Objective The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of allicin combined with 5-FU in the treatment for colon cancer. Methods HT-29 cells were divided into 4 groups as control,allicin(15 μg/mL),5-FU(15 μg/mL)and allicin(15 μg/mL)combined with 5-FU(15 μg/mL)groups.The inhibitory rate of cell proliferation was determined in HT-29 cells by CCK-8 assay.Flow cytometry was used to observation of apoptosis.The levels of mTOR,PTEN,Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA expression were determined by Real-time PCR. Results Compared with the blank control group,proliferation of HT-29 cells was inhibited in the drug or allicin groups(P＜0.05).Among them,the allicin-associated 5-FU group had the most significant inhibitory effect.The apoptotic cells in each drug group were significantly more than the blank control group,and the apoptotic cells in the allicin combined with 5-FU group were the most significant.Compared with the blank control group,the levels of Bcl-2 and mTOR mRNA significantly decreased and the expression levels of Bax and PTEN mRNA increased significantly in each drug group.The most significant changes were observed in the allicin and 5-FU combination group. Conclusion The combination of allicin and 5-FU could inhibit the proliferation and promote apoptosis in HT29 cells.Allicin has the ability to enhance 5-FU-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells.

Objective The aims of the study were to explore effects of SOX7(Sex determining region Y-box 7)overexpression on proliferation and apoptosis of gallbladder carcinoma of GBC-SD cells and the possible signal pathways involved. Methods The specific recombinant plasmid-pcDNA3.1-SOX7 was used as the experimental group to transfect GBC-SD cells and then establish a stable over-expressed SOX7 cell line.The empty vector pc-DNA3.1-mock was used as a control group.Effects of SOX7 overexpression on the proliferation of GBC-SD cells were detected by Edu cell immunofluorescent staining assay.The apoptosis of GBC-SD cells were detected by Hoechst 33342 staining assay.The phosphorylation of Akt and PTEN protein related to signaling pathways were examined by Western blot. Results The relative expression of SOX7 mRNA in the experimental group was(353±28.1)%,which was significantly increased when compared to the control group(100±2.3)%(P＜0.05).The absorbance at 450 nm in the control group was 4.6±0.4,which was significantly higher than that in the experimental group(2.4±0.2)(P＜0.05).The proportion of cell proliferation in the control group(33.3±3.4)% was higher than that in the experimental group(12.2±4.2)% in GBC-SD cells.They showed a statistically significance(P＜0.05).The proportion of apoptosis in the experimental group(10.2±2.4)% was higher than that in the control group(5.2±1.3)% in GBC-SD cells.They also showed a statistically significance(P＜0.05).The relative expression level of PTEN protein in the experimental group(0.7±0.04)significantly increased in GBC-SD cells in comparison with the control group(0.2±0.02)(P＜0.05).The relative expression of phosphorylated Akt protein in the experimental group(0.4±0.02)significantly decreased in GBC-SD cells when compared to the control group(0.8±0.03)(P＜0.05). Conclusion The overexpression of SOX7 significantly inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of GBC-SD cells.Activation of the PTEN/Akt signaling pathway may involve in this process.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Volerovel on the proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells. Methods Human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells were treated with the negative control,low,middle and high doses of Vorinostat.The proliferation of SKOV3 cells was determined by CCK-8 assay.Western blot was used to detect the expression of H3K4ac and H3K27ac protein in SKOV3 cells.Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of Bax,Bcl-2,p53 and Cyclin D1 in SKOV3 cells. Results Vorinostat at low,middle and high dose groups was significantly decreased proliferation of SKOV3 cells when compared to the blank group.They showed a statistical difference.As compared with the blank group,Vorinostat in the low,medium and high dose groups significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and CyclinD1 mRNA,and significantly increased the expression of Bax mRNA and p53 mRNA in SKOV3 cells.Vorinostat significantly increased the expression of H3K4ac and H3K27ac protein in SKOV3 cells when compared to the negative control group. Conclusion Vorinostat can inhibit the proliferation of SKOV3 cells and promote apoptosis.The mechanism may be related to inhibition of histone deacetylase activity and activation of p53 apoptosis pathway.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of programmed cell death 1(PD-1),cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4(CTLA-4)and B and T lymphocyte attenuator(BTLA)in the peripheral blood of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and their clinical significance was analyzed. Methods A total of 90 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and 40 healthy controls at the department of Thoracic Surgery of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University were enrolled and collected their peripherals from June 2016 to April 2017.Blood samples from 50 patients underwent surgery from 90 patients and 40 healthy controls were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for soluble PD-1(sPD-1),soluble CTLA-4(sCTLA-4)and soluble BTLA(sBTLA). Results The serum levels of sPD-1,sCTLA-4 and sBLTA in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group(P＜0.05);the serum levels of sPD-1,sCTLA-4andsBLTA had no differences between before and after surgery(P＞0.05).There was no correlation between the level of sPD-1 and sBLTA and clinicopathological features.The expression level of CTLA-4 was related to the TNM stage(P＜0.05),but there were no correlation with T stage,lymph node status,tumor size,tumor location,tumor cell differentiation,sex and age.There was also no correlation amongst sPD-1,sCTLA-4 and sBLTA expression. Conclusion The serum level of sCTLA-4 in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is higher than that in normal individuals,and the expression level of sCTLA-4 is correlated with the TNM stage,suggesting that the expression level of sCTLA-4 in serum has a certain correlation with the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the effects of morphine and oxycodone controlled intravenous analgesia(PCIA)on postoperative immunological factor levels in patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Methods Eighty patients with NSCLC who underwent video-assisted thoracic surgical(VATS)lobectomy were enrolled in the study.They were randomly divided into nalbuphine(N group)and oxycodone group(O group).All patients were given PCIA analgesia after operation.Patients in the N group received nalbuphine hydrochloride at dose of 1.0 mg/kg plus 10 mg of tropisetron for PCIA,while patients in the O group received oxycodone hydrochloride 20 mg plus 10 mg of tropisetron,all diluted to 150 mL with physiological saline.Five mL of peripheral venous blood was drawn at 30 min(T₀)before surgery and after surgery for 4(T₁),8(T₂),12(T₃)and 24 h(T₄)to determine serum levels of IgG,IgM,IgA,TGF-β1,VEGF and IL-17,count the cell number of CD4⁺T,CD8⁺T and NK and calculate the ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺.VAS scores were performed on all patients at T₁,T₂,T₃ and T₄. Results There were no significant differences in the VAS scores,PCIA pump effective compressions and total consumption of PCIA between the N and O groups(P＞0.05).Compared to the O group,the serum level of IgG at T₁~T₄,IgM and IgA serum levels at T₂~T₄ were high in the N group;serum levels of TGF-β1 and VEGF at T₂~T₄ and IL-17 serum level at T₁~T₄ were low in the N group;the number of CD4⁺T and NK cells,the ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ at T₂~T₄ and the number of CD8⁺ T at T₁~T₄ were high in the N group.The differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05). Conclusion Nalbuphine for patients with NSCLC applied for PCIA after VATS lobectomy can effectively control postoperative pain,significantly increase levels of immunoglobulin and immune cells,reduce the level of tumor immunosuppressive factors,reduce perioperative immunosuppression degree,and improve the body's immune function.

