Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and death of malignant tumors in Yunnan cancer registry in 2016. Methods The 2016 data of the incidence,death and population of malignant tumors reported by 24 tumor registries in Yunnan province were collected,reviewed and summarized.The crude rate,age-standardized rate,cumulative rate(0-74 years old)and the composition of the top 10 incidence and death of malignant tumors were calculated.These data were conducted stratified analysis by region(urban/rural),gender and age. Results In 2016,the crude incidence of malignant tumors in the tumor registration area of Yunnan province was 212.97/100,000,age-standardized incidence rates adjusted by Chinese standard population(ASIRC)and by World standard population(ASIRW)were 153.45/100,000 and 149.38/100,000,respectively,and the cumulative rate(0~74 years old)was 16.97%.The incidence in men(227.23/100,000)was higher than that in women(198.27/100,000),and the incidence in urban areas(224.56/100,000)was higher than that in rural areas(202.01/100,000).The top 5 malignant tumors were lung cancer,breast cancer,colorectal cancer,liver cancer and cervix cancer in order.The crude mortality of malignant tumors was 127.26/100,000,age-standardized incidence rates adjusted by Chinese standard population(ASMRC)and by World standard population(ASMRW)were 86.67/100,000 and 85.64/100,000,respectively,and the cumulative rate(0~74 years old)was 9.85%.The male mortality(157.19/100,000)was higher than that of females(96.41/100,000),and the rural standardized mortality(ASMRC for 86.01/100,000 and ASMRW for 84.94/100,000)was not different from that of the city(ASMRC for 87.55/100,000 and ASMRW for 86.63/100,000)in age-standardized mortality.The dead of top 5 malignant tumors was lung cancer,liver cancer,colorectal cancer,stomach cancer and breast cancer. Conclusion The incidence and death of malignant tumors in Yunnan province are at a relatively low level.The comprehensive promotion and further standardization of tumor follow-up registration in the province,and the expansion of early screening and early treatment of key cancers will be the focus of cancer prevention and control in Yunnan province.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and death of malignant tumors in Fujian province in 2016,and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors. Methods The 2016 registration data of malignant tumors in Fujian province were sorted out and evaluated.The morbidity and mortality were calculated by gender,age and location according to the data that meet the standard.The incidence and death of malignant tumors were estimated in Fujian province based on the registered population in 2016. Results It is estimated that in 2016,There were 107,498 new malignant tumor cases and 61,872 deaths in Fujian.The incidence of malignant tumors in Fujian was 286.72/100,000,and age-standardized incidence rates adjusted by Chinese standrad popultion was 210.24/100,000.The mortality of malignant tumors in Fujian was 165.03/100,000,and age-standardized mortality rates adjusted by Chinese standrad popultion was 113.90/100,000.Lung cancer,stomach cancer,liver cancer,colorectal cancer and thyroid cancer were the most common malignant tumors in Fujian province.The main causes of death were malignant tumors from lung cancer,liver cancer,stomach cancer,colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer in Fujian province. Conclusion At present,the burden of cancer in Fujian is relatively heavy,and the prevention and treatment of lung cancer,gastric cancer,and liver cancer should be strengthened.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of gastrointestinal tumors in Yancheng city,Jiangsu province,evaluate the effect of gastrointestinal tumor prevention and control in recent years,and provide a basis for further development of gastrointestinal tumor prevention and control measures. Methods The whole population of Yancheng city′s death cause monitoring data and population data were collected from 2008 to 2018.The crude mortality of gastrointestinal tumors,standardized mortality,early death probability,annual percentage changes(APC)and other indicators were calculated by WHO recommended methods. Results From 2008 to 2018,the crude mortalities of esophageal cancer,stomach cancer and colorectal cancer were 19.00/100,000,18.10/100,000 and 4.22/100,000,respectively,accounting for 41.32% of total cancer deaths.The crude mortality,standardized mortality and early mortality of esophageal cancer showed a downward trend(APC=-1.49%,-4.97%,-6.39%,P＜0.01);the crude mortality,standardized mortality,and early mortality of stomach cancer also had downward trend(APC=-2.47%,-5.64%,-6.11%,P＜0.01).The crude mortality of colorectal cancer had an upward trend(APC=6.18,P＜0.01).The male standardized mortality and early mortality of colorectal cancer had upward trend(APC=4.08%,5.02%,P＜0.01),and there was no statistically change in the female for standardized mortality and early mortality(P＞0.05). Conclusion The mortality of gastrointestinal tumors in Yancheng city from 2008 to 2018 was relatively high.The deaths of stomach cancer and esophageal cancer show a downward trend,and male colorectal cancer shows a significant upward trend.Comprehensive prevention and control measures such as early diagnosis and treatment should be further strengthened.

