Objective To explore the relationship between FAS expression in CTCs and estradiol therapy in endocrine-resistant advanced breast cancer and the effect of estradiol in reversing endocrine-resistance.Methods 20 endocrine-resistant advanced breast cancer patients with FAS expression in CTCs were given estradiol 2mg,three times a day untill the disease advanced.Then,anastrozole 1 mg/d was used.Iconography and CTCs examination were implementation in every circle.Results Among 20 cases,1 case dropped out.According to RECIST1.0:CR 0,PR 2 cases(10.5%),SD 5 cases(26.3%),PD 12 cases(63.2%).ORR was 10.5%;clinical benefit was 36.8%;mPFS was 6.0 months.According to CTCs:CR 0,PR 2 cases(10.5%),SD 4 cases(21.1%),PD13 cases(68.4%).ORR was 10.5%;clinical benefit was 31.6%;mPFS was 5.0 months.After the disease advanced,anastrozole was used.According to CTCs:CR 0,PR 1(14.3%),SD 2(28.6%),PD 4(57.1%).ORR was 14.3%;clinical benefit was 42.9%;mPFS was 4.0 months.According to CTCs:CR 0,PR 1(14.3%),SD 1(14.3%),PD 5(71.4%);ORR was 14.3%;clinical benefit was 28.6%;mPFS was 3.0 months.There was no significant difference between the two exam methods,but CTCs can be detected earlier than iconography change.Conclusion Estradiol can provide clinical benefit for endocrine-resistant advanced breast cancer patient who has FAS expression in CTCs.Estradiol can reverse the aromatase inhibitor resistant in some cases with no serious adverse events.

Objective To define the biological effects of human ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 cells line(SKOV3 cells)in vitro after treatment with polyphyllins I(P-I).Methods The proliferation-inhibiting effect and cycle of SKOV3 cells which were treated with different concentrations of P-I for different times in vitro were detected by CCK-8 colorimetric and flow cytometry respectively,and the cell apoptosis was examined by Hoechst 33258 fluorescent staining and Annexin-IP double staining.Results In a certain range of P-I concentration,the proliferation and growth of SKOV3 cells in vitro were inhibited which showed a clearly dose-effect relationship,and the difference existed statistically significance when compared with the control group(P＜0.01);P-I had high sensitivity on G₀/G₁ phase of SKOV3 cells cycle;and the results showed that P-I induced apoptosis in SKOV3 cells.Conclusion P-I may interfere DNA synthesis,inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells,thus playing a role in anti-ovarian cancer.

Objective To find a non-invasive,efficient and non-venomous method of gene transfection by assessing whether ultrasound mediated microbubble destruction could increase human wild type p53 plasmid delivery to liver cancer.Methods Forty-eight nude mice with liver carcinoma by chemical intoxicants were divided into four groups.After p53 plasmid was injected into the femoral vein,the tumor was not irradiated by ultrasound in second harmonic mode in group 1,and was done in group 2.Ultrasonic contrast agents and plasmid DNA were administrated without ultrasound exposure in liver cancer in group 3 and with the exposure in group 4.RT-PCR and Western Blot were used to detect p53 mRNA expression in liver cancer cells.Results Expressions of p53 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR reaction in all groups.Gene expression of the liver cancer cells in group 4 was the highest and was significantly different from other groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion Ultrasound irradiation,the compounds of microbubble agent and WT-p53 have targeted inhibitive effect on the WT-p53 gene expression of hepatoma cells.

Objective To investigate the effect of PTEN on the apoptosis of hepatoma carcinoma cell line induced by arsenic trioxide(As₂O₃).Methods The effects of As₂O₃ on the cell proliferation was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT),apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry,and the expression of PTEN protein was measured by western blot,and the effect of PTEN inhibition by siRNA on apoptosis of As₂O₃-treated SMMC-7721 cells was also examined.Results As₂O₃ inhibited the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells in a dose dependent manner.As₂O₃ also induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner.As₂O₃ significantly increased PTEN expression.Transfecting cells with PTEN siRNA significantly attenuated the induced apoptosis by As₂O₃.Conclusion It is suggested that As₂O₃ could induce the apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells via upregulating PTEN.

