Objective The Objective of this study was to understand the trend and age change of gastric cancer in China,and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of gastric cancer.Methods Based on 22 registries with continuous data,the incidence data of gastric cancer from 2000 to 2015 were collated,and the incidence trend analysis was performed using Joinpoint software.The average age of onset between 2000 and 2015,the standardized age-specific incidence composition in 2000 and 2015 were analyzed.The birth cohort was constructed and the incidence and age-specific incidence were also calculated.Results From 2000 to 2015,the incidence of standardized gastric cancer in 22 cancer registration regions in China showed a downward trend,with an average annual decrease of 3.0%(-3.5%~-2.4%).The age of this disease onset in the population showed an increasing trend,after the population structure standardization,except for rural areas,this trend disappeared.The age of this disease onset in rural areas was raised,and the proportion of older patients was also increased.Conclusion The incidence of gastric cancer is declining,and the average age of onset shows an increasing trend.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in cancer registration areas of Anhui Province in 2015,and provide basic data for the development of preventive measures for gastric cancer.Methods After quality review,the data of 22 cancer registries were included in the analysis.The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer were calculated according to region(urban and rural)and gender stratification.The Chinese standard population and the segi world population composition in 2000 were used to calculate the Chinese population and World population age-standardized incidence/mortality.Results A total of 9383 new cases of gastric cancer and 6681 deaths were reported in cancer registration areas of Anhui Province.The death-to-incidence ratio(M/I)of gastric cancer in this province was 0.71,the pathological diagnosis rate(MV%)was 64.19,and the recurrence rate of death was 2.59%.The crude incidence rate of gastric cancer in Anhui cancer registration regions in 2015 was 43.85/100 000(60.94/100 000 for men and 25.78/100 000 for women).The population standardization rate in China was 30.99/100 000 and the population standardization rate in the world was 30.86/100 000.The crude incidence rate in urban areas was 35.82/100 000,the standardization rate of the Chinese population was 25.00/100 000;the crude incidence rate in rural areas was 49.79/100 000,the standardization rate of the Chinese population was 35.52/100 000.The crude mortality of gastric cancer in Anhui registered areas in Anhui Province in 2015 was 31.22/100 000(43.74/100 000 for men and 17.99/100 000 for women).The population standardization rate in China was 21.33/100 000 and the population standardization rate in the world was 21.04/100 000.The crude mortality rate in urban areas was 25.55/100 000,and the standardized rate of Chinese population was 17.25/100 000;the crude mortality in rural areas was 20.51/100 000,and the standardized rate of Chinese population was 24.44/100 000.Conclusion The rural population and the male population must be the focus of prevention and treatment of gastric cancer.The early diagnosis and treatment of upper gastrointestinal cancer should be promoted,the detection rate of early gastric cancer should be increased,and the burden of disease caused by the incidence and death of gastric cancer should be reduced.

