Objective The aims of this study were to screening of high-risk population of breast cancer in Urumqi,to discuss the participation rate of the screening,the detection rate of breast disease by ultrasound and X-ray photography,and the early diagnosis rate of breast cancer. Methods Among female residents of Urumqi between 40 and 74 years old,the high-risk population of breast cancer was assessed through the questionnaire of anti-cancer risk assessment.After informed consent,the 40 to 44 years old women were examined by ultrasound,and the results of BI-RADS level 3 or higher results were further examined by X-ray examination.Ultrasound combined with X-ray examination were used to women over 45 years of age.The BI-RADS level 3 was regarded as suspicious positive,BI-RADS level 4 and above were regarded as positive.All test results were further analyzed. Results A total of 27,704 at high risk of breast cancer were assessed by questionnaire survey,and 11,752 people actually completed the screening with a participation rate of 42.4%.Among them,the 50~59 years old age group had the highest participation rate(46.3%),and the difference between different age groups was statistically significant(P＜0.001).The detection rate of ultrasound examination was 27.1%,the detection rate of X-ray mammography was 61.3%,and the detection rate of combined examination was 68.4%.The difference of detection rate was statistically significant with different examination techniques(P＜0.001).The detection rate of X-ray mammography in all ages was higher than that of ultrasound examination.The combined examination had the highest detection rate,there was significant difference in the detection rate of different examination techniques in different age groups(P＜0.001).Compared with the three techniques,the suspicious positive and positive detection rates of combined ultrasound and X-ray mammography were higher in different age groups,and the difference in positive lesion detection rates of different examination techniques in different age groups was statistically significant(P＜0.001).Among the positive lesions,39 people were followed up for pathological examination,and were diagnosed as breast cancer.The detection rate was 0.33%(332/100,000),and the rate of early diagnosis was 79.5%. Conclusion Based on high risk assessment and assessing high-risk groups,the ultrasound combined with and X-ray examination can improve the detection rate of early breast cancer.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of malignant tumors in Qionghai city cancer registration areas from 2010 to 2016,and to provide scientific basis for the formulation of tumor prevention strategies and measures in Qionghai city. Methods The tumor incidence and death cases reported by the Qionghai Cancer Registry from 2010 to 2016 were collected.The crude incidence(mortality)of malignant tumors,the China standard rate,the World standard rate,the age-specific incidence(mortality),the cumulative rate(0~74 years old)were calculated.The China standard rate and World standard rate were calculated using the standard age composition of China's standard population in 2000 and Segi's standard population,respectively.The Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trend of malignant tumor incidence and mortality of different years old groups. Results A total of 7,119 new malignant tumor cases were collected in Qionghai city from 2010 to 2016,with an average incidence of 204.63/100,000(the China standard rate was 155.16/100,000,the World standard rate was 155.16/100,000),and the cumulative rate(0~74 years old)was 17.26%.The average incidence for male was 232.97/100,000(the China standard rate was 172.64/100,000,the World standard rate was 78.95/100,000),which was higher than female 173.02/100,000(the China standard rate was 134.90/100,000,the World standard rate was 125.27/100,000).The top 5 malignant tumors in the overall population were lung cancer,liver cancer,colorectal cancer,stomach cancer and cervix cancer.A total of 4,787 deaths from malignant tumors were collected from 2010 to 2016,with an average mortality of 140.23/100,000(the China standard rate was 102.70/100,000,the World standard rate was 101.18/100,000).The cumulative rate of 0~74 years old was 11.69%.The average mortality for male was 176.50/100,000(the China standard rate was 128.10/100,000,the world standard rate was 133.33/100,000),which is higher than female 99.74/100,000(the China standard rate was 74.10/100,000,the World standard rate was 69.42/100,000).The top 5 malignant tumors in the total population were lung cancer,liver cancer,colorectal cancer,stomach cancer and breast cancer.The Joinpoint model analysis showed that the incidence of malignant tumors showed a downward trend from 2010 to 2012,and the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05),while it showed a significant upward trend from 2012 to 2016,with an average annual increase of 8.9% in the incidence of malignant tumors,which was statistically significant difference(P＜0.05).The mortality of malignant tumors had been increasing year by year from 2010 to 2016,but the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05). Conclusion The incidence and mortality of malignant tumors in Qionghai city continued to increase from 2010 to 2016.There is a burden of coexistence of cancer in developed and underdeveloped areas.The early screening and diagnosis of important cancers such as breast cancer,cervical cancer and liver cancer should be strengthened.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NFATc1 expression on the proliferation,apoptosis,migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma NCI-H1299 cells,and its specific biological mechanisms. Methods Real time PCR was used to detect the relative levels of NFATc1 in three lung adenocarcinoma cell lines,and the NCI-H1299 cell line with stable knockdown of NFATc1 was constructed using lentivirus vectors.A MTT assay was used to detect the effect of NFATc1 on cell proliferation,the cell colony assay was used to detect the effect of NFATc1 on clone formation,the Transwell assay was used to detect the effect of NFATc1 on cell migration and invasion,and flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of NFATc1 on cell cycle and apoptosis.Western blot was used to detect the effects of NFATc1 on apoptosis,EMT-related proteins and MAPK signaling pathways protein expression. Results The expression of NFATc1 in lung adenocarcinoma NCI-H1299 cells was relatively high.Silencing NFATc1 expression could significantly inhibit cell proliferation(P＜0.05),clone formation(P＜0.05),migration(P＜0.05)and invasion(P＜0.05),the cell cycle arrested at the G1 phase(P＜0.05),and promote apoptosis(P＜0.05).The expression of Bax,cleaved caspase-3 and E-Cadherin protein increased(P＜0.05),and CDK4,c-Myc,ERK,p-ERK and N-Cadherin protein expression decreased(P＜0.05). Conclusion Inhibition of NFATc1 expression in human lung adenocarcinoma NCI-H1299 cells can significantly inhibit cell proliferation,arresting cell cycle,migration and invasion,and promote cell apoptosis.The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway.

