Objective The guanine exchange factors(GEFs)of Dbl family is a major regulatory unit for the malignant transformation of Rho family proteins.It plays a role by converting Rho protein from inactive GDP form to GTP form of Rho protein.In this paper,we discuss the structure and function of a GEF molecule-ARHGEF 10,and discuss its role in the process of tumor development.Methods The expression of ARHGEF 10 in 42 normal tissues was measured by Real-Time PCR.GST-pulldown technique was used to detect the GEF activity of ARHGEF 10 in vivo.The transcription factor activity of downstream small molecules was detected by dual-luciferase report gene assay.The high expressive effect of ARHGEF 10 on normal cytoskeleton morphology was performed by dual immunofluorescence staining labeling method.High expressive effects of ARHGEF 10 on cell proliferation,invasion and tumorigenic ability in vitro were examined using CCK8,Transwell and soft agar clony formation assays.Results ARHGEF 10 has a typical GEFs structure,which binds to RhoA in vitro and promotes the proliferation and invasion of NIH3T3 cells,and has significant ability to clone in vitro.Conclusion ARHGEF 10 is a typical family molecule of guanosine exchange factor that activates RhoA of Rho family,which has obvious oncogene characteristics.

Objective The objectives of this study were to investigate the expression of Aurora-A protein in cervical cancer and precancerous lesions,and its relationship with human papilloma virus(HPV)infection,and to analyze the role of Aurora-A in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer.Methods One hundred cases of cervical biopsy or surgical resection specimens were collected from high-risk HPV(HR-HPV)test.There were 20 cases of normal cervical tissues,20 cases of CIN grade 1(CIN1),20 cases of CIN grade 2(CIN2),20 cases of CIN grade 3(CIN3),and 20 cases of cervical squamous cell carcinoma.The expression of Aurora-A protein was detected by immunohistochemistry and the correlation between Aurora-A expression and HR-HPV infection was analyzed.Results Aurora-A was highly expressed in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer(P＜0.05),and its positive expression rate increased with the degree of cervical lesions.There was a positive correlation between Aurora-A expression and cervical cancer(r=0.475,P＜0.001).There was a positive correlation between Aurora-A expression and HR-HPV infection in CIN2 and CIN3(V=0.591,P＜0.05).Conclusion Aurora-A may be associated with the development of cervical cancer.Aurora-A can be used as an important biomarker for the early diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer.It is also a potential therapeutic target for cervical cancer.

Objective In this study,Protosappanin A,Caesalpinia Sappan L extract and Cisplatin were combined with radiotherapy in gastric cancer cell SGC-7901 to investigate whether the Protosappanin A could increase radiosensitivity(SER)in gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells.This will be medication to create new areas of innovation in the future.Methods The cell proliferation of SGC-7901 cells was detected by MTT assay.The relationship between the effect of the Protosappanin A on cell proliferation and the time of action was determined.Caesalpinia Sappan L extract and Cisplatin were as controls.The fitted cell survival curve and clonal formation assays were used to determine the SER to analyze the sensitizative effect of Protosappanin A.Results Protosappanin A could inhibit the growth of SGC-7901 cells,and its inhibitory effect is relatively weak.Its cytotoxicity has a time-and concentration-dependent manner.Cellular morphological changes were observed accompanying with increased concentrations and time treatments of Protosappanin A.Clonal formation experiment showed that the Protosappanin A significantly increased the radiosensitivity of SGC-7901 cells when compared to the radioactive group.They showed a statistically difference.Conclusion The inhibitory effect of the Protosappanin A on SGC-7901 cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner.Protosappanin A combined radiotherapy can improve the radiosensitization of cells,both of which may have synergistic anti-tumor effect.

Objective The of this study was to investigate the effect of lycopene(LP)on the proliferation and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells and to explore its mechanism.Methods MG-63 cells in the logarithmic growth phase were treated with LP(5,10 and 20μg/mL)or Cisplatin(40μg/mL)for 48h.No LP or Ciplatin treatment was as the control group.The cell growth status was observed and the cell proliferation was measured by MTT colorimetric assay.Flow cytometry(FCM)was used to detect the cell cycle and apoptosis of MG-63 cells and the apoptotic rate was calculated in this study.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)was used to measure mRNA levels of Bax and bcl-2,and calculate the ratio of Bax/bcl-2 in MG-63 cells.Western blot also was used to examine the expression of caspase-3 protein in MG-63 cells.Results MG-63 cells were adherent and proliferated rapidly in the control group.The cells in LP treated groups showed that the cell proliferation was inhibited and the number of cells was significantly decreased,with retraction and detaching.The inhibitory rate of MG-63 cells in LP treated group were significantly increased when compared to the control group.LP significantly prolonged the cell cycle at the G₀/G₁ phase and shortened the cell cycle at the S and G₂/M phase.LP also significantly increased the apoptosis rate,up-regulated the mRNA level of Bax,down-regulated the mRNA level of bcl-2,increased the ratio of Bax/bcl-2 and the expression of caspase-3 protein in MG-63 cells(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion LP may effectively inhibit the proliferation of MG-63 cells and promote the apoptosis.The mechanism may be related to the cell cycle and the regulation of apoptosis and gene expression.