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of long non-coding RNA(LncRNA)AFAP1-AS1 regulating the proliferation of colorectal cancer(CRC)cells.Methods Fecal specimens from 38 normal people and 38 CRC patients diagnosed and treated in the department of digestive medicine and gastrointestinal surgery of Shenzhen Second People′s Hospital from July 2014 to June 2018 were collected to detect the expression of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 by Real time-PCR.At the same time,the expression of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 was detected in human normal colon epithelial NCM460 cells,human colorectal cancer SW620 and HCT116 cells.Targeting lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 siRNA(si-AFAP1-AS1)was transfected into SW620 and HCT116 cells to inhibit the expression of AFAP1-AS1.MTT assay was used to examine the effect of si-AFAP1-AS1 on cell proliferation of CRC cells.The levels of cleaved-caspase-3,Bcl-2,Bax,p-AKT,total AKT,and PTEN were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the normal control group,the expression of AFAP1-AS1 in feces of CRC patients significantly increased(P＜0.01);Compared with NCM460 cells,the expression of AFAP1-AS1 in SW620 and HCT116 cells also significantly increased(P＜0.01);si-AFAP1-AS1 significantly suppressed the cell viability of SW620 and HCT116 cells(P＜0.01).Compared with NCM460 cells,si-AFAP1-AS1 up-regulated the levels of cleaved-caspase-3 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax(P＜0.05),and down-regulated the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in SW620 and HCT116 cells(P＜0.001).In addition,si-AFAP1-AS1 significantly decreased the level of p-AKT protein and increased the expression of PTEN in CRC cells(P＜0.01).Conclusion The difference in the expression of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 in the stool of normal and CRC patients is beneficial to the early diagnosis for CRC,the expression of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 is up-regulated in CRC cells regulated by the PTEN/p-AKT signaling pathway.Therefore,lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 is expected to become a molecular target for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the transcription factor SOX11 in esophageal cancer tissues and cell lines,the effects on proliferation and migration of esophageal cancer EC109 cells,and to explore its mechanism of action.Methods RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the expression of SOX11 in esophageal tissues and cell lines;SOX11 plasmids were transfected into low expression esophageal cancer cells(EC109,KYSE150,KYSE410 and KYSE510)and normal esophageal epithelial HEEC cells.The overexpression of SOX11 was confirmed in EC109 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1(+)-Flag-SOX11(the experimental group)and pcDNA3.1(+)-Flag-vector plasmid(the control group).CCK-8 and Transwell assays were used to analyze the effects of SOX11 on proliferation and migration of EC109 cells.RT-qPCR and Western blot assays were used to verify the effect of SOX11 on cell proliferation and migration of EC109 cells.Results Compared with esophageal epithelial tissues,the expression of SOX11 at levels of mRNA and protein was significantly down-regulated in esophageal cancer tissues;the down-regulated expression of SOX11 protein was associated with tumor grade(P=0.014),T stage(P=0.036)and lymph node metastasis(P=0.014).At the same time,compared with esophageal epithelial cells,the mRNA expression of SOX11 was down-regulated in esophageal cancer cells;the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.001).Compared with the control group(empty vector),the cell viability was significantly suppressed in EC109 cells after transfected with SOX11 mimics for 24,48 and 72 h(P＜0.05);the cell migration ability of EC109 cells was significantly inhibited in the experimental group(P＜0.001);Compared with the control group,active-β-catenin and its downstream genes were also significantly suppressed in the experimental group.Conclusion SOX11 is down-regulated in human esophageal cancer tissues and cancer cell lines,and may participate in the process of esophageal cancer by antagonizing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lncRNA NBAT1 on proliferation of human breast cancer cells by regulating the molecular axis of miR-3664-5p/Caspase 9.Methods The expression of lncRNA NBAT1 in breast cancer and normal breast tissues was compared by analyzing the TCGA(The Cancer Genome Atlas)database with online biological software.qRT-PCR was used to compare the expression of lncRNA NBAT1 in MCF-10A and MCF-7,MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 cells.Bioinformatics predicted the relationship between lncRNA NBAT1,miR-3664-5p,and Caspase 9,and further verified by the luciferase reporting system.lncRNA NBAT1 overexpression vectors were transfected into MCF-7 cells,RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of lncRNA NBAT1,qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-3664-5,and Western blot was used to detect the expression of Caspase 9 protein.The CCK-8 assay and clone formation test were used to detect the ability of cell proliferation.At the same time,lncRNA NBAT1 overexpression vector and mimics miR-3664-5p were transfected into MCF-7 cells,mimics miR-3664-5p was observed to alleviate lncRNA NBAT1′s ability to inhibit cell proliferation.Results The TCGA database analysis found that the expression of lncRNA NBAT1 in breast cancer tissues was significantly lower than that in normal tissues(P＜0.001).lncRNA NBAT1 was highest expressed in normal control MCF-10A cells(P＜0.001),low expressed in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 cells(P＜0.001)and lowest expressed in MCF-7 cells(P＜0.001).It was predicted by bioinformatics that lncRNA NBAT1 could absorb miR-3664-5p,and Caspase 9 was the target gene of miR-3664-5p.These were further verified by the luciferase reporting system.LncRNA NBAT1 overexpression vectors were transfected into MCF-7 cells.The expression of lncRNA NBAT1 in the NBAT1 group was higher than that in the control group(P＜0.001),and the expression of miR-3664-5 was reduced in MCF-7 cells(P＜0.001).The expression of Caspase 9 protein in the NBAT1 group was higher than that in the control group(P＜0.001).The proliferative ability of MCF-7 cells in the NBAT1 group was lower than that of the control group(P＜0.001).At the same time,MCF-7 cells were transfected with lncRNA NBAT1 plasmids and mimics miR-3664-5p,mimics miR-3664-5p could alleviate the inhibitory effect of lncRNA NBAT1 on proliferation of MCF-7 cells(P＜0.001).Conclusion LncRNA NBAT1 can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells by regulating the molecular axis of miR-3664-5p/Caspase 9,providing a new potential target for breast cancer treatment.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of miR-616 enhancing the radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells by targeting TIMP-2.Methods Lung cancer HCC827 cells were routinely cultured and HCC827 cells were irradiated with X-rays as the RI group,which emitted at a fixed dose rate of 4 Gy/min;the energy classification of X-rays used to irradiate the cells was 8 Gy,and the incubation time was 24 h.HCC827 cells were transfected with miR-616-shRNA as the miR-616 inhibitor group.HCC827 cells were transfected with miR-616-shRNA and then were used X-ray irradiation by X-ray generator as the miR-616 inhibitor + RI group.The above cells were cultured for 72 hours,and six replicates were set in each dose.At the end of the experiment,MTT assay was used to determine cell proliferation,Giemsa staining was used to determine the colony percentage,flow cytometry was used to determine apoptosis and distribution of cell cycle,Transwell chamber was used to determine cell invasion,RT-PCR and Western blot were used to determine the expression miR-616 and TIMP-2 genes at levels of mRNA and protein.Results Compared with the HCC827 cells group,the OD values,survival rate,number of clone formation,number of transmembrane cells,the level of miR-616 mRNA in the RI group,miR-616 inhibitor group,and miR-616 inhibitor + RI group were reduced(P＜0.05).Compared with the RI group and the miR-616 inhibitor group,the OD values,survival rate,number of clone formation,number of membrane cells,and the level of miR-616 mRNA in the miR-616 inhibitor + RI group were decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with the HCC827 cells group,apoptotic rates,the cell cycle at the G1 phase,and the expression of TIMP-2 at levels of mRNA and protein in the RI group,miR-616 inhibitor group,and miR-616 inhibitor + RI group were increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the RI group and miR-616 group,apoptotic rates,the cell cycle at the G1 phase,and the expression of TIMP-2 at levels of mRNA and protein in the miR-616 inhibitor + RI group were increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion The down-regulated expression of miR-616 can enhance the radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells in vitro,and then enhance the radiation-mediated inhibition of tumor viability,cell apoptosis induced and cell cycle arrested.The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of miR-616,which can promote the related expression of TIMP-2 gene and protein.

