity from basinal edge to the basin,widely distributed parallel unconformity in the basin. (3)The unconformity in this area is also the main weathering crust interface formed between the Upper and Lower Paleozoic. The long-term sedimentary discontinuity and weathering and denudation have laid an environmental background for the development of aluminous mudstone in this area. Bauxite is not only an ideal caprock for the Lower Paleozoic gas reservoir,but also a favorable place for large-scale accumulation of natural gas in the Longdong exploration new area,which is worthy of attention.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 970-988 [Abstract] ( 259 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 41130KB] ( 159 )
989 WANG Liangjun, LI Hong, ZENG Tao, LIU Yiqun, PAN Lei, LI Rangbin, LI Wenhou, ZHANG Dongdong, JIAO Xin, YANG Kang, DONG Yangkun
Origins of dolostones of the Maokou Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin: evidence from lithology,mineralogy,and geochemistry
Dolostones in Middle Permian Maokou Formation in the Sichuan Basin contain abundant natural gas resources but their origins are controversial for years. The dolostones are present in the lower- to middle-parts of the Member 3 of Maokou Formation, with thickness ranging from 3.0 to 46.8 m. The lateral distribution of Maokou dolostone extends as a NW-SE belt along a basement fault system. Field and drilling core observations show that the dolostones contain numerous tension fractures,fully-or partly-filled by coarse dolomite and calcite as veins,sometimes presenting a breccia structure. Four textural constituents are identified under the microscope: (Ⅰ)Silt-to-fine crystalline scattered euhedral dolomite floating in lime mud matrix; (Ⅱ)Fine crystalline planar-s dolomite(mostly subhedral crystals packed as a mosaic texture); (Ⅲ)Fine-to-coarse crystalline planar-e dolomite with “cloudy center”and “clear rim”(sucrose texture with high intergranular porosity); (Ⅳ)Coarse saddle dolomite in veins. BSE(Backscattered Electron)images confirmed that there are lots of micropores and tiny calcite residuals on crystal surface of “cloudy center”dolomite,while type Ⅲ “clear rim”dolomite and type IV dolomite in veins reveal clean and smooth crystal face without micropores,indicating an origin of authigene during dolomitization. All the four types of dolomite show similar features of rich in calcium,poor in iron,manganese and strontium,but their content of MgO varies differently. MgO(%)of type I and type II dolomite is always lower than that of stoichiometry dolomite,however,MgO(%)in type Ⅲ and type IV dolomite is close to or even higher than the stoichiometry. Lithological,mineralogical and geochemical features indicate two episodes of dolomitization for the formation of Maokou dolostones. Type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ “cloudy center”dolomite were formed during the first episode of dolomitization;and type Ⅲ “clear rim”and type Ⅳ vein dolomite were authigenic during the second episode of dolomitization. Both episodes of dolomitizations started very early,possibly from synsedimentary to shallow burial period. In situ analyses on strontium isotopes and rare-earth elements suggest that both dolomitizations were related to the activities of Emeishan mantle plum eruptions. The dolomitic fluids were featured by mixing sources from both magmatic related hydrothermal fluid and Ca-bearing underground water. The tension fractures were proved to be effective channels for fluids mixing and migrating to the surrounding sediments.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 989-1016 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 17277KB] ( 171 )
1017 JIA Runxing, FANG Weixuan
Sedimentary characteristics and mineralization effect of the Lower Cretaceous Kizilsu Group in southwestern Tarim Basin
The Lower Cretaceous Kizilsu Group in Jianggejieer area,southwestern Tarim Basin,is divided into five lithologic units,which are mainly composed of argillaceous siltstone,lithic sandstone,pebbly sandstone,and conglomerate,and were mainly deposited in braided river delta settings. The Upper Cretaceous Kukbai Formation,overlying the Kezilesu Group,is composed of shell limestone and gypsum mudstone,and was deposited in shallow marine and littoral-lake settings. The Upper Jurassic Kuzigunsu Formation underlying the Kizilsu Group is mainly composed of conglomerate,sandy conglomerate and quartzose sandstone of alluvial fan facies. According to the sedimentary characteristic of the Lower Cretaceous Kizilsu Group in this area,terrigenous clastic deposition was dominated during the Early Cretaceous,whereas marine deposition during the Late Cretaceous. In contrast to the stratigraphic sequence of the pull-apart fault basin(the Sarekbayi Basin) in the north of intracontinental orogenic belt,the stratigraphic sequence of the Lower Cretaceous Kizilsu Formation in the Sarekbayi Basin only contain the lower three units,missing the upper lithologic units,and an uplift occurred in the southwest Tianshan Mountains in the north of the Tarim Basin during the late Early Cretaceous. The Lower Cretaceous Kizilsu Group is the ore-bearing layer of copper,lead,zinc and uranium deposits,and also an important reservoir for oil and natural gas in the Tarim Basin. Asphalt and other organic matter are often found in copper,lead,zinc and other ores. The organic matter was mainly originated from the coal-bearing source rocks of the underlying Jurassic strata,which was involved in the mineralization of metal minerals through ore-forming fluids. Therefore,the phenomenon of multi-mineral “coexisting in the same basin” will be more meaningful to study as a whole metallogenic system in sedimentary basin.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 1017-1028 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 37694KB] ( 131 )
1029 HAN Qiang, GENG Feng, HU Beichen, GAO Shanlin, JIN Xianmei, WANG Xitong, LI Zhenyu
Investigation and study on helium gas reservoir resources in Sinopec exploration area of Tarim Basin
We have conducted extensive research on previous helium research to investigate the helium gas reservoir resources in Sinopec exploration area of the Tarim Basin. 22 natural gas samples from nine oil and gas reservoirs and six strata have been collected to determine the helium content in natural gas by mass spectrometry. Based on the analytical results,the main controlling factors of helium accumulation in different zones of the Tarim Basin have been discussed. The results show the helium content of two natural gas samples from the Bachu Formation of well Bk3 in Bashtar area is 0.103% and 0.116%,which meets the standard of helium reservoir;The helium content of six Ordovician natural gas samples in the Shunbei area is 0.026%~0.074%,with only one sample meets the helium reservoir standard. The helium content of 36 Cambrian and Paleogene natural gas samples in the Tabei area is 0.01%~0.08%,which does not meet the helium reservoir standard. Helium accumulation in the Tarim Basin is mainly controlled by helium source,deep-large fault,accumulation period,preservation conditions and other factors. Based on the above data,Bashtar area and Shunbei area are favorable accumulation zones for helium enrichment,while the helium accumulation conditions in the Tabei area are relatively unfavorable.
2022 Vol. 24 (5): 1029-1036 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1286KB] ( 121 )
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