Objective To study the effect of Integrin-linked kinase antisense oligonucleotides(ILK-ASODN)transfected to human ovarian cancer HO-8910 cell lines on inhibition of xenografts of human epithelial ovarian cancer in nude mice.Methods The study was divided into control and experiment groups.We measured ILK mRNA and protein expression in the cells by RT-PCR and Western blot at 72 hours after transfection;evaluated the influence of ILK-ASODN transfection on the cell cycle by flow cytometry.After transfection,HO-8910 cells were subcutaneously inoculated into nude mice.We observed the changes of nude mice weight,in vivo tumor formation rates,the time for the tumor development,tumor volume and weight,and calculated the rates of tumor inhibition of the two groups.Results Compared with the control group,ILK mRNA and protein in the experimental groups were significantly lower(P＜0.01);the number of the cells in G₀/G₁ phase were significantly lower(P＜0.01),tumors in the nude mice of the experimental group developed highly significantly later(P＜0.01).The speed of the tumor volume and weight growth were significantly slower in the experimental group than those in the control group(P＜0.01).Conclusion ASODN blocked the ILK gene expression of human ovarian cancer cells and inhibited the growth of the cells;ILK gene silencing significantly inhibited the formation of the subcutaneous xenografts of human epithelial ovarian cancer in nude mice.

Objective The prognosis of the patients with low grade glioma is better than those with high grade glioma.But some of the patients with low grade glioma reccur in a short time after operation,following by the grade of the tumors increased.This study was to detect the difference and significance of p53 and MDM2 expressions in the patients with low grade glioma and recurrent and malignant development.Methods The expressions of p53 and MDM2 in 24 patients with low grade gliomas were detected and tested also with recurrent and malignant development by immunohistochemistry SP method.The relationship between p53 and MDM2 expressions of the patients was also analyzed.The difference and significance of p53 and MDM2 expression in the patients with low grade glioma and recurrent and malignant development were also investigated.Results The expressions of p53 and MDM2 were significantly increased in gliomas with recurrent and milignant development compared with low grade glioma(P＜0.05).The relavance between p53 and MDM2 expression was positive in this study;related coefficient was 0.665.Conclusion It was proved that the expressions of p53 and MDM2 played an important role in the recurrent and milignant development of low grade glioma.The expressions of p53 and MDM2 may be used as a indicator of a poor prognosis and recurrent and malignant development in low grade glioma.

Objective To evaluate curative effect of locally advanced cervical cancer(LACC)treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and cervical locally irradiation concurrent(CCR).Methods All the cases were separated into three groups,nedaplatin and isophosphamide neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NACT),cervical locally irradiation(CLI),and CCR for evaluating curative effect.Results High effective rate evaluating by CR+PR was observed in CCR compared with NACT and CLI(88.9% vs 70.4%,63.0%),and low side effect occurred in CLI compared with NACT and CCR(25.9% vs 81.5%,85.9%).There were no difference in these three groups in lymph node metastase and infiltration of the factors.Conclusion Strong evidence suggested that CCR may be a better choice for LACC.

Objective To determine whether quantitative relationship exists between the expressions of 2 cancer stem cell markers,ABCG2 and CD133,and differentiation degrees of gastric cancer.Methods (1)The expressions of ABCG2 and CD133 were detected in 78 cases of human gastric adenocarcinomas by immunoflurescence assay;(2)2 markers were also detected in 3 gastric cancer cell lines,undifferentiated gastric cancer cell line HGC-27,poorly differentiated gastric cancer cell line BGC-823,and moderately-poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma cell line SGC-7901,in vitro by flow cytometric analysis.(3)Gastric xenotransplant cancers in nude mice were constructed to compare the malignancy of 3 separated cell lines.Expressions of 2 markers were detected in vivo by immunoflurescent staining.Results (1)Expressions of 2 markers were generally correlated with the differentiations of gastric cancers.In human gastric adenocarcinoma,the expressions of 2 markers were increased with the elevation of the malignancy grades of gastric cancers.In addition,the expressions of CD133 were higher in diffuse type than those in intestinal type of human gastric cancers.(2)Undifferentiated cell line HGC-27 expressed more markers than moderately-poorly differentiated cell line SGC-7901.(3)The similar result had been observed in xenotransplant tumors which arouse from 3 cell lines.Conclusion The expressions of cancer stem cell markers ABCG2 and CD133 differed in various differentiation degrees of gastric cancers,poorly differentiated gastric cancer expressed relatively more.