Objective The Objective of this study was to investigate whether kinase PFKFB4 was involved in the regulating invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells and its mechanism of action.Methods The SRC family proteins interacting with PFKFB4 were detected by immunoprecipitation.The downstream regulatory genes were identified by transcriptome sequencing.The relationship between downstream genes and phosphorylated SRC proteins was verified by Western blot and qRT-PCR.The effect of PFKFB4 related to pathway on abilities of migration and invasion was detected in gastric cancer cells by Transwell assay.Results PFKFB4 could interact with SRC-2.The expression of SRC-2 was not affected by PFKFB4.But PFKFB4 could phosphorylate serine at site 698 of SRC-2.After phosphorylation of SRC-2 Ser698,downstream regulatory gene-LKB1 at levels of mRNA and protein was down-regulated.As a result,the migration and invasion ability of gastric cancer cells was enhanced.Conclusion PFKFB4 negatively regulates the expression of tumor suppressor gene-LKB1 by phosphorylation of SRC-2,and enhances the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of ribosomal binding protein 1(RRBP1)and RABEX-5 proteins in colorectal cancer and their correlation with clinicopathological features and prognosis.Methods Colorectal cancer tissue specimens and paracancerous tissue specimens from 86 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgical treatment were collected from August 2015 to August 2016.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the levels of RRBP1 and RABEX-5 proteins.The relationship between the expression of RRBP1 and RABEX-5 protein and clinicopathological features of patients with colorectal cancer was analyzed.Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to analyze the associated factors of colorectal cancer patients affecting prognosis.Results The positive expression rates of RRBP1 and RABEX-5 proteins in colorectal cancer tissues were 65.12% and 62.79%,respectively.The positive expression rates of RRBP1 and RABEX-5 proteins in colorectal adjacent tissues were 38.37% and 36.05%,respectively.There were significant differences in the positive expression rates of RRBP1 and RABEX-5 proteins(P＜0.001).The positive expression rates of RRBP1 and RABEX-5 in colorectal cancer patients with stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ TNM,poor tumor differentiation and lymphatic metastasis were increased(P＜0.05).The median overall survival time of RRBP1 positive and negative expression was 30 months and 20 months,respectively.The median overall survival time of RABEX-5 positive and negative expression was 31 months and 19 months,respectively.The results of univariate and multivariate analyses showed that TNM stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ,tumor subdivision,lymphatic metastasis,RRBP1 positive expression and RABEX-5 positive expression were independent factors affecting the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer(P＜0.01).Conclusion The levels of RRBP1 and RABEX-5 proteins in colorectal cancer tissues are increased,positively correlated with TNM stage and lymphatic metastasis of colorectal cancer patients,and negatively correlated with the degree of differentiation.The positive expression of RRBP1 and RABEX-5 proteins is a risk factor for the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients,and they can be used as effective biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chemotherapy on coagulation parameters and evaluate the prognostic significance of coagulation parameters in patients with small cell lung cancer(SCLC).Methods Clinical data of 210 patients with SCLC were retrospectively analyzed.Clinical features,treatment and coagulation indicators of patients were collected,including platelets(PLT),prothromboplastin time(PT),activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT),fibrinogen(FIB),thrombin time(TT),D-dimer(D-D).The hypercoagulant group was defined as having a value higher than the upper limit of normal(ULN)in PLT,D-D and FIB before chemotherapy,or a value lower than the lower limit of normal in PT,APTT and TT,and the rest of the normal group.Results There were no significant differences in age,gender,smoking history,clinical stage and other clinical features between the high-coagulation group and the normal group(P＞0.05).The coagulation indexes-PLT,FIB,and D-D decreased in the SCLC hypercoagulable group after chemotherapy intervention.The changes of FIB were statistically significant(P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference between the normal group before and after chemotherapy(P＞0.05);Performance status,clinical stage,prothrombin time and fibrinogen.were independent factors affecting the prognosis of SCLC.Patients with abnormally elevated the levels of FIB,PLT and D-D had lower survival than that in the normal group and poor prognosis.Conclusion Chemotherapy can improve the hypercoagulable state of patients with SCLC,but has no significant effect on patients with normal coagulation function.Patients with abnormally elevated coagulation parameters have shorter survival time and worse prognosis than patients with normal coagulation parameters.