Objective The aim of this study was to understand the mortality and trends of urban residents in Yingkou city from 2015 to 2019,and to provide the most basic information and basis for the prevention and control plan of liver cancer in Yingkou city. Methods The liver cancer mortality,standardized mortality,age-specific mortality,cause of death,potential years of life loss(PYLL),average years of life loss(AYLL)and rate of life loss(PYLLR)were calculated.The simplified life table for the cause of death was calculated and compiled,and the trend of liver cancer mortality was analyzed. Results The number of urban residents who died of liver cancer in Yingkou city from 2015 to 2019 was 566.The average annual crude mortality was 25.41/100,000,and the standardized mortality was 18.24/100,000,ranking the second cause of death.The mortality of men was significantly higher than that of women,and the difference was statistically significant(χ²=125.180,P＜0.001).In 2015—2019,the mortality of liver cancer in men was higher than that in women,and there were statistical differences(P＜0.05).The mortality of liver cancer in men and women increased gradually with age.From 2015 to 2019,the number of PYLL due to liver cancer deaths in urban areas of Yingkou city and AYLL were 6,134 person years and 10.84 years,respectively.Among them,PYLL and AYLL in male were significantly higher than those in female.Removal of liver cancer could increase life expectancy,which is positive,indicating that liver cancer has a certain impact on the life expectancy of urban residents in Yingkou city. Conclusion Liver cancer poses a great threat to the health of urban residents in Yingkou city,and there is a trend of younger age.It is urgent to take scientific anti-cancer measures to reduce the mortality of liver cancer.

Objective The aims of this study were to verify that Salvianolic acid B(SalB)inhibited the proliferation of human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells and promoted its apoptosis,and further elaborated its possible mechanism through reactive oxygen species(ROS). Methods The experiment was divided into four groups:HCT-116 group,HCT-116+H202 group,HCT-116+SalB group,and HCT-116+SalB+N-acetylcysteine(NAC)group.After group intervention,MTT assay was used to detect cell viability,plate colony formation assay to detect cell proliferation,and flow cytometry to detect ROS content,cell cycle and apoptotic rate. Results SalB had an inhibitory effect on HCT-116 cells,and it was a positively correlated within a certain concentration range(P＜0.01);SalB and H₂O₂ promoted the generation of ROS in HCT-116 cells(P＜0.01),and pretreatment with ROS scavenger NAC could eliminate ROS produced by SalB(P＜0.01);SalB inhibited the proliferation of HCT-116 cells(P＜0.01)and promoted apoptosis(P＜0.01).This effect could be partially reversed by NAC(P＜0.05);SalB caused cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in HCT-116 cells(P＜0.01),and NAC pretreatment completely reversed the cell cycle arrest induced by SalB(P＜0.05). Conclusion SalB can cause cell cycle arrest by increasing the level of ROS in HCT-116 cells,thereby inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis.

Objective The Objective of this study was to investigate the expression and methylation of MSX1 in melanoma cells and tissues,and its effect on migration/invasion of melanoma A375 cells. Methods qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical were used to examine the expression of MSX1 in A375 cells and tissues;methylation PCR was used to examine the methylation of MSX1 in melanoma tissues;pcDNA3.1(+)-Flag-MSX1(experimental group)and pcDNA3.1(+)-Flag-Vector(control group)were transfected into A375 cells,transwell migration and invasion assay were used to detect the effect of MSX1 on cell migration and invasion;RT-PCR was used to verify the effect of MSX1 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its downstream related markers;Westernblot was used to verify the effect of MSX1 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Results MSX1 mRNA were down-regulated in human malignant melanoma cell lines and tissues(P＜0.001).The methylation of MSX1 was up-regulated,which was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues and normal nevus tissues.Overexpression of MSX1 inhibited cell migration and invasion in A375 cells(P＜0.001),while epithelial to mesenchymal transition and the expression of downstream markers were also inhibited.MSX1 overexpressed could inhibit the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and its downstream markers in A375 cells. Conclusion MSX1 was down-regulated in melanoma tissues,indicating that MSX1 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and participates in the progression of melanoma.