Objective To investigate the effects of transcutaneous electrical Neiguan acupoint stimulation(TEAS)on postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV),degree of pain and Mean arterial pressure(MAP)in patients undergoing imitation radical mastectomy.Methods 90 patients,ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ,who accorded with experiment condition undergoing imitation radical mastectomy,were divided randomly into point group,nonpoint group and control group.The changes of indicators were observed in preoperative,intraoperative and postoperative.Results The significant lower mean arterial pressure was observed in Neiguan acupoint group,compared with non acupoint and control group(P＜0.05).The Mean arterial pressure was not significantly difference between the non-acupoint group and the control group(P＞0.05).The steady decreased trend of mean arterial pressure have been observed with the extension of observation time in the acupoint group.The mean scores of PONV and pain in the control group were significantly higher than in the non-acupoint and the acupuncture groups(P＜0.05).The satisfactory scores of postoperation were significantly higher in the acupoint and the nonacupoint groups than those in the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Our findings suggest that the TEAS is more effective in preventing PONV,and there are a better analgesic effect and stable heart rate.

Objective To investigate the relationship between psychosocial risk factors and colorectal cancer.Methods A hospital based case-control study of colorectal cancer was conducted.Cases were pathologically confirmed as primary cancers of the colon and rectum.Both 256 cases and 488 controls were tested by the PSSG scale.Results Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that interpersonal disharmony(OR=32.245),children′s future(OR=3.773),changes in individual health status(OR=1.655),anxious emotion(OR=1.894)and like being alone when distressed(OR=1.928)might increase the risk of colorectal cancer;pleasing emotion(OR=0.310)and resolving problems for the environment(OR=0.194)can protect for colorectal cancer.Conclusion Psychosocial stressful factors(such as stressful life events,introversive psychological reactions and negative coping styles)are one of the important risk factors in the onset of colorectal cancer.

Objective To investigate hCLP46 expression and significance in two breast cancer cell lines with different invasive and metastatic potentials.Methods hCLP46 expression at mRNA level was detected by RT-PCR in two different breast cancer cell lines(MCF-7 which was low metastatic and MDA-MB-231 which was medium metastatic).MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were cultured with 100μmol/L TGF-β for 72 hours respectively as the experimental group.MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were cultured without TGF-β for 72 hours as the control group.Western-blotting method was used to test the P15 expression in the two cell lines.Results RT-PCR results showed that the reference gene GAPDH expressed similarly in the two cell lines,and hCLP46 expression showed higher in MDA-MB-231 cell line than that in MCF-7 cell line.The expression of P15 in both two cell lines decreased after adding TGF-β,compared with the corresponding control cell lines.The expression of P15 in MDA-MB-231 cell line was lower than that in MCF-7 cell line.Conclusion It was shown that over expression of hCLP46 may inhibit the expression of P15 inducted by TGF-β in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell line,hCLP46 maybe play a role in the development of breast cancer.

Objective To investigate the clinical feature,diagnosis and treatment of ovarian metastatic carcinoma from colorectal cancers.Methods Clinical and histological date of 61 cases with ovarian metastatic carcinoma from colorectal cancers from 1990 to 2009 were analyzed retrospectively.Results Ovarian metastatic carcinoma from colorectal cancers occurs more often in middle aged women and mostly premenopausal women(34/61).The most common pathological types of the primary carcinomas were moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or myxedema.It is hard to diagnose preoperatively and is highly malignant with poor prognosis.Conclusion Operation is the first choice to colorectal cancer patients with ovarian metastasis,The operation include resection of primary colorectal cancer,hysterectomy and bilateral salpingoophorectomy.After the operation,we should conduct the chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Objective To investigate the clinical diagnostic and therapeutic situation of cancer related neuropathic pain in the cancer center of Tongji hospital;to promote the standard clinical diagnosis and treatment of intractable cancer pain.Method This is a non-intervening,open and observational clinical research.165 patients screening out from a total of 206 patients with cancer pain,referred to the cancer center of Tongji hospital,were evaluated and followed,using NRS,LANSS and IDPain.Results In 165 cancer pain patients,there were 103(62.42%)patients with cancer-related neuropathic pain.The incidence rate of cancer-related neuropathic pain in cancer pain patients was not related with age and gender.Patients with higher NRS were more likely to experience cancer-related neuropathic pain.In cancer-related neuropathic pain patients,there were 54(52.43%)patients using adjuvant analgesics.By those adjuvant analgesics,most patients were well tolerated,only few reported adverse reaction.Conclusion Cancer-related neuropathic pain has called“doctors′ attention” in recent years.Adjuvant analgesics play an important role in the management of cancer-related neuropathic pain.