Objective The Objective of this study was to explore the clinical effects of chemotherapy combined with surgery in patients with drug-resistant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia(GTN).Methods A total of 76 drug-resistant patients with high-risk GTN were selected and randomly divided into a control group and an observed group,each with 38 patients.Patients in the control group were treated with etoposide,methotrexate,and actinomycin-D/etoposide and cisplatin(EMA/EP),and patients in the observed group were treated with EMA/EP regimen combined with surgery.The treatment effect,prognosis,peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and adverse reactions were compared between the control and observed groups.Results After 6 months of treatment,the ORR(Objective response rate)of the observed group was higher than that of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.024).The drug resistance rate and recurrence rate in the observed group were lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in serum HCG between the control and observed groups before treatment.The serum HCG levels in two groups decreased after treatment(P＜0.001).The serum HCG levels in the observed group at 6 months,12 months,and the last follow-up after treatment were lower than those in the control group(P＜0.001).There was no significant difference in the levels of T lymphocyte subsets between the two groups before treatment,and there were different degrees of improvement after 6 months of treatment.The CD3⁺,CD4⁺ and CD4⁺/CD8⁺T cells in the observed group were higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05).The incidence of neutropenia,hemoglobin reduction,nausea and vomiting,and hair loss in the observed group were lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion For patients with high-risk GTN in first-line drug-resistance,chemotherapy combined with surgery has a better therapeutic effect,and can effectively improve the body′s immune level and reduce the incidence of adverse reactions.

Chemotherapy drugs are very limited in the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.In recent years,several trials have shown that antiangiogenic drugs can effectively improve the prognosis of patients with drug-resistant ovarian cancer.According to different mechanisms of action,antiangiogenic drugs are divided into vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors,vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors,tyrosine kinase inhibitors and integrin inhibitors,and described the research progress of antiang iogenic drugs in the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD)is the standard procedure for treatment of malignant tumors,precancerous lesions and some benign diseases around the ampulla.PD surgery has a wide range of resection,more anastomoses and more complications.In recent years,the mortality rate of PD surgery has dropped from more than the initial 50% to less than 5%,and the incidence of surgical complications has also decreased significantly.The main complications after PD are pancreatic fistula,bleeding,abdominal infection,biliary fistula,chyle,and postoperative gastric emptying disorder.Among them,pancreatic fistula is the main cause of early death after PD.This paper reviews the systemic factors,local factors and surgical related factors of pancreatic fistula after PD,and provides clinical operability for reducing the incidence after PD.