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic factors of postoperative survival of patients with primary gastrointestinal malignant lymphoma and the predictive value of TNM staging for long-term survival. Methods A total of 102 patients with primary gastrointestinal malignant lymphoma admitted into our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.The survival and survival time of 5 years after operation were confirmed by telephone follow-up.Cox regression analysis was used to observe the survival factors of patients with primary gastrointestinal malignant lymphoma.The survival curve of Kaplan Meier was used to analyze the predictive value of TNM staging on survival time of patient. Results Among the 102 patients,61 survived and 41 died,accounting for 59.80% and 40.20%,respectively.There was no distant metastasis and TNM stage in the survival group.The proportion of stage I to stage II and Lugano was higher than that in the death group.The difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The Cox regression analysis showed that the distant metastasis,TNM stage and Lugano staging were positively related to patient death(P＜0.05).Using TNM staging in patients with stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ of 5 years survival rates were 54.10%,21.31%,16.39%,21.31%.Using of Lugano staging in patients with stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅱ E and Ⅳ of 5 years survival rate were 52.46%,22.95%,13.11%,11.48%.The prediction of long-term survival rate by TN. Conclusion The factors affecting the long-term survival of patients with gastric malignant lymphoma include distant metastasis,TNM staging,and Lugano staging.Compared with Lugano staging,the predictive effect of TNM staging on the long term survival is more ideal.