Objective The Objective of this study were to analyze the expression of Gankyrin in breast tumors and its molecular mechanism to promote tumor progression. Methods The database was used to detect the expression of Gankyrin in breast cancer,and the correlation between its expression and patient survival was analyzed.After breast cancer BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressed and knocked down the Gankyrin gene,CCK-8,Transwell and flow cytometry were used to analyze the cell proliferation,metastasis and the proportion of cancer stem cells. Results Analysis of the database showed that Gankyrin was highly expressed in breast cancer tissues,and its high expression was related to the poor prognosis of patients.Compared with normal breast tissues,the level of Gankyrin promoter methylation in breast cancer tissues was low.By overexpressing and knocking down the Gankyrin gene in breast cancer cells,Gankyrin had the ability to affect breast tumor cell proliferation and metastasis,and could maintain the tumor stem cell characteristics of breast cancer cells. Conclusion The high expression of Gankyrin in breast cancer is related to the poor prognosis of patients,and it may be used as a tumor marker of breast cancer.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST)is the most common tumor of archenteric mesenchymal tissue.About 10% of patients are diagnosed as GIST morphologically and immunohistochemically without KIT and PDGFRA gene mutations which is defined wild-type GIST.According to the absence of succinate dehydrogenase B(SDHB)expression,wild-type GIST can be divided into SDH-deficient and non-SDH-deficient types.SDH-deficient types include syndrome-free associated,Carney triad associated,and Carney-stratakis synthesis associated GIST;non-SDH-deficient types include BRAF mutations,type I neurofibromatosis-related,K/N-RAS mutations,and quadruple wild-type GIST.The occurrence,development,clinicopathological features and treatment principles of wild-type GIST are significantly different from those of KIT or PDGFRA mutant GIST.This article reviews the molecular mechanism and clinical progress of wild-type GIST.

Although papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC)is mostly inert,patients with neck lymph node metastasis are not uncommon.The occurrence of neck lymph node metastasis in thyroid cancer also means increased mortality and increased the risk of recurrence.Before thyroid surgery,color Doppler ultrasound should be used to fully assess the status of neck lymph nodes status.Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of the lymph node(LN-FNA)or combined the level of eluent thyroglobulin were used to determine large-diameter lymph nodes.CT,PET-CT or magnetic resonance examination were combined when suspected distant metastasis or invasive tumor growth.It is recommended that clinicians perform unilateral prophylactic central lymph node dissection(pCND)on cN0 patients who are negative for intraoperative frozen section diagnosis under the premise of technical guarantee,and perform double pCND for cN0 patients who are positive for intraoperative frozen section diagnosis,resulting in reducing the recurrence rate and the incidence of postoperative complications.In order to reduce unnecessary radiation therapy,better serve patients,and improve the quality of life of patients,strictly follow the guidelines are performed to evaluate whether patients need to receive RAI after surgery.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy tumor with the highest incidence of female in the world,and it is also the main cause of female death due to cancer.Neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)can reduce the stage of breast cancer,shrink the tumor,and even make the lesions reach pathological complete response(pCR),and it is widely used in the comprehensive treatment of breast cancer.Because patients have different response to treatment,the timely and accurate evaluation of NAC efficacy has become the focus of clinicians′ attention and efforts to solve.Routine imaging examination methods such as mammography(MG),ultrasound,PET-CT and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)have been widely used to evaluate the efficacy of NAC in breast cancer,and each imaging examination has advantages and disadvantages.This article reviews the research progress of routine imaging examination for predicting the prognosis of breast cancer patients and the efficacy of NAC.

Malignant tumors are important diseases that affect the health of Chinese residents.Community follow-up of malignant tumors is becoming increasingly important for improving patient prognosis and quality of life.This article reviews the relevant research on community malignant tumor follow-up models at home and abroad,expounds the research status,characteristics and forms of community malignant tumor follow-up models,which on this basis,puts forward the consideration of domestic community malignant tumor follow-up models and the implications for practice.

Oral cancer is a characteristic cancer species in Hunan Province.Its male incidence ranks eighth in Hunan Province,and the incidence has increased in recent years.In view of this,the project of early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer in 2019 was officially started up in Hunan province,led by the Department of Disease Control and Prevention of Hunan Provincial Health Commission with technical management units such as the Hunan Cancer Prevention Research Office and the Hunan Provincial Stomatological Association by means of the local central of disease prevention and control network to fully spread to the streets or neighborhood committees for implementation.This project took the five districts of Changsha city(Furong district,Kaifu district,Tianxin district,Yuhua district and Yuelu district),two districts of Xiangtan city(Yuhu district and Yuetang district)and Yueyanglou district of Yueyang city as the specific implementation locations,with local residents aged 40~69 years old were screened.First,high-risk assessments were conducted for healthy people in the community.After being evaluated as high-risk individuals,they received clinical screening.The target number of clinical screening was 10,000 cases.Clinical screening is mainly carried out by visual inspection combined with palpation,biopsy of suspected lesions for pathological examination,treatment advice and follow-up.An early diagnosis and treatment project for oral cancer in high-incidence districts and counties to increase residents′ awareness of prevention and control is started up in Hunan province to interfere with risk factors,improve lifestyle through project influence,improve the early cancer detection rate through clinical screening,and reduce the mortality of oral cancer.