Objective The of this study was to investigate the effect of UHRF1 on the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and its mechanism.Methods The effect of silencing UHRF1 gene on the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells was detected by MTT assay.Colony formation assay was performed to analyze the effect of silencing UHRF1 on cell survival of MDA-MB-231 cells.The effect of silencing UHRF1 on the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells was detected by acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO / EB).Caspase-3 activity kit was used to detect the expression of caspase-3 in MDA-MB-231 cells.The expressions of Bcl-2,Bax,Bad,p-Bad,XIAP,p53,p21^Cip1/Waf and p16^INK4a were detectedby Western blot.The abilities of invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells silenced by UHRF1were examined by Transwell and Wound healing assays,respectively.Results Silencing UHRF1 significantlydecreased the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells.Silencing UHRF1 decreased colony formation in MDA-MB-231 cells.Depletion of UHRF1 resulted in apoptosis inducedin MDA-MB-231 cells,showing nuclear morphological changes by AO/EB staining and increasing caspase-3 activity.After knockdown of UHRF1,the expression of Bad,XIAP,Bax,p53,p21^Cip1/Waf1 and p16^INK4a was up-regulatedand down-regulated the expression of p-Bad and Bcl-2 in MDA-MB-231 cells.Transwell and wound healing assays demonstrated that silencing UHRF1 could decrease metastasisin MDA-MB-231 cells.Conclusion Silencing UHRF1 can inhibit the viability and survival of MDA-MB-231 cells,and inhibit the invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells regulated by p53/p21^Cip1/Waf1/p16^INK4asignalings.

Objective The of this study was to evaluate the correlation between maximum standard uptake values(SUV_max)of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT and BRAF mutation in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC).Methods A total of 51 patients(mean age of 49.3±12.9 years)who underwent ¹⁸F-FDG PET /CT imaging and biopsy before thyroidectomy were retrospectively analyzed.Based on the pathological results,there were 48 patients with PTC and 3 patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma(FTC).The SUV_max of thyroid nodule was measured by semi-quantitative analysis.The correlation between clinical data(gender,age,tumor size and thyroglobulin concentration)and SUV_max was also analyzed.The difference of SUV_max between the two groups was analyzed by comparing the BRAF V600E mutation group and the non-mutation group.Results In patients with PTC,27 patients had BRAF V600E mutations and 11 patients had no tumor mutation.The SUV_max of BRAF V600E mutation group was significantly higher than that in the non-mutated group(5.5±3.9 vs. 2.2±1.2,P=0.002).The SUV_max of patients with tumor diameter ≥ 1cm was significantly higher than that in patients with tumor ＜1cm(P＜0.05).The SUV_max of patients with elevated thyroglobulin concentration was higher than that in normal patients(P＜0.05).No BRAF V600E mutation was observed in the FTC group.Conclusion The BRAF V600E mutant gene has a high SUV_max value in patients with PTC.There were significant difference in SUV_max among different tumor size and serum thyroglobulin concentration.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the glioma using the variety of functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI),and to perform a more accurate preoperative diagnosis of gliomas.Methods Thirty-five patients with gliomas confirmed by pathology were examined by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and functional MRI.Rapid diffusion coefficient(D*),Slow diffusion coefficient(D),perfusion fraction(f)and distribution diffusion coefficient(DDC)in the intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion weighted imaging(IVIM-DWI)were analyzed statistically.Results The mean values of D*,D,f and DDC in the IVIM sequence of the patients with high-grade of gliomas were statistically significant when compared to the IVIM values of the contralateral normal brain tissues(P＜0.05).Conclusion A variety of magnetic resonance functional imaging sequences are used to analyze gliomas,which can avoid tumor heterogeneity and improve the recognition ability and accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in high grade gliomas.

Heat shock protein 70(HSP70)is a highly conserved polypeptide protein,which plays an important role in protein homeostasis,apoptosis,invasion and cell signaling transduction.Many studies have shown that the expression level of HSP70 is closely related to the development and progression of tumor,which is a low expression in normal tissues and the overexpression in tumor tissue.Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is concealed,and the related study reported that the expression of HSP70 can be used as a sensitive biological index for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis for early HCC,and also affects the treatment and prognosis of patients with HCC.This article will summary the relationship between the expression of HSP70 and HCC.

The root cause of tumor recurrence or metastasis is a small part of the tumor with unlimited proliferation of tumor stem cells,which can exist for a long time and continue to self-renewal causing rapid tumor proliferation and invasion,metastasis capacity,drug sensitivity,eventually resulting in the problem of weakened clinical treatment.Therefore,it is of great importance to in-depth understanding of tumor stem cells and then to seek strategies to suppress tumor stem cells in clinical targeted tumor therapy.In this paper,the discovery process of tumor stem cells,biological characteristics,identification and culture methods were described to summary a variety of methods to inhibit tumor stem cells according to their characteristics so as to treat tumor.Moreover,it focuses on the research progress on antibiotic treatment of cancer stem cells.