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of fixed dose rate volumetric modulation in pelvic radiotherapy after rectal cancer surgery. Methods Ten patients with rectal cancer radiotherapy were enrolled in this study.The RayStation planning system was used to establish a variable dose rate volumetric modulation(VDR-VMAT),a fixed dose rate volume modulation(CDR-VMAT),and a 5-field static intensity modulated radiation therapy(5F-sIMRT)plans for each patient.Dose volume histograms were used to evaluate the dosimetric parameters of the three planned target area,endangered organs and normal tissue,and to assess the total machine hop count(MU)and planned execution time. Results In terms of target area dose,CDR-VMAT compared to VDR-VMAT,D2%,D_mean,D98%,HI and CI were similar;CDR-VMAT compared to 5F-sIMRT D2%,D_mean,D98%,HI and CI all had statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).In the aspect of OARs,CDR-VMAT compared with VDR-VMAT,all parameters of bladder,small intestine,left and right femoral head were similar;CDR-VMAT compared with 5F-sIMRT,D_mean,V₄₀ of the bladder,D_mean,D_max of the small intestine,D_mean of the left and right femoral head all had statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).For the normal tissue,CDR-VMAT compared with VDR-VMAT,V₅,V₁₀,V₁₅,V₂₀,V₂₅ and V₃₀,were similar;CDR-VMAT compared with 5F-sIMRT,V₅,V₁₅ and V₃₀ all had statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).The MU of the CDR-VMAT plan was 16.44% higher than that of VDR-VMAT and 24.45% higher than that of 5F-sIMRT.The execution time of the CDR-VMAT plan was nearly double than that of VDR-VMAT but shorter than that of 5F-sIMRT. Conclusion CDR-VMAT can form a high quality plan as VDR-VMAT with better target coverage,endangering organ protection and low dose exposure volume of normal tissue than 5F-sIMRT.However,the CDR-VMAT plan has more MU than VDR-VMAT and 5F-sIMRT.The execution time of CDR-VMAT is longer than VDR-VMAT and slightly shorter than 5F-sIMRT.The lower initial cost of the CDR-VMAT is expected to provide additional options for rotating radiotherapy for linear accelerators that do not have variable dose rate.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of CT enhancement in different size and density of solitary pulmonary nodules(SPN). Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed on 204 patients with SPN.The pathological results were used as reference standards to compare the difference of CT enhancement peaks in different sizes and densities of SPN,and to explore the differential diagnosis of different pathological types of SPN. Results CT enhancement was more valuable in the differential diagnosis of SPN with solid and/or diameter of 2~3 cm(OR=5.15,95%CI:2.62~10.14;OR=5.39,95%CI:1.89~15.39).However,in partial solid,the differentiation of benign and malignant in nodules with diameter ≤2 was poor;the peak of CT enhancement(≥15 HU)was statistically significant in different pathological types of SPN.The positive rate of CT enhancement gradually increased with increasing diameter and density. Conclusion In the differential diagnosis of SPNs,CT enhancement scan should be reasonably selected with reference to the density,diameter and possible pathological findings of the nodules.

Both tuberculosis and lung cancer are seriously damaging to human health.Tuberculosis is currently at high morbidity and mortality,and lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world.The prognosis of two diseases is different,but the causes of two diseases are mutual influence.The chronic inflammatory stimulation of tuberculosis,the phosphatase components of mycobacterium tuberculosis and the immune response induced by mycobacterium tuberculosis infection can cause lung cancer.Inappropriate treatment after lung cancer can also contribute to the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis.Faced with such a global major public health problem,the epidemiological investigations and experimental results are used to clarify the reasons for the coexistence of two diseases in recent years.The evidence will provide a basis for the treatment of patients with tuberculosis and lung cancer.

The overall burden of esophageal cancer in China is still relatively serious.Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is the most important pathological type of esophageal cancer in China,accounting for more than 85%.At present,there are still many limitations on the study of the survival rate of esophageal cancer in China.It is necessary to provide information on the prognostic indicators such as the survival rate of ESCC in China based on the multi-center large-sample study to verify the existing evidence abroad and discover new features in China.The population based high-precision survival analysis can provide representative survival results,reflecting the overall prognosis of esophageal cancer in a certain area and also supply a reliable basis for the development and optimization of esophageal cancer prevention and treatment strategies.This analysis can also explore and verify the effects of esophageal cancer treatment to underly factors which provide representative material to further optimize clinical treatment strategies.This article summarizes the research progress in the survival rate and prognosis factors of esophageal cancer in China in recent years,and compares it with the international other countries,in order to provide a basis for follow-up research.

In recent years,some studies have demonstrated how neutrophil function is regulated in cancer and elucidate the delicate balance.Neutrophils express tumor-promoting or anti-tumor properties in a microenvironment related manner.Whether or not they promote or limit tumor growth,development and metastasis depends on the large number of cytokine receptors on the surface of neutrophils.It can respond to various signals.This review summarizes the different effects on different roles of neutrophils in tumors,identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neutrophils at malignant neoplasms,strengthening the anti-tumor activity of neutrophils and limiting their promotion of tumorigenesis.These characteristics provide a new idea for the clinical treatment of tumors.

In recent years,cryoablation(CA)has made great progress in the treatment of bone metastases,and has been widely used clinically alone or in combination with other therapies.CA can be monitored in real-time under CT,MRI,or ultrasound guidance,with minimal invasiveness,safety,and less postoperative complications.It is effective for patients with bone metastases,such as pain relief and local tumor control.This article reviews the clinical application progress and complications of CA in the treatment of bone metastases.