In recent years,the isotope-labeled relative and absolute quantification(Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification,iTRAQ)technology has become a powerful tool for the quantitative research of proteomics,especially in tumor-related fields.The advantages are a wide range of protein determination,reliable analytical results,high accuracy and good repeatability.A large number of literatures have also shown that iTRAQ technology has been widely used in gastrointestinal tumors,such as esophageal cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer and other tumor marker screening research,the mechanism of tumor development,and the exploration of tumor treatment and prognosis.In the era of large-scale quantitative biology,iTRAQ technology is increasingly indispensable in the molecular level of in-depth understanding of the relevant mechanisms of digestive tract tumors.Therefore,this article briefly reviews the research progress of iTRAQ technology in gastrointestinal tumors.

microRNA is a type of endogenous non-coding small RNA.It binds to the 3′UTR of its target gene at the post-transcriptional level,thereby regulating a variety of organism process.miR-409-3p belongs to a large family of microRNA.With the deepening of research,more and more evidence shows that there is abnormal expression of miR-409-3p in tumors,which is also closely related to the occurrence,development and prognosis of tumors.miR-409-3p and has received extensive attention about its important role in various processes such as tumor cell proliferation,apoptosis,angiogenesis,migration,invasion and the development of drug resistance.In recent years,MiR-409-3p may become a research hot spot as a new circulating marker.This article reviews the research progress of miR-409-3p in tumors.

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma often starts and hides,the disease progresses rapidly,the chance of surgery is often lost when the disease is discovered,and the effect of systemic treatment is relatively unsatisfactory.Until 2015,the results of clinical studies related to the treatment of liver cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors were successively published,which opened up new methods for the treatment of liver cancer.Nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been approved for second-line treatment of liver cancer,and immunocombination therapy has also achieved good results in various clinical studies.However,in the process of immunotherapy,there are also difficult problems of hyperprogression and immune tolerance etc.This article introduces the latest progress of immunotherapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma from the perspective of the types of immune checkpoint inhibitors and combined immunotherapy,and discusses the potential challenges of the primary hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy in the field of ultra-advanced immunotherapy,cold and hot tumor conversion,and efficacy prediction.

Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world.Although the prognosis of patients to a certain extent has been improved by surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy,the prognosis of most patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer is still poor.Moreover,the exact mechanism and key regulators of bladder cancer are unclear.Recent studies have shown that some non-coding RNAs are dysregulated in bladder cancer and play crucial roles in the development of bladder cancer.More importantly,non-coding RNA can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer.This review aims to summarize recent research progress,which indicate the regulatory mechanisms for three types of non-coding RNAs including miRNA,lncRNA,and circRNA in bladder cancer,and their potential roles as biomarkers for clinical diagnosis or prognosis.

Gynecological malignant tumors are malignant diseases that affect women′s health and reduce women′s quality of life.They are gradually becoming younger.Because the early clinical manifestations of most gynecological malignancies are not obvious,many patients have reached the mid-advanced stage at the time of treatment.In patients with gynecological malignant tumors,the 5-year survival rate after surgery is positively correlated with the time of the patient′s initial diagnosis,so early diagnosis and early treatment are particularly important.In recent years,a number of studies have shown that exosomes are actively involved in the occurrence,invasion,metastasis and immune response of gynecological malignant tumors.Therefore,exosomes provide new research ideas for the early diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of tumors.This article reviews exosomes as an early screening marker for gynecological malignancies and the development of antitumor drugs in the clinical treatment.

The status of axillary lymph node affects the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer patients,so the preoperative assessment of axillary lymph nodes is particularly important.In recent years,many studies have found that the conventional ultrasound,elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound characteristics of breast cancer can indirectly reflect the metastasis of axillary lymph node,and they can be used for early preoperative evaluation to avoid unnecessary sentinel lymph node biopsy.This article reviews the correlation between ultrasound features and metastasis of axillary lymph node in breast cancer.