Objective The Objective of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of regorafenib combined with perifoxin(AKT inhibitor)in apoptosis induction of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Methods After treated with different concentrations of regorafenib(1,5,10,15,20 and 25 μmol/L),the cell survival rate was detected in hepatoma cells by CCK-8 assay;and then different concentrations of regorafenib(0,5,10 and 20 μmol/L)were setup.Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis.The expression of Bax,Bcl-2,P-AKT,AKT,p21,p27,Cleaved-caspase-8 and Cleaved-caspase-9 was detected by Western blot.Perifosine group(10 μmol/L),regorafenib group(20 μmol/L)and the drug combination group(perifosine 10 μmol/L combined with regorafenib 20 μmol/L)were set to detect cell apoptosis and related protein expression changes. Results Regorafenib inhibited proliferation of hepatoma cells in a dose-dependent manner from the concentration of 5 μmol/L(P＜0.05).The expression of Bcl-2 and P-AKT was down-regulated and the expression of Bax,p21,p27,Cleaved-caspase-8 and Cleaved-caspase-9 was up-regulated(P＜0.05).After the combined application of regorafenib and perifosine,the apoptosis rate and Bax expression were significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the decrease of Bcl-2 and P-AKT expression was more obvious than that of perifosine or regorafenib alone(P＜0.05). Conclusion Regorafenib can induce apoptosis in hepatma cells by increasing the expression of p21,p27,Bax,Caspase-8 and Caspase-9,and reducing the expression of Bcl-2 and P-AKT.The combined application of regorafenib and perifosine significantly increases the apoptosis rate of hepatma cells,providing a new theoretical basis and ideas for the drug treatment of liver cancer.