According to GLOBOCAN 2018,lung cancer,breast cancer,colorectal cancer,gastric cancer and liver cancer account for about 43% of new global malignant tumors in 2018.A growing number of studies have shown that differentially antagonizing non-protein-encoding RNA(lncRNA-DANCR)is abnormally expressed in a variety of human cancers,and its aberrant expression promotes tumor progression by improving cancer cell proliferation and invasion.At the same time,the expression level of DANCR is significantly correlated with the histological grade of tumor and the prognosis of patient,making DANCR as a potential biomarker for a variety of cancers.This paper systematically reviews the research progress of lncRNA DANCR in common malignant tumors such as lung cancer,breast cancer,colorectal cancer,gastric cancer and liver cancer,in order to explain the molecular mechanisms and clinical significance of lncRNA DANCR in malignant tumors.

Human epithelial growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-positive breast cancer has been attracting attention because of its high invasiveness and poor prognosis.With the application of trastuzumab,the prognosis of patients with early HER2-positive breast cancer has been significantly improved.Because of its resistance and adverse reaction,the addition of new anti-HER2 drugs to standard treatment has become a new research project.These drugs include pertuzumab,antibody drug conjugate trastuzumab-emtansine(T-DM1)and various small molecule inhibitors(lapatinib,neratinib and pyrrolidone).At the same time,studies on PD1 and PD-L1 inhibitors such as pabolizumab in HER2-positive breast cancer are underway,some basic studies and case reports have confirmed its efficacy and safety.This article aims to provide an overview of current treatment options for HER2-positive breast cancer and the latest evidence for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.

Colorectal cancer is the top 5 malignant tumors in the world,and the main cause of death is liver metastasis.The liver metastasis of colorectal cancer is mostly advanced,its therapeutic effect is poor,and the survival time of patients is short,which seriously affects the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients.Radical surgical resection is currently the first-line treatment for colorectal liver metastasis(CRLM).However,the vast majority of patients have lost the opportunity to undergo surgery when they are diagnosed.The National Comprehensive Cancer Network(NCCN) recommends the use of locoregional therapy(LRT) for CRLM patients who are unable to undergo radical surgery and are insensitive or ineffective for chemotherapy,including transcatheter arterial therapy and ablation therapy.This article reviews the application progress of locoregional therapy for CRLM.

Receptor tyrosine kinases(RTKs)are a major membrane receptor that regulates cell proliferation,differentiation and migration.Deregulation of the RTK signaling pathway can lead to many diseases,such as cancer and developmental disorders.The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular(Eph)family is the largest subfamily of the tyrosine kinase receptor family,and its interaction with the ligand ephrin plays an important role in the development and tumorigenesis.Studies have shown a special Eph receptor lacking tyrosine kinase activity EphB6 is down-regulated in many malignancies such as breast cancer and colorectal cancer,which is a large amount of evidence that the lack of EphB6 expression is dependent on hypermethylation of its promoter DNA,resulting in promoting the progress and metastasis of tumors.EphB6 is a hot factor in recent studies.This article reviews its current research progress in malignant tumors.

Semaphorin is a secreted or transmembrane protein,which is widely expressed in various organs and tissues,and acts as axonal targeting molecule in the development of the nervous system.More and more studies have shown that Semaphorin also has an important impact on the immune system,cardiovascular system and tumor progression.Semaphorin 3F is a members of the semaphorin family and is expressed in a variety of tumors.Semaphorin 3F is involved in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation,differentiation and metastasis by binding to its receptor and activating its related signaling pathways.Its expression level is closely related to tumor occurrence,development and prognosis.This article reviews the research progress of semaphorin 3F in tumors.

Human gut microbes have received increasing attention in the medical community,and they have a great role not only in human health,but also in the occurrence and development of human diseases.The link between microbes and cancer,especially between the gut microbiota and intestinal tumors,is constantly being discovered.Metagenomics,as an important research method in microbial research,plays an increasingly important role in the study of microbial and colorectal cancer.In recent years,the study of gut microbiota by metagenomics has provided new insights into the development and progression of colorectal cancer,which emphasize the importance of host-microbe and microbial interactions in cancer microbiota.This article reviews the relationship between gut microbiota and colorectal cancer through metagenomics,and is expected to open up new opportunities for prevention,diagnosis and treatment of cancer.