Objective To investigate the expressions of transcription factor Sp1 and Survivin in colon cancer and their relationship between biological behavior and Survival rate.Methods Immunohistochemical techniques were used to detect the gene expressions of Sp1 and Survivin in 60 colon cancer specimens.Results The positive expression rates of Sp1 and Survivin in colon carcinoma were 45% and 53.3%,respectively.The expression of Suvivin had positive relation with the expression of Sp1.There was significant correlation among the expression of Sp1,tumor size,growth pattern,TNM stage and Dukes stage(P＜0.05).The expression levels of Survivin were correlated with cell differentiation,metastatic lymph nodes,TNM stage and Dukes stage(P＜0.05).With variable and multiple variable analysis,Sp1 and Survivin expressions and Dukes stage were independently prognostic factors of poor survival.Conclusions Sp1 and Survivin expressions may serve as valuable indicators of prognosis in colon carcinoma.

Objective To explore the neck lump Fine Needle Aspiration cytology(Fine Needle from Cytology,FNAC)misdiagnosed reasons and improve FNAC diagnostic ability.Methods We analysized two misdiagnosed cases by FNAC of poor differentiated cervical lymph node metastatic cancer with Langhans-like giant cell reaction via clinical date,radiological examination,cytology characteristics,pathological changes and immunohistochemical staining results.Results The neck lump puncture from two patients showed that both were with lymphocyte given priority to a few epithelial cells and multinucleated giant cells,encountered with necrotic tissue and scattered oval cells as well as a few cells with large nuclei.The FNAC diagnosis was lymph node granuloma venereal change,and tend to be tuberculosis.By surgical specimens examination,several nodules,which completely coated with capsule and gray in cut,were seen with medium texture and focal necrosis.Histological features:Multifocal cancer nests were observed in lymph nodes,with small round and ellipse cells.Langhans giant cells was scattered or patchy around the nests.Multifocal coagulative necrosis were observed within the nests.Immunohistochemical staining:both cases were CKpan and p63 positive,while CK5/6 positive in one case and CK8/18 positive in the other.The pathological diagnosis was lymph node metastasis squamous cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated with Langhans giant cell response.Conclusion Misdiagnosis of lymph node granuloma venereal change or tuberculosis might happen when multinucleated giant cells and necrotic tissue were found in lymph node tissues with fine needle aspiration cytology.Carefully looking for tumor cells is very important.When necessary,lymph node biopsy and immunohistochemistry should be considered as the correct diagnosis.

RNA interference is a double-stranded RNA molecules inducing gene silencing process,which can be reflected at the transcriptional level or post-transcriptional level.Design of RNAi for multiple target gene sequences,RNAi library for building biology and systematic screening is a powerful tool for medical research.The current study of the tumor,RNAi library has incomparable advantages.It has been widely used for tumor-related genetic screening,drug screening and target tumor cells to overcome drug resistance and other fields.In this paper,RNAi and RNAi library technology and applications in cancer research were done a review.

Perfusion CT is a functional imaging technique that can provide physiological and metabolic information.Since then,CT perfusion imaging in early diagnosis of brain ischemic lesions,brain and body neoplastic lesions and differential diagnosis of clinical research were used more often,and have achieved good results.Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of thyroid nodules in CT perfusion imaging is still at the primary stage.The related literature are little.Thyroid nodules on CT perfusion studies are reviewed as follows.

The development of image-guided radiation therapy(IGRT)is based on that of image guided equipment.With the rapid development of radiation physics,medical imaging and computer science,IGRT will create a new era of precise radiotherapy.This paper will discuss equipment and technology of IGRT and prospect the future trend of development.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs)are a heterogeneous population of myeloid derived cells Which were amplified in pathological status,which is characterized as negatively regulating the anti-tumor immune response with the result of promoting tumorigenesis and cancer development.It is a promising strategy to enhance the effect of cancer immunotherapy through blocking the immunosuppressive pathway of MDSCs.

Biological therapy of malignant tumor is considered as the fourth mean besides the surgery,chemotherapy or radiation therapy.CIK is a form of biological therapy.Its side effect is small,but its security is high.CIK is more widely used in the clinical treatment.Effects of CIK and CIK from different resources is reliable.Its advantage is easy to get,and application prospect is wide in the clinical treatment of tumor.

Small-cell lung cancer(SCLC)accounts for 15%~20% of all lung cancer worldwide.Many medical scientists pay more attention to it,due to its pathophysiology feature and high malignancy.The c-kit protein is a member of the type III receptor tyrosine kinase family.It promotes some normal cells differentiation,proliferation,and maintain cell function.Recent studies found that the expression and mutation of c-kit exist in small cell lung cancer samples.People presume that the mechanism of SCLC is relation to expression and mutation of c-kit.This article demonstrate the progression of c-kit receptor in SCLC.