Objective The Objective of this study was to explore the expression of Sushi repeat containing protein X-linked 2(SRPX2)and Ras-related protein 31(Rab31)in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)and in-depth analysis of the relationship between the two proteins and the occurrence or development of the disease as well as clinical significance,to provide a new direction for the future development of new targeted drugs and the search for prognostic indicators for OSCC. Methods The expression of SRPX2 and Rab31 in OSCC and normal oral mucosal(NOM)tissues was analyzed by Oncomine database.A total of 68 cases of OSCC and 30 cases of NOM tissues of non-cancer patients were collected.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of SRPX2 and Rab31 in the OSCC and NOM tissues.The correlation between the expression of SRPX2 and Rab31 as well as the relationship between their positive expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of OSCC patients were further analyzed. Results Based on the analysis of the Oncomine database, the expression of SRPX2 and RAB31 in OSCC tissues was higher than that in the NOM tissues.The expression of SRPX2 in OSCC tissues was higher than that in NOM tissues(0.6 % vs. 33.3 %,P＜0.05).The expression of Rab31 in OSCC tissues was also higher than that in NOM tissues(66.2% vs. 40.0%,P＜0.05).The expression of SRPX2 and Rab31 was significantly positively correlated in OSCC tissues(P＜0.05).The expression of SRPX2 and Rab31 was also related to the degree of tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that SRPX2 and RAB31 were related to the poor prognosis of patients with OSCC. Conclusion The significant overexpression and correlation of SRPX2 and RAB31 suggest that SRPX2 and RAB31 can be combined as an important indicator and a new drug target for the prognosis evaluation of OSCC,bringing hope to the treatment of OSCC.

Objective The aims of this study were to analyze the relationship between the expression of SALL4 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and clinicopathology and survival prognosis,and to explore the role of SALL4 in the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Ninety patients with ESCC were treated in Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital from July 2010 to November 2011.The expression of SALL4 was detected in ESCC and adjacent tissues by immunohistochemistry.Its relationship with clinical characteristics of patients with ESCC,overall survival(OS)and progression free survival(PFS)were analyzed. Results The expression of SALL4 in ESCC tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues.The high expression of SALL4 was closely related to intraoperative tumor site(P=0.038),G grade(P=0.036)and AJCC stage(P=0.015).Survival analysis and Cox risk regression analysis both showed that the OS and PFS of ESCC patients in the high expression of SALL4 group were lower than those in the low expression of SALL4 group. Conclusion The high expression of SALL4 can be used as an independent prognostic factor for ESCC.In clinical work,it can help judge the survival prognosis of patients with ESCC.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical effect and application value of cold knife conization combined with anti-HPV bioprotein dressing in the treatment of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL)complicated with high-risk HPV infection. Methods A total of 220 patients received by the Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital from September 2017 to December 2019 diagnosed with high-risk HPV infection and pathologically confirmed to be cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN)grade Ⅱ~Ⅲ were randomly divided into observation group and control group.The control group was treated with CKC alone,and the observation group was treated with CKC combined with anti-HPV bioprotein dressings.After that,HPV,TCT and vaginal secretion were reviewed regularly,and the curative effects on the two groups were compared and evaluated. Results In the observation group,the negative rate of HPV in 6 months,9 months and 12 months after surgery were 51.82%,70.00% and 83.64%,respectively,and the total effective rates of treatment were 62.73%,82.73% and 91.82%,respectively,which were higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05).The abnormal rate of TCT in the observation group at 6 months and 12 months after surgery was lower than that in the control group(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the total effective rate for patients younger than 50 years old between the observation group and the control group(P＞0.05).The total effective rate of treatment for patients ≥50 years old in the observation group was better than that of the control group(P＜0.05).The normal rates of vaginal secretion in the observation group at 3 months,6 months,9 months and 12 months after surgery were 48.18%,64.55%,84.55%,92.73%,respectively,which were higher than those of the control group(P＜0.05). Conclusion The cervical cold knife conization combined with anti-HPV bioprotein dressing has a significant clinical effect in the treatment of HSIL combined with high-risk HPV infection.It can improve the vaginal environment,effectively promote the regression of high-risk HPV infection,reduce the risk of postoperative recurrence,and has more benefit for elderly women.

Minichromosome maintenance(MCM)proteins are important substances in the DNA replication process of eukaryotic cells,and are involved in the initiation and elongation of DNA replication.When certain factors cause the abnormal expression of MCM protein,cells in the quiescent phase start a new cell cycle,abnormal DNA replication occurs,and cells begin to proliferate indefinitely,resulting in tumorigenesis.Therefore,MCM protein is considered as a new tumor marker.Digestive system tumors are closely related to MCM protein.Exploring the MCM protein can bring new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of digestive system tumors.