Chemotherapy is one of the main ways for comprehensive treatment of tumors,and has played an important role in tumor treatment for many years.However,in recent years,low-dose chemotherapy(Low-dose chemotherapy) has gradually become a clinical treatment strategy commonly used to taken a reasonable mode of administration and planning,relative to the maximum tolerated dose of chemotherapy with small side effects,patient tolerance significantly improved,better efficacy and other.In this paper,the mechanism of low-dose chemotherapy on the progress is reviewed systematicly.

The 14-3-3 protein is a highly conserved acidic polypeptide family involved in intracellular signaling,protein transportation,cell proliferation,invasion,migration,and apoptosis.Many studies have shown that 14-3-3ζ has a high expression level in many malignant tumors.This paper introduces the structure of 14-3-3ζ,the biological function,and the development of the malignant tumor (breast cancer,lung cancer,hepatocellular carcinoma,glioma,head and neck neoplasms)related to the development of 14-3-3ζ and treatment of malignant tumor in order to provide valuable information and ideas.

Epithelial ovarian cancer(EOC)is the most deadly malignant tumor in gynecological cancer.In the past 30 years,although the levels of diagnosis and treatment have made progress,the incidence of EOC and mortality are constant.Over the past few decades,a comprehensive study for molecular mechanisms of EOC progression has been conducted in order to develop new and more effective treatments.Advanced peritoneal metastases occur in the attached small clusters of cancer cells,which shed from the initial site and carried it through the ascites to the abdominal peritoneum or omentum.This behavior suggests that cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion mechanisms regulate the growth and dissemination of EOC.Complex downstream signaling may be affected by functional crosstalk between adhesion molecules and,co-expressed and activated signaling proteins,which affect the proliferation/survival and migration/invasion of EOC cells.The aim of this review is to define effects of cell and cellular mechanisms,which are adhered by the cadherin and the cell-extracellular matrix,and cascaded by integrin-mediated membrane receptor and cytoplasmic protein-mediated cascade amplification,which is expressed in proliferation,migration and invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer cells.

Primary lesions unknown metastatic cancer (CUP)is a class of histopathologically confirmed metastases.However,a variety of clinical diagnosis and treatment can not clear the primary tumor.The identification of tumor primary site is the first step in the diagnosis of CUP.The histopathology,immunohistochemistry and PET /CT are commonly used clinical diagnosis and treatment.Gene expression profiling technique is a new method for the diagnosis of primary tumor in recent years.It has high diagnostic accuracy,sensitivity and specificity,and is expected to achieve individual treatment of patients with CUP.

Regulation of calcineurin 1(RCAN1),as an endogenous protein that interacts with calcineurin(CaN),widely expresses in many malignant tumor cells,such as small cell lung cancer,thyroid cancer,leukemia,liver cancer,malignant glioma,endometrial adenocarcinoma and so on.In recent years,many studies have been shown that when RCAN1 is highly expressed,it can inhibit tumor proliferation,differentiation,invasion and metastasis by a variety of ways,thereby inhibiting tumor progression.These findings play an important role in the survival and prognosis of patients,and provide a theoretical basis for the treatment and intervention of malignant tumors.

Regulation of calcineurin 1(RCAN1),as an endogenous protein that interacts with calcineurin(CaN),widely expresses in many malignant tumor cells,such as small cell lung cancer,thyroid cancer,leukemia,liver cancer,malignant glioma,endometrial adenocarcinoma and so on.In recent years,many studies have been shown that when RCAN1 is highly expressed,it can inhibit tumor proliferation,differentiation,invasion and metastasis by a variety of ways,thereby inhibiting tumor progression.These findings play an important role in the survival and prognosis of patients,and provide a theoretical basis for the treatment and intervention of malignant tumors.

A large number of medical studies have confirmed that inflammation with occurrence and development of tumor are closely related.In recent years,it has been confirmed and described that the tumor-related inflammatory response plays an important role in the prognosis of tumor.Furthermore,the tumor-related inflammatory response can be reflected by the patient's neutrophils,lymphocytes,monocytes and other peripheral blood indicators,such as peripheral blood lymphocytes and mononuclear cells ratio(LMR).LMR plays an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of tumor patients.In many studies from China and other countries,LMR has been described digestive,blood and other systems of malignant tumors,which it plays an important role in the prognosis.There is little domestic and foreign report on the research progress of LMR on the gynecological reproductive system.Therefore,this article reviews the effect of LMR on the prognosis of common gynecological malignancies.

Colorectal cancer,a common malignant tumor,is a serious threat to human health.Metabolomics can effectively solve the shortcomings of the traditional ways of inspection.Metabolomics develop different metabolites to find new specific tumor markers by detecting metabolites in tissues,blood and urine of cancer patients.Compared with normal cells,tumor cells exist a number of abnormal metabolic pathways.It lays the foundation for further study of biomarkers of colorectal cancer by finding out its metabolic changes.It also shows important significance for diagnosis,evaluation of efficacy and prognosis and individual treatment.