More and more evidence shows that uncontrollable inflammation has closely associated with tumorigenesis and development.Chronic inflammation may play a key role in various malignant tumors including bladder cancer.Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system.For non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer,the main method is still transurethral resection of bladder tumors,but its recurrence after surgery,the degree of malignancy after recurrence is gradually increased,so the need for postoperative adjuvant drug treatment reduces its recurrence and progression.Nowdays,immunotherapy has become a research hotspot and has achieved good effects.This article briefly describes the common chronic inflammation factors that induce bladder cancer and the related progression on immunotherapy.

Cancer cells must change their metabolic activity to meet the energy needed for their rapid growth,metastasis,and biosynthesis.Different stages of tumor metastasis require the proliferation of cancer cells to make appropriate metabolic adjustments.This review summarizes primary tumor metabolism heterogeneity.At the same time,we summarize the changes in the metabolic strategies of primary tumor cells during metastasis and discuss metabolic changes of cancer that occur when cancer cells are colonized into different microenvironments as well as their mechanisms by which cells affect the metabolism of metastatic cells in metastatic sites.Through these discussions,we have clearly realized that the plasticity of tumor metabolism allows cancer cells to adapt and grow in unfavorable environments.The treatment of tumor metabolism is expected to become a treatment method to change the prognosis of tumor metastasis.

In recent years,liquid biopsy has emerged as a new molecular diagnostic technology that is real-time and reproducible,and plays an increasingly important role in clinical practice.Liquid biopsy mainly collects the body fluids through non-invasive approaches,and analyzes biological markers such as circulating tumor cells,circulating tumor DNA and exosomes.This article will review the biological basis of liquid biopsy and its clinical application in colorectal cancer.

In recent years,many scholars have made considerable progress in molecular research on colorectal cancer,and also gained a deep understanding of how to choose the best treatment plan through different states of molecular expression.In previous studies,RAS/RAF mutations have been considered biomarkers of poor prognosis.However,recent studies have shown that patients with RAS/RAF mutations have the opportunity to undergo interventions with inhibitors,turning them into better indicators of prognosis.The expanded RAS test is the latest predictor of whether a patient can respond to cetuximab and panitumumab combined chemotherapy.Combination therapy with dual inhibitors of EGFR/BRAF or BRAF/MEK in the MAP kinase signaling pathway can also clearly increase the survival of patients with BRAF mutations.More and more evidence shows that Her-2 can not only be applied to the treatment of breast cancer,but also can provide targeted therapy for trastuzumab in Her-2 expanded colorectal cancer patients.Immunotherapy is a novel treatment strategy for colorectal cancer,and many scholars are devoting themselves to develop markers of immune checkpoint inhibitors.Recently,MSI has been identified as a molecular marker for PD-1 treatment in patients with colorectal cancer.However,there are still some deviations from MSI's predictions,and it is believed that the more perfect marker TMB will be used to guide clinical immunotherapy soon.Our continuous understanding of biomarkers is constantly innovating and improving our treatment strategies for colorectal cancer.Although most patients with colorectal cancer still use conventional non-selective cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents for treatment,more and more small subsets of patients with a certain genetic alteration will choose targeted therapies.It is believed that selective targeted drug therapy and immunotherapy will eventually replace traditional non-selective cytotoxic chemotherapy.In short,the simultaneous development of molecular markers and their latest therapeutic strategies provide great prospects for improving the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.

Orphan nuclear receptors(ONRs)refer to nuclear receptors without ligands or unknown ligands.It has been found to an important regulatory role in many key physiological processes,resulting from the control of these receptors.But signal disorders often cause many diseases including cancer.Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of malignant tumors in the urogenital system.High morbidity,recurrence rate and mortality are synonymous.Although the early prognosis is good,the quality of life and prognosis are still poor in patients with advanced disease.As a hotspot in translational medicine research,good progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of advanced prostate cancer in recent years.This article reviews the research progress of ONRs in the mechanism and clinical relevance of prostate cancer,and provides a theoretical basis for the occurrence,development,invasion,metastasis and treatment of prostate cancer.

The nutritional status of advanced cancer patients with advanced tumors is related to the quality of life,prognosis,and psychological status of cancer patients,and their reasonable nutritional support has been widely recognized.At present,nutrition support methods are mainly divided into enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition.However,all kinds of nutrition support methods have their advantages and disadvantages.There is no clear conclusion on how to choose clinically.This article provides a briefly review of the current major types of nutritional support in order to provide advice and guidance for nutritional support for patients with advanced cancer.