Tumor microenvironment(TME)plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors.The human body under stress usually undergoes some important biological effects,which impair the immune system.Various stress responses can regulate immune cells in TME,such as natural killer cells,dendritic cells,and myeloid-derived suppressive cells(MDSCs),etc.the responses lead to tumor progression.Because immune cells play an important role in regulating multiple activities of human body and their application in tumors is also of great significance.This article reviews how psychological stress affects immune cells in TME in order to provide new ideas for tumor therapy.

Co-stimulatory receptors on the surface of immune cells play important role in the activation,proliferation and effectors' function of immune cells.In tumors,co-stimulatory receptors can be activated by specific agonistic monoclonal antibodies to enhance the effectors' function of immune cells,promote the killing of tumor cells,inhibit tumor growth,and can be used as a target for anti-tumor immunotherapy.This article reviews the role of several co-stimulatory receptors in the physiological conditions,tumor immunology and anti-tumor immunotherapy.

Liquid biopsy technology based on circulating tumor cells(CTCs)and free nucleic acids has a potential application value in the whole process from malignant tumor diagnosis to follow-up.Compared with traditional tissue biopsy,the advantages of circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA)testing is that it has low risk,can be continuously tested,and can monitor the recurrence of the disease and the response to treatment over time.The sensitivity of ctDNA detection depends on the detection technology and genetic platform used,and is also affected by tumor location,staging,tumor heterogeneity,and tumor clonality.ctDNA has also been well applied in the treatment selection of renal cell carcinoma(RCC),drug resistance monitoring,and prediction of response to everolimus treatment.This article mainly reviews the current research status and challenges of ctDNA in renal cancer.

Breast cancer is a disease that seriously endangers women's physical and mental health.The death of patients with advanced breast cancer is largely due to distant metastasis of important organs rather than primary tumors.Jagged1(JAG1),as one of the important ligands of the Notch signaling pathway,is not only expressed in tumor cells but also expressed in cells in the tumor microenvironment.By activating the Notch signaling pathway,it promotes the aggressive progression and distant metastasis of breast cancer.This paper comprehensively discusses the location of the JAG1 gene and the structure of the JAG1 protein,the mechanism of JAG1 promoting distant metastasis of breast cancer,the mechanisms of JAG1 promoting breast cancer distant metastasis,brain metastasis,and bone metastasis as well as JAG1 targeted therapy.

Liver cancer is the main source of the global cancer burden,and the most important histological type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Therefore,elucidating the mechanism of HCC occurrence,development,recurrence and finding new therapeutic targets have become an important direction of HCC research.In recent years,more and more scholars have studied the synthesis of glucosyl phosphatidylinositol(GPI)anchored proteins,and found that the abnormal expression of multiple subunits involved in the synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins is not only involved in the development of human disease,but also participated in the occurrence and development of a variety of human tumors.Glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase(GPI-T),consisting of five subunits,acts as a key enzyme for protein transfer to GPI anchors.PIGU was introduced in 2004.It was proved to be involved in the occurrence and development of bladder cancer for the first time,and then its five subunits were gradually confirmed to be involved in the occurrence and development of HCC.In this paper,five subunits of GPIT involved in the pathogenesis and development of HCC were reviewed.

Malignant tumor is considered as the uncontrolled growth and reproduction of cells.In order to avoid being eliminated,tumor cells form a variety of self-protection mechanisms,including resistance to apoptosis and immune escape by affecting the immune system.This makes tumor cells that have a strong ability to proliferate and have a high tendency of invasion and metastasis.Some patients,in the treatment,the effect is not ideal or after treatment,still appears recurrence and metastasis.Therefore,the research and development of new treatment methods are an urgent task.The discovery of oncolytic virus provides a new idea for the treatment of malignant tumors.With the deepening of the research on oncolytic virus,it is found that oncolytic virus can play an anti-tumor role through a variety of mechanisms.In addition to replicating in tumor cells and causing tumor cell lysis,it can also induce tumor cell apoptosis.Besides,oncolytic virus can activate immune cells,initiate anti-tumor immune response and change the immune microenvironment around tumor cells,which can play a long-term anti-tumor effect and inhibit uninfected tumor cells.Oncolytic virus plays a role in both cell apoptosis and anti-tumor immunity,which can effectively resist apoptosis and immune evasion of tumor cells,making a potential anti-tumor therapy.This article aims to introduce the research progress of oncolytic virus through inducing tumor cell apoptosis and activating immune system.

A large number of studies have proved that there is a close relationship between the imbalance of intestinal flora and human cancer.The intestinal flora not only plays a role in maintaining the intestinal barrier and metabolic nutrition,but more importantly,these microorganisms help to regulate local and systemic immune functions,and then participate in the pathogenesis of cancer.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)is a method regulating the intestinal flora.Its effective mechanism is mainly based on the enhancement of beneficial microorganisms,the increase of microbial diversity and the recovery of normal flora.Recent studies have shown that microbial changes characterized by a significant increase in the number of pathogens and a relative decrease in the level of beneficial bacteria are related to the development of gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal cancers,indicating that regulating intestinal flora is one of promising methods for the treatment of human cancer.This article focuses on the role of FMT in the treatment of digestive system cancer,non digestive system cancer and cancer related complications,and summarizes the latest progress of FMT in cancer treatment.

Single cell sequencing is to sequence the genetic information of a single cell,which can better understand the differences amongst cells and solve the heterogeneity problem caused by ordinary sequencing.Head and neck malignant tumors have become the sixth leading cause of death from cancer-related diseases.Single-cell sequencing technology is used to reveal the heterogeneity of head and neck malignant tumors,describe the microenvironment of head and neck malignant tumors,and evaluate the invasion and metastasis of head and neck malignant tumors.The evaluation of therapeutic effects and treatment resistance and exploration of the role of circulating tumor cells have greatly promoted the research on the occurrence and development of head and neck malignant tumors and the exploration of individualized treatment options.This review aims to outline the mechanism and significance of single-cell sequencing,and summarize its research progress in malignant tumors of head and neck.

Gut microbes are an “ecosystem” closely related to body health.On the one hand,intestinal microbes can provide nutrients for the body,participate in the body's metabolism and immune regulation,resist pathogens,and exert biological barrier functions.On the other hand,intestinal microbes and their metabolites can participate in the occurrence of colorectal cancer,regulate the mechanism of chemotherapy drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors,then affect the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy,and regulate related adverse reactions.Based on a large number of previous studies on intestinal microbes and related literatures,this article will review the current status of intestinal microbes affecting the mechanism and efficacy of chemotherapy drugs for colorectal cancer,which is expected to be a new target for improving the treatment of colorectal cancer and reducing the side reaction of the drug toxicity.

Lung cancer is the most common malignant tumor.Surgical resection is the main method for the treatment of lung cancer.However,postoperative tumor recurrence and metastasis may still occur after surgery.Propofol is the most commonly used intravenous general anesthetic.In recent years,more and more documents have shown that propofol can prolong the survival period of patients with lung cancer.In this paper,by searching relevant literature,it is concluded that propofol regulates a variety of signal pathways to play a direct anti-cancer effect by regulating microRNA(miRNA)and circular RNA(circRNA).Propofol promotes T cell differentiation,improves immunity,reduces inflammatory mediators and indirectly inhibits the activity of cancer cells.Propofol can also increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy drugs and exert indirect anti-tumor effects.In addition,clinical trials have also confirmed that propofol may be closely related to the survival of cancer patients due to its anti-tumor properties.Therefore,the use of propofol intravenous general anesthesia in lung cancer surgery may be more suitable,but it still needs to be confirmed by large-scale prospective clinical trials.

As an emerging new technology,radiomics can be used to detect nodules,distinguish benign and malignant lesions,and even predict the histological stage and genotype of lesions.When it is applied to the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer,it can improve the accuracy of efficacy assessment and predict the risk of recurrence.Radiomics is expected to increasingly influence the clinical treatment practice of non-small cell lung cancer,and optimize the follow-up chain of end-to-end diagnosis and treatment.This article reviews the latest research status of radiomics for non-small cell lung cancer.